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Acoustics ACTx
david.roche@ansys.com
Introduction to
Acoustics
10
Applications
Acoustics is the study of the generation, propagation, absorption, and
reflection of sound pressure waves in a fluid medium. Applications for
acoustics include the following:
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Underwater acoustics
Geophysical exploration
Acoustic Analysis
An acoustic analysis, available in the ANSYS Multiphysics and ANSYS
Mechanical programs only, usually involves modeling the fluid medium and
the surrounding structure. Typical quantities of interest are the pressure
distribution in the fluid at different frequencies, pressure gradient, particle
velocity, the sound pressure level, as well as, scattering, diffraction,
transmission, radiation, attenuation, and dispersion of acoustic waves.
A coupled acoustic analysis takes the fluid-structure interaction into account.
An uncoupled acoustic analysis models only the fluid and ignores any fluidstructure interaction.
The program assumes that the fluid is compressible, but allows only relatively
small pressure changes with respect to the mean pressure. Also, the fluid is
assumed to be non-flowing.
The pressure solution is the deviation from the mean pressure, not the
absolute pressure.
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Sound
Noise can be defined as undesired or disagreeable sound.
From the acoustics point of view, sound and noise constitute the
same phenomenon of atmospheric pressure fluctuations about the
mean atmospheric pressure. The differentiation is greatly
subjective.
Sound (or noise) is the result of pressure variations, or oscillations,
in an elastic medium (e.g., air, water, solids), generated by a
vibrating surface, or turbulent fluid flow. Sound propagates in the
form of longitudinal (as opposed to transverse) waves, involving a
succession of compressions and rarefactions in the elastic medium.
When a sound wave propagates in air, the oscillations in pressure
are above and below the mean pressure.
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Acoustics Variables
As sound propagates through air (or any elastic medium), it causes
measurable fluctuations in pressure, velocity, temperature and density. We
can describe the physical state in terms of mean (steady state) values and
small fluctuations about that mean.
For our purposes in acoustics and noise control, all we care about is the
fluctuating portion.
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Physical
Quantity State
Variable Units
Pressure
Ptotal = P + p(r,t)
Pascals
Velocity
Utotal = U + u(r,t)
meters/second
Temperature
Ttotal = T + (r,t)
Celsius
Density
total = + (r,t)
kg/m3
Sound waves
As sound travels in space there is energy transport but
there is no net transfer of mass. Each particle in the fluid
moves back and forth about one position. In general,
sound waves in any medium can be a mixture of
longitudinal and shear waves, depending primarily on
the boundary conditions.
Longitudinal Wave The simplest type of wave is
compressional (or longitudinal wave) where the particle
oscillation is in the same direction as the energy transport. The
disturbance propagates in the direction of the particle motion.
This is the predominant mechanism in fluids and gases because
shear stresses are negligible.
Shear Wave The particle motion direction is orthogonal
(perpendicular) to direction in which the disturbance (and the
energy) propagates. In solids, you can have transverse shear
and torsional waves. Bending waves (in a beam or plate), and
water waves are a mixture of shear and longitudinal waves.
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Speed of sound
For a longitudinal wave in an unbounded medium, sound travels at a speed of c:
=
+ ()
K = bulk modulus
G = shear modulus
= density of the material
In normal gases, at audible frequencies, the pressure fluctuations occur under
essentially adiabatic conditions (no heat is transferred between adjacent gas
particles). The speed of sound then becomes:
=
Wave length
In acoustics we define the wavelength as the distance between
repeating features of the wave:
c 2
f
Pressure
Wavelength
0.9
-0.1
-1.1
10
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Distance - x
Pressure
Period T
0.9
-0.1
-1.1
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6
Time - t
10
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Other quantities of interest in acoustics are the sound power level and the
sound pressure level.
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Sound Sources
Jet Take-off, Artillery fire
Qualitative Descriptions
Intolerable
140
120
very noisy
100
Noisy
80
Wrinkled newspaper
Moderately noisy
70
Conversation at 1 meter
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60
quiet
40
very quiet
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Frequency Weighting
The human ear responds more to frequencies
between 500 Hz and 8 kHz and is less sensitive
to very low-pitch or high-pitch noises. The
frequency weightings used in sound level
meters are often related to the response of
the human ear, to ensure that the meter is
measuring pretty much what you actually
hear.
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Directivity
Most sources do not radiate equally in all directions. Example a circular
piston in an infinite baffle (which is a good approximation of a loudspeaker).
Piston
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p
u
p Z 0 c0
If we define the reflection coefficient R: R
p
Z 0 c0
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Sound Absorption
As sound strikes a wall, some of it is reflected, while some is absorbed by
the wall. A measure of that absorption is the absorption coefficient ,
defined as:
I
I
I
absorbed incident reflected
I incident
I incident
Incident
Transmitted
Reflected
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Helmholtz Resonator
Helmholtz resonator is a side branch acoustic absorber.
It 0consists of a rigid cavity communicating with the external
medium through a port (neck). The fluid in the cavity
resembles a mechanical mass element. The pressure in the
cavity changes by the influx and efflux of fluid through the
neck, making the cavity act as a spring element. The break-up
of vortices created in the shear layer dissipates energy, acting
as a damper.
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Boundary Conditions
There are three different types of boundary conditions in Acoustics:
Dirichlet condition:
Homogeneous (Open tube: Sound Soft Boundary): p 0
Inhomogeneous (Applied pressure): p P
Neumann condition:
Homogeneous (Closed tube: Sound Hard Boundary):
v V
p
0
x
v0
1 p
j x
Sloshing
In fluid dynamics, sloshing refers to the movement of liquid inside
another object (which is, typically, also undergoing motion). Strictly
speaking, the liquid must have a free surface to constitute a slosh
dynamics problem, where the dynamics of the liquid can interact with
the container to alter the system dynamics significantly.
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Mode 1
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Mode 2
Mode 3
Sloshing Modes
Analytical
Numerical
Mode 1
0.88 Hz
0.8819 Hz
Mode 2
1.05 Hz
1.0506 Hz
Mode 3
1.25 Hz
1.2496 Hz
Mode 4
1.32 Hz
1.3213 Hz
Mode 4
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Exterior problem: The sound wave radiates or is scattered into infinite open space
Coupled element: Acoustic element with FSI interface (PRES, UX, UY, UZ DOF)
Transparent port: An exterior surface on which incident pressure is launched into the
acoustic model and the reflected pressure wave is fully absorbed by a defined matched
impedance that represents infinity
Governing Equations
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Governing Equations
In acoustic fluid-structural interaction (FSI) problems, the structural dynamics
equation must be considered along with the Navier-Stokes equations of fluid
momentum and the flow continuity equation. The discretized structural
dynamics equation can be formulated using the structural elements. The fluid
momentum (Navier-Stokes) equations and continuity equations are simplified
to get the acoustic wave equation using the following assumptions:
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Governing Equations
Since the viscous dissipation has been taken into account using the Stokes
hypothesis, the wave equation is referred to as the lossy wave equation
for propagation of sound in fluids. The discretized structural and the lossy
wave must be considered simultaneously in FSI problems.
The acoustic pressure exerted on the structure at the FSI interface will be
considered in the Derivation of Acoustics matrices to form the coupling
stiffness matrix.
Harmonically varying pressure is given by:
pr , t Re pr e jt
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Governing Equations
The finite element formulation is obtained by a testing wave
using the Galerkin procedure. The wave equation is multiplied by
the testing function w and integrated over the volume of the
domain with some manipulation to yield the following:
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Governing Equations
From the equation of momentum conservation, the normal velocity on the
boundary of the acoustic domain is given by:
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Governing Equations
The normal acceleration of the fluid particle can be presented using the
normal displacement of the fluid particle, given by:
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Analysis Types
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Analysis Types
In Acoustics we can currently perform four different types
of analysis:
Response Spectrum
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Modal Analyses
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Transient Analyses
44
Response Spectrum
45
Acoustic Material
Properties
46
Acoustic Viscosity
Viscosity is the degree to which a fluid resists flow. The acoustic
media can sometimes be viscous (water, oil). In this case the
wave equation must be modified to include the bulk viscosity
term.
