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v2
2g
Equation 1
Fn =
Figure 1. Conceptual gure used to dene terms in the energy
equation.[2]
v
A 0.5
(g B
)
Equation 2
The energy equation used for open channel ow computations is a simplication of the Bernoulli Equation
(See Bernoulli Principle), which takes into account pressure head, elevation head, and velocity head. (Note, energy and head are synonymous in Fluid Dynamics. See
1
dy
dx
S0 Sf
1Fn2
Equation 3
H2 = H1 hf Equation 4
3.1
standard step method) cannot accurately model the dynamics of a hydraulic jump.[6] See the Hydraulic jumps
in rectangular channels page for more information. Below, an example problem will use conceptual models to
build a surface water prole using the STM.
4 Example Problem
3.2
Figure 4 illustrates the dierent surface water proles associated with a sluice gate on a mild reach (top) and a
steep reach (bottom). Note, the sluice gate induces a
choke in the system, causing a backwater prole just
upstream of the gate. In the mild reach, the hydraulic
jump occurs downstream of the gate, but in the steep
reach, the hydraulic jump occurs upstream of the gate. It
is important to note that the gradually varied ow equations and associated numerical methods (including the Solution
EXAMPLE PROBLEM
5
stream conditions and the depth values on either side of
the gate, a general estimate of the proles upstream and
downstream of the gate can be generated. Upstream, the
water surface must rise from a normal depth of 0.97 m to
9.21 m at the gate. The only way to do this on a mild reach
is to follow an M1 prole. The same logic applies downstream to determine that the water surface follows an M3
prole from the gate until the depth reaches the conjugate depth of the normal depth at which point a hydraulic
jump forms to raise the water surface to the normal depth.
Step 4: Use the Newton Raphson Method to solve the
M1 and M3 surface water proles. The upstream and
downstream portions must be modeled separately with
an initial depth of 9.21 m for the upstream portion, and
0.15 m for the downstream portion. The downstream
depth should only be modeled until it reaches the conjugate depth of the normal depth, at which point a hydraulic
jump will form. The solution presented explains how to
solve the problem in a spreadsheet, showing the calculations column by column. Within Excel, the goal seek
function can be used to set column 15 to 0 by changing
the depth estimate in column 2 instead of iterating manually.
EXAMPLE PROBLEM
Normal depth was achieved at approximately 2,200 meters upstream of the gate.
Step 6: Solve the problem in the HEC-RAS Modeling
Environment:
It is beyond the scope of this Wikipedia Page to explain
the intricacies of operating HEC-RAS. For those interested in learning more, the HEC-RAS users manual is
an excellent learning tool and the program is free to the
public.
The rst two gures below are the upstream and downstream water surface proles modeled by HEC-RAS.
There is also a table provided comparing the dierences
between the proles estimated by the two dierent methods at dierent stations to show consistency between the
two methods. While the two dierent methods modeled
similar water surface shapes, the standard step method
predicted that the ow would take a greater distance to
reach normal depth upstream and downstream of the gate.
This stretching is caused by the errors associated with assuming average gradients between two stations of interest
during our calculations. Smaller dx values would reduce
this error and produce more accurate surface proles.
References
[1] USACE. HEC-RAS Version 4.1 Users Manual. Hydrologic Engineering Center, Davis, CA.
[2] Chaudhry, M.H. (2008). Open-Channel Flow. New York:
Springer.
[3] Moglen, G. Lecture Notes from CEE 4324/5894: Open
Channel Flow, Virginia Tech. Retrieved April 24, 2013.
[4] Chow, V.T. (1959). Open-Channel Hydraulics. New
York: McGraw-Hill.
[5] Chaudhry, M.H. (2008). Open-Channel Flow. New York:
Springer.
[6] Chaudhry, M.H. (2008). Open-Channel Flow. New York:
Springer.
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