1.

Understanding and Interpreting and Translation

a. Interpreting
Interpreting is the process of translating the spoken language of the source language to the
target language.
b. Translation
Translation is the process of translating the written language of the source language to the
target language.
2.
Understanding Interpreter and Translator
a. Interpreter
Interpreter or in Indonesian known as Interpreter Translator or interpreter is different
from in terms of the media used to translate. Interpreter will translate the source language to
the target language directly or Orally. More simply interpreter is seoarang interpreters divert
spoken language from one language to another language within the same time or "on the
spot" (at that moment).
b. Translator
Translator or interpreter, in a broader sense the translation refers to the process and
outcome of transferring a text from a source language to the target language. In a narrow
sense, referring to the rendering of text written in another language as opposed to
simultaneously interpret spoken language. In essence, a translator is a translator who divert
the written text of the source language to the target language and have a more flexible time.
3.

Similarities and Differences Interpreter and Translator

a.

Equation Interpreter and Translator

Translating from one language to another language

Having a good grammer
Have knowledge about culture
Multiplier h and translators must have knowledge b aha sa good passive language that they

do
P engalih languages and translators must have mastery B aha sa good
P engalih languages and translators must have sufficient knowledge about the field of the

translated text or speech

P enerjemah (written & verbal) must know how to translate
S ementara interpreter mastering spoken language (listening) level receptive.

b.

Differences Interpreter and Translator

Interpreter
Translator
In practice oral translation, the translator does In practice writing translators have ample
not have ample opportunity to use a dictionary opportunity to use a dictionary or other

or other reference materials when translation reference

material

during

translation

in

takes place because of time constraints.

progress because time is flexible.
while the interpreter mastering spoken P enerjemah write mastering written language
language (listening) level receptive.

receptive level

P enerjemah oral, required the ability to be able write translators must master the ability to
to express ideas in baha sa direct verbal / write or express ideas in writing in a language
receptive level
properly (productive level)
P enerjemahan demanded oral speaking skills In penerjamah write this is not required in the
translation of deaf s.
(rhetoric) is good and clear voice
P enerjemah orally should have the ability to Translators must have the ability to write not
take decisions quickly and directly.

such as to be able to take advantage of a

dictionary or other reference appropriately.

4.

Types of Interpreter
Types of Interpreter

1.

Conference
Conference interpreters are usually present in such arrangements, conferences, press
meetings, negotiations, broadcast television, etc.

2.

Court
If you have a superior ability, became an interpreter in court is very challenging,
providing equal access to the justice system by working with people who do not understand
or speak the language in the proceedings.

3.

Parliamentary
Usually used in the Translation Bureau, Parliament interpreters provide services at a press
conference and association process.

4.

Society and health

Paing community interpreters often work with immigrants and immigrant workers, help
ease the language barrier in the social services and health systems.

5.

Modes Interpreter

Modes ways or Interpreter

- Consecutive interpreting is an oral translation activities alternately in conferences or
meetings. Implementation interpreter sits with the participants in one room, noting what the

speaker is saying. Then the interpreter translate the statements / utterances with or without
notes at the end of each utterance speaker (pause).
- Simultaneous interpreting is an activity of simultaneous interpreting. In this translation
the translator is in a special space (booth) hiding behind a black glass separated by
conference participants. Usually in interpreting simultaneous participants wear head sets or
tool with taped to the ear. Speaker and interpreter talk together in a different language. When
participants do not want to listen to the target language, they can remove the head set worn.
Participants can choose the target language by pressing the desired language channels via
head sets. Sound heard was the sound of the interpreter instead of speakers.
- Liaison Interpreting is translating an interpreter k in the form of a formal contexts, such
as in educational forums, political and so forth.
- Whispered interpretation is an oral translation activity in a whisper. Translators in which
the interpreter and the speakers are together in one room. Seating between the interpreters
and the speakers are not far away. Translators and speakers sitting side by side. This
translation process is done by whispering information to listeners. Style of speech between
speakers and interpreters can be alternately or together. But translators should only be
whispering forbidden to speak loudly.
7.