Governing equation
Momentum and mass conservation equation
va
4
0
pa ( B )( va )
0 va
t
(
)] 0
2
2
2
0
0c0 t
30 0c0 t
1
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Acoustic Viscosity
The viscosity introduces a dissipative effect in the acoustic media
as illustrated below:
Transmission Loss (dB)
Transmission Loss
40
30
20
Without Viscosity
10
With Viscosity
0
500
1000
1500
Frequency (Hz)
49
50
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Q
(
(
p)
2
)
0 (r )
0 (r )c (r ) t 2
t 0 (r )
According to the ideal gas law the equation of state and the speed of
sound in an ideal gas are given by:
c 2 (r ) RT (r )
Pstate (r ) (r ) RT (r )
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c( x) c0
54
T ( x)
T0
pstate ( x) 0T0
; ( x)
T ( x) pstate , 0
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The static pressure can be applied on bodies using the Acoustics Static
Pressure object available in the Loads drop down menu :
Mesh Requirement
58
Meshing Guidelines
The mesh should be fine enough to capture the mode shapes of the
structure.
Wavelength:
c
f
Solving Fluid-Structure
Interaction (FSI)
60
The analyses available with FSI are modal (symmetric & unsymmetric
algorithm), harmonic (symmetric & unsymmetric algorithm), transient
(unsymmetric algorithm) and spectrum (unsymmetric algorithm).
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Modal analysis:
Harmonic analysis:
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Symmetric formulation:
All the elements in the model can use the symmetric formulation.
Its possible to use both coupled and uncoupled symmetric
formulations. The best solution here in terms of number of DOF to
compute is to create a single of layer of elements using coupled
algorithm at the FSI boundary and use uncoupled symmetric
algorithm for all other elements.
Unsymmetric formulation:
In this case its possible to use both program controlled coupled and
program controlled uncoupled formulations. The best solution here
in terms of number of DOF to compute is to create a single of layer of
elements using coupled algorithm at the FSI boundary and use
uncoupled algorithm for all other elements.
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Its worth noting that if no FSI flags are defined, the MAPDL solver will
try to automatically detect FSI surfaces (in case of conform mesh).
However, its good practice to define FSI manually.
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Type: Bonded
Behavior: Asymmetric with contact on the fluid side and target on the structural side
Formulation: MPC
69
Type: Bonded
Behavior: Asymmetric with contact on the fluid side and target on the structural side
Formulation: MPC
70
When the object is generated it will automatically modify the contacts regions located
between structural and acoustic parts to define the recommended settings:
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Automatic creation of
boundary conditions
72
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Automatic creation of BC
This tool is used to automatically
create boundary conditions & loads based on the existing named
selections. When the button is pressed its checked for each
named selection if it contains one of the following keywords. If
its the case the corresponding object is created scoped on this
named selection.
Keyword
acousticbody
normalvelocity
normalacceleration
masssource
massrate
surfacevelocity
surfaceacceleration
staticpressure
impsheet
temperature
pressure
impedance
thermovisc
free
fsi
radiation
absorbingelem
attenuation
plot
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Corresponding Object
Acoustic Body
Normal Surface Velocity
Normal Surface Acceleration
Mass Source
Mass Source Rate
Surface Velocity
Surface Acceleration
Static Pressure
Impedance Sheet
Temperature
Acoustic Pressure
Impedance Boundary
Thermo-viscous BLI Boundary
Free Surface
FSI Interface
Radiation Boundary
Absorbing Elements
Attenuation Surface
Acoustic Time_Frequency Plot
Applications
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Underwater Example
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Speaker Example
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