Solids

Properties of Solids and K-MT

Hard, definite shape and volume.
K-MT: particles are more closely packed together than those of liquids and gases.
Dipole-dipole forces, London-dispersion forces, and hydrogen bonding are the strongest
attractions of any state of matter.
Fixed positions with vibrational motion
Crystalline vs Amorphous Solids
Crystals are substances in which the particles are arranged in an orderly, geometric,
repeating pattern.
Quartz crystals, gems, salt.
Amorphous solid is one which the particles are arranged randomly.
Glass, plastic (flows slowly, old windows)
Definite Melting Point
Melting: The physical change of a solid to a liquid by the addition of heat. The
temperature at which a solid becomes liquid is the melting point temperature.
Kinetic energies of particles are high enough to over come attractive forces.
Supercooled liquids are amorphous solids which retain certain liquid properties even at
temperatures at which they appear to be solid.
High Density and Incompressibility
Solids tend to be slightly denser than liquids
Denser because the particles are packed tighter together than for liquids and gases.
Solids are considered incompressible
Solids with pore spaces can be compressed only to collapse the air spaces between the
solid structure.
Diffusion is millions of times slower.
Crystalline Solids
Exist as single crystals or groups of crystals
Crystal Structure: The three-dimensional arrangement of particles of a crystal.
Lattice, a type of coordinate system
Unit Cell: The smallest portion of a crystal lattice that shows the 3-D pattern of the entire
lattice.
7 Basic Crystalline Structures
Cubic
Tetragonal
Hexagonal
Trigonal
Orthorhombic
Monoclinic
triclinic
Binding Forces for Crystals
1) Ionic Crystals:
Arranged in a regular pattern of +/- ions.
Monatomic or polyatomic
G-1 and G-2 combining with G-16 and G-17.
Hard and brittle
High melting points
Good insulators
2) Covalent Network Crystals
Individual atoms
Covalently bonded to other adjacent atoms
Includes a great number of atoms
Examples: diamond (C), quartz (SiO2), oxides of transitions metals (Fe2O3).
Very hard and brittle
High melting points
Nonconductors or semiconductors
3) Metallic Crystals
Metal atoms surrounded by a sea of electrons.
Outer electrons are free to move throughout the crystal as a whole.
Explains properties of high electrical and thermal conductivity,
Ductility and malleability
Wide range of melting points
4) Covalent Molecular Structure
Held together primarily by intermolecular forces
Nonpolar molecules (N2, CH4) are held together by weak London-dispersion forces
Polar molecules (water, ammonia) are held together by: dispersion forces, dipole-dipole
forces and hydrogen bonding.
Low melting points, good insulators.
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Solids
Properties of Solids and K-MT
Crystalline vs Amorphous Solids
Definite Melting Point
High Density and Incompressibility
Crystalline Solids
7 Basic Crystalline Structures
Binding Forces for Crystals
2) Covalent Network Crystals
3) Metallic Crystals
4) Covalent Molecular Structure