Note Taking
Many interpreters who created symbols or signs himself as tactics and strategy in the
recorded data or information in order not to forget.
The function of the note-taking:

1.
2.

For info so do not forget.

In order not to lose information, data must be delivered.

Pengertian Interpreting dan Translation

a. Interpreting
Interpreting adalah proses menerjemahkan bahasa lisan dari bahasa sumber ke bahasa
sasaran.
b. Translation
Translation adalah proses menerjemahkan bahasa tulisan dari bahasa sumber ke bahasa
sasaran.
2. Pengertian Interpreter dan Translator
a. Interpreter
Interpreter atau dalam bahasa Indonesia dikenal sebagai Juru Bahasa berbeda dengan
Translator atau penterjemah dalam segi media yang dipakai untuk menerjemahkan.
Interpreter akan menterjemahkan bahasa sumber ke dalam bahasa sasaran secara langsung

atau orally. Lebih sederhananya interpreter adalah seoarang juru bahasa yang mengalihkan
bahasa lisan dari bahasa satu ke bahasa yang lain dalam waktu yang sama atau on the spot
(saat itu juga).
b. Translator
Translator atau penterjemah, dalam arti luas terjemahannya mengacu pada proses dan
hasil mentransfer teks dari bahasa sumber ke dalam bahasa sasaran. Dalam arti sempit,
mengacu pada rendering teks yang ditulis dalam bahasa lain sebagai lawan secara simultan
menafsirkan bahasa lisan. Pada intinya seorang translator adalah seorang penerjemah bahasa
yang mengalihkan satu teks tulisan dari bahasa sumber ke bahasa sasaran dan memiliki waktu
yang lebih fleksibel.
3.

Persamaan dan Perbedaan Interpreter dan Translator

a.

Persamaan Interpreter dan Translator

Menerjemahkan dari bahasa yang satu ke bahasa yang lain

Mempunyai grammer yang bagus
Mempunyai pengetahuan tentang kebudayaan
Pengalih bahasa dan penerjemah harus memiliki pengetahuan bahasa pasif yang baik dari

bahasa yang mereka kerjakan

Pengalih bahasa dan penerjemah harus memiliki penguasaan Bahasa yang baik
Pengalih bahasa dan penerjemah harus memiliki pengetahuan yang cukup mengenai bidang

teks atau pembicaraan yang diterjemahkan

Penerjemah (tulis & lisan) harus tahu bagaimana cara menterjemahkan
Sementara penerjemah lisan menguasai bahasa lisan (listening) tingkat reseptif.

b. Perbedaan Interpreter dan Translator

Interpreter
Pada
prakteknya

penerjemahan

Translator
lisan, Pada prakteknya penerjemah tulis memiliki

penerjemah tidak memiliki kesempatan luas kesempatan luas untuk menggunakan kamus
untuk

menggunakan

referensi

lain

pada

kamus
saat

atau

bahan atau

bahan

referensi

lain

pada

saat

penerjemahan penerjemahan berlangsung karena waktu yang

berlangsung karena keterbatasan waktu.

fleksibel.
sementara penerjemah lisan menguasai bahasa Penerjemah tulis menguasai bahasa tulis
lisan (listening) tingkat reseptif.

tingkat reseptif

Penerjemah lisan, dituntut kemampuan untuk penerjemah tulis harus menguasai kemampuan
dapat mengungkapkan gagasan dalam bahasa menulis atau mengungkapkan gagasan dalam
langsung secara lisan/tingkat reseptif
Penerjemahan

lisan

dituntut

bahasa secara tertulis dengan baik (tingkat

produktif)
keterampilan Dalam penerjamah

tulis

hal

ini

berbicara (rhetoric) yang baik dan suara yang diperlukan dalam penerjemahan tulis.

tidak

jelas
Penerjemah lisan harus memiliki kemampuan Penerjemah

tulis

untuk mengambil keputusan secara cepat dan kemampuan

tersebut

langsung.

tidak

harus

karena

memiliki

harus

bisa

memanfaatkan kamus atau referensi yang lain

secara tepat.

4. Jenis-jenis Interpreter
Jenis-jenis Interpreter
1. Konferensi
Penafsir konferensi biasanya hadir pada pengaturan seperti, konferensi, pertemuan pers,
negosiasi, siaran televisi, dll.
2. Pengadilan
Jika memiliki kemampuan yang unggul, menjadi juru bahasa di pengadilan sangat
menantang, menyediakan akses yang sama terhadap sistem peradilan dengan bekerja sama
dengan orang-orang yang tidak memahami atau berbicara bahasa dalam proses hukum.
3. Parlementer
Biasanya digunakan dalam Biro Translation, penafsir parlemen memberikan layanan pada
konferensi pers dan proses asosiasi.
4. Masyarakat dan kesehatan
Penafsir masyarakat bekerja paing sering dengan imigran dan pekerja imigran, membantu
meringankan hambatan bahasa dalam pelayanan sosial dan sisitem kesehatan.

5. Modes Interpreter
Cara-cara atau Modes Interpreter
- Consecutive interpreting merupakan suatu kegiatan penerjemahan lisan secara bergantian
dalam konferensi atau pertemuan. Pelaksanaanya penerjemah duduk bersama peserta dalam
satu

ruangan,

mencatat

apa

yang

dikatakan

pembicara.

Kemudian

penterjemah

mengalihbahasakan pernyataan/ujaran tersebut dengan atau tanpa catatan pada setiap akhir
ujaran pembicara (jeda). Proses penerjemahan dilakukan dengan cara bergantian, artinya
penerjemah menjelaskan ulang setelah pembicara memberi jeda dalam penjelasannya. Jadi,
urutan bicaranya adalah pembicara penerjemah pembicara penerjemah, dan seterusnya.
- Simultaneous interpreting merupakan suatu kegiatan penerjemahan lisan simultan.
Dalam penerjemahan ini penerjemah berada di ruang khusus (booth) yang bersembunyi di
balik kaca hitam terpisah dengan peserta konferensi. Biasanya dalam penerjemahan lisan

simultan peserta memakai head set atau alat dengan yang ditempel di telinganya. Pembicara
dan penerjemah berbicara bersama-sama dalam bahasa yang berbeda. Bilamana peserta tidak
ingin mendengarkan bahasa sasaran, mereka bisa melepas head set yang dipakainya. Peserta
dapat memilih bahasa sasaran dengan menekan tombol saluran bahasa yang diinginkan
melalui head set. Suara yang didengar itu suara interpreter bukan suara speaker.
- Liason Interpreting adalah menerjemahkan dalam bentuk konteks yang formal, misalnya
di dalam forum pendidikan, politik dan lain sebagainya.
- Whispered interpretation merupakan suatu kegiatan penerjemahan lisan secara berbisik.
Penerjemah yang di dalamnya antara interpreter dan speaker berada bersama-sama dalam
satu ruangan. Tempat duduk antara interpreter dan speaker tidak jauh. Penerjemah dan
speaker duduk berdampingan. Proses penerjemahan ini dilakukan dengan cara membisikkan
informasi kepada pendengarnya. Gaya bicara antara speaker dan interpreter bisa bergantian
maupun bersama-sama. Tetapi penerjemah hanya boleh berbisik-bisik dilarang berbicara
keras.
7. Note Taking
Kemampuan mencatat atau note-taking sangat berperan penting dalam hal ini sehingga
interpreter tidak kehilangan informasi,data-data yang harus disampaikannya. Jangan salah
note-taking bukanlah stenografi. Banyak interpreter yang menciptakan simbol-simbol atau
tanda-tanda sendiri sebagai taktik dan strategi dalam mencatat data atau info supaya tidak
lupa.
Fungsi dari note taking:
1. Sebagai info supaya tidak lupa.
2. Agar tidak kehilangan informasi,data-data yang harus disampaikannya.

In linguistics, grammar is the set of structural rules governing the composition

of clauses, phrases, and words in any given natural language. The term refers
also to the study of such rules, and this field includes morphology, syntax, and
phonology, often complemented by phonetics, semantics, and pragmatics.

Menurut Wikipedia, definisi grammar adalah kumpulan kaidah tentang struktur gramatikal
bahasa. Kumpulan kaidah ini lazim dikenal sebagai tata bahasa. Dalam bahasa Inggris,
grammar terdiri dari 8 bagian (lazim disebut part of speech), yaitu:

1. Pronoun (kata ganti)

Kata ganti adalah kata yang digunakan untuk mengganti kata benda berupa orang atau benda.
Contoh kata ganti adalah I, me, mine, dan myself.
Penjelasan lengkap tentang kata ganti dapat Anda baca di 7 Jenis Pronoun yang Harus Anda
Ketahui.

2. Noun (kata benda)

Kata benda adalah kata yang digunakan untuk menamai orang, benda, tempat, hewan, atau
konsep abstrak. Contohnya adalah student, Jakarta, table, cat, dan hapiness.
Lihat juga:

Kata Benda yang Dapat dan yang Tidak Dapat Dihitung

Kata Benda Tunggal dan Jamak

3. Verb (kata kerja)

Kata kerja adalah kata untuk menunjukkan tindakan yang dilakukan subjek, peristiwa, atau
keadaan. Contohnya adalah go, went, dan gone.
Kata kerja berkaitan dengan tense. Silakan lihat macam-macam tenses di Kategori Tenses.

4. Adjective (kata sifat)

Kata sifat adalah kata yang berfungsi menerangkan kata benda atau kata ganti. Contoh kata
sifat adalah easy, excited, dan satisfying.
Ingin tahu lebih banyak tentang kata sifat? Silakan baca artikel-artikel berikut:

6 Jenis Kata Sifat dalam Bahasa Inggris

Cara Menampatkan Kata Sifat dalam Kalimat

Perbandingan Kata Sifat

5. Adverb (kata keterangan)

Kata keterangan adalah kata untuk mendeskripsikan kata kerja, kata sifat, atau kata
keterangan lain. Contohnya adalah carefully, fast, dan very.
Beberapa artikel yang membahas kata sifat adalah:

Cara Membentuk Adverb dari Adjective

8 Jenis Kata Keterangan (Adverb) Beserta Contoh Kalimatnya

Cara Menempatkan Kata Keterangan

6. Determiner
Determiner adalah kata atau kelompok kata yang ditempatkan di depan kata benda untuk
membatasi makna kata benda tersebut. Contoh determiner adalah the, a, an, some, any, dan
sebagainya. Baca artikel tentang 12 kaidah penggunaan the.

7. Preposistion (kata depan)

Kata depan atau preposisi adalah kata atau kelompok kata yang umumnya diletakkan di
depan kata benda atau kata ganti untuk menunjukkan hubungan letak, arah, atau waktu
dengan kata benda tersebut. Contoh kata depan adalah at, in, dan on.
Silakan baca:

Kata Depan At, In, dan On Sebagai Penunjuk Tempat

At, On, dan In yang Berfungsi Sebagai Keterangan Waktu

8. Conjunction (kata hubung)

Kata hubung/penghubung adalah kata yang menghubungkan kata, klausa, kaimat, atau
paragraf. Contohnya adalah and, because, dan or. Silakan baca kata hubung koordinatif dan
kata hubung subordinatif.
Semoga penjelasan di atas membantu Anda memahami apa itu grammar. Jika ada hal yang
ingin ditanyakan terkait grammar, silakan Anda kirimkan melalui halaman kontak. Saya akan
menjawabnya secepat mungkin.

Meaning of Direct and Indirect Speech

Direct and Indirect are two particular methods of reproducing in writing someones
words. In Reported Speech (Direct and Indirect) has two parts , namely :

Reported Verb (Kata Kerja yang Melaporkan)

Reported Words (Kata-Kata yang Dilaporkan)
Reported Verb

Reported Words

He says,

I go to the school everyday.

She will say,

No body is speak.

Jane said,

Yes, I agree.

In Direct style, the words are reproduced exactly using quotes; in Indirect style,
someones words and actions need to be translated/transformed into a particular style of a
third person narration. Direct style is independent on the declarative verb. In indirect style,
however, the declarative verb becomes a tense-reference, therefore the sequence-of-tenses
rules (and their exceptions) take control.
How to write quotations:
1.

Put a comma after said

2.

Put quotation marks

Jane said,
Jane said,

3.

Capitalize the first word of the quotation

Jane said,Y

4.

Write the quotation. Put a final period

Jane said, Yes, I agree.

5.

Put quotation marks after the period

Jane said, Yes, I agree.

6. When there are two or more sentence in a quotation, put the quotation marks at the beginning
and end of the whole quote. Do not put the quotation marks around each sentence.
CORRECT :
Jane said, Yes, I agree. Theyre graceful and playful. Do you own a cat?

INCORRECT : Jane said, Yes, I agree.

Theyre graceful and playful.
Do you own a cat?
7. Be sure to put quotation marks above the line, not on the line.
INCORRECT : Ana said,,My book is on the table.
CORRECT
: Ana said, My book is on the table.
When reporting speech the tense usually changes. This is because when we use
reported speech, we are usually talking about a time in the past (because obviously the person
who spoke originally spoke in the past). The verbs therefore usually have to be in the past
too.
For example :
Direct speech
"I'm going to the cinema", he said.

Indirect speech
He said he was going to the cinema.

B. The Changing in Reported Speech (Direct and Indirect Speech)

1. Tenses and Modal Change
As a rule when you report something someone has said you go back a tense:(the tense
on the left changes to the tense on the right):

Direct Speech
Present Simple
She said, "It's cold."
Present Continuous
She said, "I'm teaching English online."
Present Perfect Simple
She said, "I've been on the web since

Indirect Speech

1999."
Present Perfect Continuous

Past Simple
She said it was cold.
Past Continuous
She said she was teaching English online.
Past Perfect Simple
She said she had been on the web since 1999.
Past Perfect Continuous

She said, "I've been teaching English for She said she had been teaching English for seven
seven years."
Past Simple
She said, "I taught online yesterday."
Past Continuous
She said, "I was teaching earlier."
Past Perfect

years.
Past Perfect
She said she had taught online yesterday.
Past Perfect Continuous
She said she had been teaching earlier.
Past Perfect

She said, "The lesson had already started NO CHANGE - She said the lesson had already
when he arrived."
Past Perfect Continuous
She said, "I'd already been teaching for
five minutes."

started when he arrived.

Past Perfect Continuous
NO CHANGE - She said she'd already been
teaching for five minutes.

Modal verb forms also sometimes change:

Direct Speech

Indirect Speech

will

would

She said, "I'll teach English online

tomorrow."
can
She said, "I can teach English online."
must
She said, "I must have a computer to teach
English online."
shall
She said, "What shall we learn today?"

She said she would teach English online

tomorrow.
could
She said she could teach English online.
had to

She said she had to have a computer to teach

English online.
should
She asked what we should learn today.
might
She asked if she might open a new browser.

may
She said, "May I open a new browser?"

Note : There is no change to; could, would, should, might and ought to.
Example :

Direct speech
Indirect speech
"I might go to the cinema", he said. He said he might go to the cinema.

We can use the present tense in reported speech if you want to say that something is
still true. i.e. my name has always been and will always be Catherine.
Direct Speech
"My name is Catherine ", she said.

Indirect Speech
She said her name was Catherine.
or
She said her name is Catherine.

We can also use the present tense if you are talking about a future event.
Direct Speech (Exact Quote)
"Next week's lesson is on reported
speech ", she said.

Indirect Speech (Not Exact)

She said next week's lesson is on reported
speech.

2. Time change
If the reported sentence contains an expression of time, you must change it to fit in
with the time of

reporting.

For example we need to change words like here and yesterday if they have different
meanings at the time and place of reporting.
Today
"Today's lesson is on presentations."

+ 24 hours - Indirect Speech

She said yesterday's lesson was on
presentations.

Expressions Of
Time If
Reported On A

Different Day
this
this (evening)
today
yesterday
these
these (days)
two days ago
now
(a week) ago
last
last weekend
here
over here
next (week)
tomorrow

that
that (evening)
thatday ...
the day before, the previous day
those
those (days)
two days before
then
(a week) before
before, the previous
the weekend before last / the previous weekend
there
over there
the following (week)
the next/following day

In addition if you report something that someone said in a different place to where
you heard it you must change the place (here) to the place (there).
3. Changing Pronouns
When changing from direct speech to indirect speech, it is often necessary to change
the pronouns to match the subject of the sentence.
Examples:

She said, "I want to bring my children." BECOMES She said she wanted to bring her
children.

Jack said, "My wife went with me to the show." BECOMES Jack said his wife had
gone with him to the show.

C. The Kind of Reported Speech (Direct and Indirect Speech)

1. Reported Statements
When do we use reported speech, sometimes someone says a sentence, for example
"I'm going to the cinema tonight". Later, maybe we want to tell someone else what the first
person said. We use a 'reporting verb' like 'say' or 'tell'. If this verb is in the present tense, it's
easy. We just put 'she says' and then the sentence:

Direct Speech: Marry says, I like ice cream

Reported Speech: Marry says that she likes ice cream

We don't need to change the tense, though probably we do need to change the 'person'
from 'I' to 'she', for example. We also may need to change words like 'my' and 'your'. But, if
the reporting verb is in the past tense, then usually we change the tenses in the reported
speech:

Direct Speech: Marry said, I like ice cream

Reported Speech: She said that she liked ice cream

Occasionally, we dont need to change the present tense into the past if the
information in direct speech is still true (but this is only for things which are general facts,
and even then usually we like to change the tense):

Direct Speech: She said, The sky is blue

Reported Speech: She said that the sky is/was blue

2. Reported Questions
In fact, it's not so different from reported statements. The tense changes are the same,
and we keep the question word. The very important thing though is that, once we tell the
question to someone else, it isn't a question any more. So we need to change the grammar to a
normal positive sentence.
Example:

Direct Speech: "where do you live?"

Reported Question: She asked me where I lived.

Direct Speech: "where is Julie?"

Reported Question : She asked me where Julie was.

The

direct question is in the present simple tense. We make a present simple question with 'do'

or 'does' so I need to take that away. Then I need to change the verb to the past simple.

The direct question is the present simple of 'be'. We make the question form of the present
simple of be by inverting (changing the position of)the subject and verb. So, we need to
change them back before putting the verb into the past simple.
Here are some more examples:

Direct Question
Where is the Post Office, please?
What are you doing?
Who was that fantastic man?

Reported Question
She asked me where the Post Office was.
She asked me what I was doing.
She asked me who that fantastic man had been.

So much for 'wh' questions. But, what if you need to report a 'yes / no' question? We don't
have any question word to help us. It's easy, instead use 'if':

Direct Speech: "Do you like chocolate?"

Reported Question : She asked me if I liked chocolate.

More Examples:
Direct Question
Do you love me?
Have you ever been to Mexico?
Are you living here?

Reported Question
He asked me if I loved him.
She asked me if I had ever been to Mexico.
She asked me if I was living here.

3. Reported Requests
What if someone asks you to do something (in a polite way)
For example:

Direct Speech: "Close the window, please"

or: "Could you close the window please?"

or: "Would you mind closing the window please?"

All of these requests mean the same thing, so we don't need to report every word when we
tell another person about it. We simply use 'ask me + to + infinitive':
Example :
Direct Request
Please help me
Please dont smoke
Could you bring my book tonight?
Could you pass the milk, please?
Would you mind coming early tomorrow?

Reported Request
She asked me to help her.
She asked me not to smoke.
She asked me to bring her book that night.
She asked me to pass the milk.
She asked me to come early the next day.

To report a negative request, use 'not':

Direct speech: "Please don't be late"

Reported speech: She asked us not to be late.

4. Reported Orders
We can call this an 'order' in English, when someone tells you very directly to do
something. For example: "Sit down!"
In fact, we make this into reported speech in the same way as a request. We just use 'tell'
instead of 'ask': She told me to sit down.
More Examples :
Direct Order
Go to bed!
Dont worry!
Be on time!
Dont smoke here!

Reported Order
He told the child to go to bed.
He told her not to worry.
He told me to be on time.
He told us not to smoke there