1) Fixtures

Are installed receptacle or devices that are supplied with water and drains
waste.
It allows the occupants of the building to use the plumbing system.
Types of Fixtures:
a. Soil Fixtures are fixtures that receive soil waste.
Examples: water closet, urinals, service sinks and others with
similar functions
WATER CLOSET classifications:
a. According to how it is supported:

Wall Hung

Set on the Floor

1. Low tank

4. Free Standing Combination

2. High tank

3. Tank in one piece

5. Squat type

According to Design of Flushing Operation

a. Washdown least efficient , noisiest, less expensive

bulging front

b. Reverse Trap more expensive than washdown. Flushes

through the siphon action created in the trap way. Moderately
noisy.

c. Siphon Vortex very efficient, less noisy and most expensive

flushing by whirlpool action. It has large amount of standing
water, almost covering the whole bowl.

d.
Direct
Flush Valve/Flushometer in places where water is abundant
and the pressure is high, flushing actions can be obtained
directly from a flush valve connected into the bowl.

e. Pale Flush Water Closet

Kinds of URINALS
a. Wall Hung Urinal

b.

Stall Urinal

c. Through Urinals

SERVICE SINK HOSPITALS

b. Bathroom

Fixtures are

fixtures for

bathing and

washing purposes
Examples: lavatories, bath tubs, bidets, showers stalls, Jacuzzi and
other similar functions

Kinds of LAVATORIES:
a. Wall Hung Lavatory

b.

Pedestal
Lavatory

c.

Counter top
Lavatory

d.
Molded
one
Lavatory

in
piece

BATHTUB:
A bathtub is a large container for holding water in which a person
may bathe. Most modern bathtubs are made of acrylic or fiberglass,
but alternatives are available in enamel on steel or cast iron
occasionally, waterproof finished wood. A bathtub is usually placed in a
bathroom either as a stand-alone fixture or in conjunction with a
shower.

BIDET:
Bidets are primarily
used to wash and clean the genitalia, pennuem,
inner buttocks and anus. They may also be used
to clean any other part of the body such as feet.
Despite appearing similar to toilet, it would be
more accurate to compare it to the water basin or
bathtub. Bidets once served as a practical way for
couples to prepare themselves before sex as well
as to rinse themselves afterwards.
It is generally understood that the user should
sit on a bidet facing the tap and nozzle for washing
the genitalia and should sit with back to the tap
and wall then washing the anus and buttocks. A
dedicated towel or wipe is often available for drying.

SHOWER:
A shower (or shower bath, walk in
shower, steam shower) is a place in which a
person bathes under a spray of water. The
water is then drained through a drain in the
shower base. The modern shower comes
with configurable temperature and spray
pressure settings, along with adjustable
showerhead nozzle settings.

WHIRLPOOL BATHTUB & SPAS:

Example: Jacuzzi

a. Kitchen Fixtures are

fixtures commonly used in the kitchen
Examples: kitchen sink, dishwasher, scullery sink, and other similar
functions

KITCHEN SINKS:

SCULLERY SINKS:

DISHWASHER:
commonly for washing dishes or laundering

b. Special Fixtures
Examples: drinking fountain, lily pools
DRINKING FOUNTAIN:
A drinking fountain also called water fountain or bubbler is a
fountain designed to provide drinking water. It consists of basin with
either continuously running water or a tap. The drinker bends down
to the stream of water and swallows water directly from the stream.
Modern indoor drinking fountains may incorporate filters to remove
impurities from the water and chillers to reduce its temperature.
Water fountains are usually found in public places like schools, rest
areas, libraries and grocery stores. Many jurisdictions require water
fountains to be wheelchairs accessible (by sticking out horizontally

from the wall) and

to

include

an

additional unit of a
lower

height

for

children and short

adults. The design
that this replaced
often
spout

had

one

atop

refrigeration unit.

LILYPOOLS:

AQUAIRIUM:

2) Disposal System (Sewage Disposal)

Types of Sewage Disposal:
1. Cesspool is a hole in the ground with stones and bricks laid in
such a manner as to allow raw contaminated sewage to leach
into the undersurface of the ground. (now obsolete)
2. Privy is a concrete vault constructed for the collection of raw
sewage sealed with a wooden shelter. (obsolete)

3. Septic Tank is a receptacle or vault used to collect organic

waste discharge from the house sewer.
4. Public Sewer Line is a public sewage disposal system
consisting of a sewage treatment unit which conveys the raw
sewage to the disposal system.
a. Combination Public Sewer it conveys storm
water and sanitary waste
b. Sanitary Sewer only carries sanitary waste to a
modern sewage disposal plant rainwater is
prohibited
c. Storm Sewer this carries storm water and
terminates into a natural drainage system such as
lakes & rivers

PRIVY

the oldest form of disposal of organic waste

it consists of a water tight vault constructed of
concrete for the collection of raw sewage and a

wooden shelter
it must be 50 to 150 (15m to 45m) away from the

water supply
the vault should be supplied with ventilation
it should be screened and protected from vermin &
flies

CESSPOOLS
-

is a hole in the ground with stones and bricks laid in such a manner as to allow
raw and contaminated sewage to leach into the under surface of the ground.
(now obsolete)

SEWER
Types of sewer:
a. Sanitary Sewer
is an underground carriage system
used for transporting sewage from houses and commercial buildings
sanitary sewers serving industrial areas also carry Industrial sewage
sanitary sewage is collected with the help of sanitary sewer line
the sanitary sewer is attached to a main sewer
the main sewer runs directly to the sewage treatment plant

b. Storm Sewer
a storm sewer collects storm water with the help of gutter & catch
basin
gutter allows the storm water to drain from the street directly into the
storm sewer
c. Combined Sewer
type of sewer system
collects sanitary sewage & storm water run-off in a single pipe system
can cause serious water pollution problems due to combined sewer
overflows
caused by large variations in flow between dry and wet weather
this type of sewer design is no longer used in building new
communities

Types of Sewage:
a. Sanitary Sewage
b. Industrial Sewage
c. Combined Sewage

a. Sanitary Sewage
also known as Domestics Sewage
the foul discharges from residential & commercial area
it mainly includes discharges from latrines, urinals, laundry
b. Industrial Sewage
the foul discharges from industries
it includes discharges produced during the manufacturing of goods
c. Combined Sewage
combination of sanitary sewage & storm water
storm water is rain & snow melt that runs off surfaces such as rooftops,
paved streets, highways & parking lots
SEPTIC TANK

 a watertight covered receptacle designed and constructed to receive

the discharge of sewage from building sewer, separate solids from the
liquid, digest organic matter and store digested solids through a period
of detention, and allow the clarified liquids to discharge for final
disposal.
SLUDGE solid organic matter that are denser than water and settle
at the bottom of septic tank
SCUM lighter organic material that rise to the surface of the water

EFFLUENT
liquid content
of sewage

Septic tank separates the sewage into three components:

o Sludge (solid waste)
o Scum (floatables)

o Effluent (grey-water)

Septic Tank Location/Features:

1. The septic tank should be located not less than 15m away from
potable water to prevent contamination.
2. Where there is public sewer pipe, septic tank is not allowed.
3. No septic tank shall be installed within or under a house.
4. Inlets and outlets shall be submerged in such a way that neither sludge
nor scum shall be disturbed.
5. The bottom if the tank should be slope at 1:10 minimum towards the
manhole to facilitate cleaning.

6. The top cover and the manhole shall be extended 15cm above the soil
grade to prevent water infiltration.

Technical Data in Determining the Volume of Septic Tank:

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

Minimum width: 0.90 meters

Minimum length: 1.50 meters
Minimum depth: 1.20 meters
For residential = allocate 0.14 to 0.17 cubic meter of liquid per person.
For school, industrial, and commercial establishment = allocate 0.057 to
0.086 cubic meter of liquid per person.

Septic Tank absorption field.

SANITARY SEWER SYSTEM

SANITARY SEWER TREATMENT PLANT

Sump and Ejectors

a sump is a tank or a pit which receives sewage or liquid waste located
below the normal grade of the gravity system and must be emptied by
a mechanical means.
Sewage ejectors may be motor-driven centrifugal pumps or they may
be operated by compressed air.
Ejector pump for submersible system.
Ejector for vertical lift submerge pump.

PLUMBING SYMBOLS

Reasons for Drainage:

Rainwater collecting on roofs, if not diverted, will run down walls and can cause wall
and window leaks, spill on people who are approaching entry doors, cause settlement
by washing the soil away from under foundations, subject basement walls to
unnecessary groundwater pressure and possible leakage and erode surrounding
around often disfiguring landscaped areas.
For buildings and houses with flat roofs, leaders can be interior and concealed by
the structure or partitions. Sloping roofs usually require gutters and leaders.
Functionally, they can be omitted sometimes in low, basement less, one story structures
with wide overhanging roofs. A gravel-filled trench skirting the perimeter and directly
below the edge of the eaves catches the water flowing off the roof.

Reasons for keeping paved areas clear of water are obvious. Puddies are avoided
and contiguous areas of earth and grass are not subjected to erosion and a soft
saturated condition. Areas to be drained including roofs, balconies, terraces, and
pavements are usually connected into a storm drainage system and the water
discharged to a stream, dry well, nearby gravel bed, recharge basin, or storm water.

Sanitary Drainage Piping - lavatory

MOST COMMONLY USED PIPE FOR WATER SUPPLY

WATER
Water is a combination of two elementary substances hydrogen & oxygen. It
appears in natural state as:
Liquid

830 times heavier than air

Solid

Ice

Gas

vapor or steam, 133 times lighter than air

Weight of water in liquid form:

3778 kg per US gallon
1000 kg per cubic meter

Three General Sources of Water:

a. Rainfall
b. Natural Surface Water
c. Underground Water
METHODS OF PURIFICATION AND TREATMENT OF WATER:
1. Sedimentation

Intermitted sedimentation

Continuous Sedimentation

WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM