Day of the Dead

This article is about the Mexican holiday. For other uses, tional tradition in the north of the country.* [4]* [5]* [6]
see Day of the Dead (disambiguation).
In Brazil, Dia de Finados is a public holiday that many
Brazilians celebrate by visiting cemeteries and churches.
Day of the Dead (Spanish: Da de Muertos) is a Mexican In Spain, festivals and parades are frequently held and
holiday celebrated throughout Mexico, in particular the people often gather at cemeteries and pray for their deCentral and South regions, and acknowledged around the ceased loved ones at the end of the day. Similar obserworld in other cultures. The holiday focuses on gath- vances occur elsewhere in Europe, and similarly themed
erings of family and friends to pray for and remember celebrations appear in many Asian and African cultures.
friends and family members who have died, and help sup- In France and some other European countries, All Souls
port their spiritual journey. In 2008 the tradition was in- Day was observed by visits of families to the graves of
scribed in the Representative List of the Intangible Cul- loved ones, where they left chrysanthemums.* [7] Writer
tural Heritage of Humanity by UNESCO.* [1]
Marguerite Yourcenar observed that
It is particularly celebrated in Mexico where the day is
a public holiday. Prior to Spanish colonization in the
16th century, the celebration took place at the beginning
of summer. It was moved to October 31, November 1
and November 2 to coincide with the Roman Catholic
triduum festival of Allhallowtide: All Saints' Eve, All
Saints' Day, and All Souls' Day.* [2]* [3] Traditions connected with the holiday include building private altars
called ofrendas, honoring the deceased using sugar skulls,
marigolds, and the favorite foods and beverages of the
departed, and visiting graves with these as gifts. Visitors
also leave possessions of the deceased at the graves.

autumnal rites are among the oldest celebrated on earth. It appears that in every country the Day of the Dead occurs at the year's end,
after the last harvests, when the barren earth is
though to give passage to the souls lying beneath it.* [8]

She also notes exceptions to the autumn season, such as

the Buddhist Bon festival which is held in summer.* [9]
But similarly themed celebrations of honoring the dead
have been practiced since prehistoric times in many Asian
Scholars trace the origins of the modern Mexican holi- and African cultures.
day to indigenous observances dating back hundreds of
years and to an Aztec festival dedicated to the goddess
Mictecacihuatl. The holiday has spread throughout the 1 Observance in Mexico
world, being absorbed within other deep traditions for
honoring the dead. It happens to be a holiday that has 1.1 Origins
become a national symbol and as such is taught (for educational purposes) in the nation's schools, but there are
families who are more inclined to celebrate a traditional
"All Saints Day" associated with the Catholic Church.
Originally, the Day of the Dead as such was not celebrated in northern Mexico, where it was even unknown
until the 20th century; before that the people and the
church rejected it in northeastern Mexico because they
perceived the day was a result of syncretizing pagan
elements with Catholicism. They held the traditional
'All Saints Day' in the same way as other Catholics in
the world. This is due to the limited or nonexistent
Mesoamerican inuence in this region, and the relatively
few indigenous inhabitants from the regions of Southern
Mexico. In the early 21st century in northern Mexico, Woman lighting copal incense at the cemetery during theAlumDa de Muertos is observed because the Mexican govern- bradavigil in San Andrs Mixquic
ment made it a national holiday by its educational policies
from the 1960s and has tried to use it as a unifying na- The Day of the Dead celebrations in Mexico developed
from ancient traditions among its pre-Columbian cul1

OBSERVANCE IN MEXICO

tures. Rituals celebrating the deaths of ancestors had

been observed by these civilizations perhaps for as long as
2,5003,000 years.* [10] The festival that developed into
the modern Day of the Dead fell in the ninth month of
the Aztec calendar, about the beginning of August, and
was celebrated for an entire month. The festivities were
dedicated to the goddess* [11] known as the Lady of
the Dead, corresponding to the modern La Calavera
Catrina.
By the late 20th century in most regions of Mexico, the
practices had developed to honor dead children and infants on November 1, and to honor deceased adults on
November 2. November 1 is generally referred to as Da
de los Inocentes (Day of the Innocents) but also as Da
de los Angelitos (Day of the Little Angels); Novem- Flowers, including Mexican marigolds, used in the celeber 2 is referred to as Da de los Muertos or Da de los bration of the Day of the Dead
Difuntos (Day of the Dead). * [12]
Plans for the day are made throughout the year, including gathering the goods to be oered to the dead. During the three-day period families usually clean and decorate graves;* [11] most visit the cemeteries where their
loved ones are buried and decorate their graves with
ofrendas (altars), which often include orange Mexican
marigolds (Tagetes erecta) called cempaschil (originally
named cempoaxochitl, Nhuatl for twenty owers).
In modern Mexico the marigold is sometimes called Flor
de Muerto (Flower of Dead). These owers are thought
to attract souls of the dead to the oerings.
1.2 Beliefs

Frances Ann Day summarizes the three-day celebration,

the Day of the Dead:
People go to cemeteries to be with the souls of the departed and build private altars containing the favorite
foods and beverages, as well as photos and memorabilia,
of the departed. The intent is to encourage visits by the
souls, so the souls will hear the prayers and the comments
of the living directed to them. Celebrations can take a humorous tone, as celebrants remember funny events and
anecdotes about the departed.* [12]

Toys are brought for dead children (los angelitos, orthe

little angels), and bottles of tequila, mezcal or pulque or
jars of atole for adults. Families will also oer trinkets
or the deceased's favorite candies on the grave. Ofrendas
are also put in homes, usually with foods such as candied pumpkin, pan de muerto (bread of dead), and
sugar skulls and beverages such as atole. The ofrendas are
left out in the homes as a welcoming gesture for the deceased.* [11] Some people believe the spirits of the dead
eat thespiritual essenceof the ofrendas food, so though
the celebrators eat the food after the festivities, they believe it lacks nutritional value. Pillows and blankets are
left out so the deceased can rest after their long journey.
In some parts of Mexico such as the towns of Mixquic,
Ptzcuaro and Janitzio, people spend all night beside the
graves of their relatives. In many places people have picnics at the grave site, as well.
Some families build altars or small shrines in their
homes;* [11] these sometimes feature a Christian cross,
statues or pictures of the Blessed Virgin Mary, pictures
of deceased relatives and other persons, scores of candles, and an ofrenda. Traditionally, families spend some
time around the altar, praying and telling anecdotes about
the deceased. In some locations celebrants wear shells on
their clothing, so when they dance, the noise will wake up
the dead; some will also dress up as the deceased.

Public schools at all levels build altars with ofrendas, usuMexican cempaschitl (marigold) is the traditional ally omitting the religious symbols. Government oces
ower used to honor the dead

1.2

Beliefs

Gran calavera elctrica (Great electric skull) by Jos

Guadalupe Posada, 19001913
Families tidying and decorating graves at a cemetery in Almoloya
del Ro in the State of Mexico

sugar or chocolate skulls, which are inscribed with the

name of the recipient on the forehead. Sugar skulls as
gifts can be given to both the living and the dead. Other
usually have at least a small altar, as this holiday is seen
holiday foods include pan de muerto, a sweet egg bread
as important to the Mexican heritage.
made in various shapes from plain rounds to skulls and
Those with a distinctive talent for writing sometimes rabbits, often decorated with white frosting to look like
create short poems, called calaveras (skulls), mocking twisted bones.
epitaphs of friends, describing interesting habits and attitudes or funny anecdotes. This custom originated in
the 18th or 19th century, after a newspaper published
a poem narrating a dream of a cemetery in the future,
and all of us were dead, proceeding to read the tombstones. Newspapers dedicate calaveras to public gures,
with cartoons of skeletons in the style of the famous
calaveras of Jos Guadalupe Posada, a Mexican illustrator. Theatrical presentations of Don Juan Tenorio by Jos
Zorrilla (18171893) are also traditional on this day.

Development of giant skull for Day of the Dead celebration at the

National Museum of Popular Culture, Coyoacan, Mexico City

Part of the megaofrendaat UNAM for Day of the Dead

The traditions and activities that take place in celebration of the Day of the Dead are not universal, often varying from town to town. For example, in the town of
Ptzcuaro on the Lago de Ptzcuaro in Michoacn, the
tradition is very dierent if the deceased is a child rather
than an adult. On November 1 of the year after a child's
death, the godparents set a table in the parents' home with
sweets, fruits, pan de muerto, a cross, a rosary (used to ask
A common symbol of the holiday is the skull (in Span- the Virgin Mary to pray for them) and candles. This is
ish calavera), which celebrants represent in masks, called meant to celebrate the child's life, in respect and apprecalacas (colloquial term for skeleton), and foods such as ciation for the parents. There is also dancing with colJos Guadalupe Posada created a famous print of a gure
he called La Calavera Catrina
( The Elegant Skull) as a
parody of a Mexican upper-class female. Posada's striking image of a costumed female with a skeleton face has
become associated with the Day of the Dead, and Catrina
gures often are a prominent part of modern Day of the
Dead observances.

2 OBSERVANCES OUTSIDE MEXICO

orful costumes, often with skull-shaped masks and devil 2 Observances outside
masks in the plaza or garden of the town. At midnight
on November 2, the people light candles and ride winged See also: Festival of the Dead
boats called mariposas (butteries) to Janitzio, an island
in the middle of the lake where there is a cemetery, to
honor and celebrate the lives of the dead there.
In contrast, the town of Ocotepec, north of Cuernavaca
in the State of Morelos, opens its doors to visitors in exchange for veladoras (small wax candles) to show respect
for the recently deceased. In return the visitors receive
tamales and atole. This is only done by the owners of the
house where someone in the household has died in the
previous year. Many people of the surrounding areas arrive early to eat for free and enjoy the elaborate altars set
up to receive the visitors from Mictln.

Mexico

2.1 Europe
Marguerite Yourcenar observed thatautumnal rites are
among the oldest celebrated on earth. It appears that in
every country the Day of the Dead occurs at the year's
end, after the last harvests, when the barren earth is
thought to give passage to the souls lying beneath it.* [8]
In Christian Europe, Roman Catholic customs absorbed
pagan traditions, and All Saints Day and All Souls Day
became the autumnal celebration of the dead. Over
many centuries, rites were moved from cultivated elds
to cemeteries.
In many countries with a Roman Catholic heritage All
Saints Day and All Souls Day have evolved traditions
in which people take the day o work, go to cemeteries with candles and owers, and give presents to children, usually sweets and toys.* [14] In Portugal and Spain
ofrendas (oerings) are made on this day. In Spain,
the play Don Juan Tenorio is traditionally performed. In
Belgium, France, Ireland, Italy, the Netherlands, Portugal, and Spain, people bring owers (typically chrysanthemums in France) to the graves of dead relatives and
say prayers over the dead.
In Austria,
Croatia,* [15] Finland,
Germany,
*
Hungary, [16] Lithuania,* [17] Norway, Poland,* [18]
Romania,* [19] Slovakia,* [20] Slovenia,* [21] and
Sweden, the tradition is to light candles and visit the
graves of deceased relatives.

Sculpture with skeletons made for Day of the Dead at the Museo
de Arte Popular, Mexico City

In Brittany, a place with deep Celtic traditions, people

ock to the cemeteries at nightfall to kneel, bareheaded,
at the graves of their loved ones and to anoint the hollow
of the tombstone with holy water or to pour libations of
milk on it. At bedtime, in the house supper is left on the
table for the souls. In Tyrol cakes are left for the dead on
the table, and the room is kept warm for their comfort.

As part of a promotion by the Mexican embassy in

Prague, Czech Republic, some local citizens join in a
Mexican-style Day of the Dead. A theatre group produces an events featuring masks, candles, and sugar
In some parts of the country (especially the cities, where skulls.* [22]
in recent years other customs have been displaced) children in costumes roam the streets, knocking on people's
doors for a calaverita, a small gift of candies or money; 2.2 Latin America
they also ask passersby for it. This relatively recent custom is similar to that of Halloween's trick-or-treating.
Dia de los atitas (Day of the Skulls) is a festival celSome people believe possessing Day of the Dead items
can bring good luck. Many people get tattoos or have
dolls of the dead to carry with them. They also clean their
houses and prepare the favorite dishes of their deceased
loved ones to place upon their altar or ofrenda.

ebrated in La Paz, Bolivia, on May 5. In pre-Columbian

times indigenous Andeans had a tradition of sharing a day
with the bones of their ancestors on the third year after
burial. Today families keep only the skulls for such rituals. Traditionally, the skulls of family members are kept

2.4

The Philippines

at home to watch over the family and protect them during

the year. On November 9, the family crowns the skulls
with fresh owers, sometimes also dressing them in various garments, and making oerings of cigarettes, coca
leaves, alcohol, and various other items in thanks for the
year's protection. The skulls are also sometimes taken
to the central cemetery in La Paz for a special Mass and
blessing.* [23]* [24]* [25]

2.4 The Philippines

In predominantly Roman Catholic Philippines, All Saints'

Day and All Souls' Day are family-orientated, solemn celebrations.* [29] Both days are taken to be a single occasion (with some urban areas including Halloween) that is
traditionally termed Allhallowtide in English and known
in the Philippines as Unds (from the Spanish andas, or
possibly honra), Todos los Santos (Spanish, All Saints'
The Brazilian public holiday of Finados (Day of the
Day), or Araw ng mga Paty (Tagalog, Day of the
Dead) is celebrated on November 2. Similar to other
Dead)the last two terms being proper to the rst and
Day of the Dead celebrations, people go to cemeteries
second days of November, respectively.* [30]
and churches with owers and candles, and oer prayers.
The celebration is intended as a positive honoring of the The holiday is often ranked as second in importance afdead. Memorializing the dead draws from indigenous, ter Christmas and Holy Week, as these three observances
are the most popular seasons in the year that people reAfrican and European Catholic origins.
turn to their respective hometowns. Only 1 November is a
In Ecuador the Day of the Dead is observed to some exconsidered regular holiday, but the government normally
tent by all parts of society, though it is especially impordeclares adjacent dates as special non-working holidays
tant to the indigenous Kichwa peoples, who make up an
to allow for travel.
estimated quarter of the population. Indigena families
gather together in the community cemetery with oer- While ancestor veneration is an ancient part of Filipino
ings of food for a day-long remembrance of their ances- culture, the modern observance is believed to have been
tors and lost loved ones. Ceremonial foods include colada imported from Mexico when the islands (as part of the
morada, a spiced fruit porridge that derives its deep pur- Spanish East Indies) were governed from Mexico City as
ple color from the Andean blackberry and purple maize. part of the Viceroyalty of New Spain. During the holiday,
This is typically consumed with guagua de pan, a bread Filipinos customarily visit family tombs and other graves,
shaped like a swaddled infant, though variations include which they then repair and clean. Entire families spend
many pigsthe latter being traditional to the city of Loja. a night or two at their loved ones' tombs, passing time
The bread, which is wheat our-based today, but was with card games, eating, drinking, singing and dancing
made with masa in the pre-Columbian era, can be made activities that would be considered improper in some culsavory with cheese inside or sweet with a lling of guava tures. Prayers such as the rosary are often said for the depaste. These traditions have permeated into mainstream ceased, who are normally oered candles, owers, food
society, as well, where food establishments add both co- and even liquor. Some Catholic Chinese Filipino familada morada and gaugua de pan to their menus for the lies additionally oer joss sticks to the dead, and observe
season. Many non-indigenous Ecuadorians partake in vis- customs otherwise associated with the Hungry Ghost Fesiting the graves of the deceased, cleaning and bringing tival.
owers, or preparing the traditional foods, too.* [26]
Guatemalan celebrations of the Day of the Dead are high- 2.5
lighted by the construction and ying of giant kites* [27]
in addition to the traditional visits to grave sites of ancestors. A big event also is the consumption of ambre,
which is made only for this day during the year.

United States

In Haiti voodoo traditions mix with Roman Catholic observances as, for example, loud drums and music are
played at all-night celebrations at cemeteries to waken
Baron Samedi, the Loa of the dead, and his mischievous
family of ospring, the Gede.

2.3

Oceania

Mexican-style Day of the Dead celebrations occur in major cities in Australia, Fiji, and Indonesia. Additionally, prominent celebrations are held in Wellington, New
Zealand, complete with altars celebrating the deceased
with owers and gifts.* [28]

Women with calaveras makeup celebrating Dia de los Muertos

(Day of the Dead) in Mission District of San Francisco, CA

In many American communities with Mexican residents

Day of the Dead celebrations are very similar to those
held in Mexico. In some of these communities, such as

4 SIMILAR TRADITIONS

in Texas,* [31] and Arizona,* [32] the celebrations tend to

be mostly traditional. For example, the All Souls Procession has been an annual Tucson, Arizona event since
1990. The event combines elements of traditional Day of
the Dead celebrations with those of pagan harvest festivals. People wearing masks carry signs honoring the dead
and an urn in which people can place slips of paper with
prayers on them to be burned.* [33] Likewise, Old Town
San Diego, California annually hosts a very traditional
two-day celebration culminating in a candlelight procession to the historic El Campo Santo Cemetery.* [34]

Dead. The project's website contains some of the text and

images which explain the origins of some of the customary core practices surrounding the Day of the Dead, such
as the background beliefs and the orenda (the special altar commemorating one's deceased loved one).* [39] The
Made For iTunes multimedia e-book version provides additional content, such as further details; additional photogalleries; pop-up proles of inuential Latino artists and
cultural gures over the decades; and video clips* [40]
of interviews with artists who make Dia de los Muertosthemed artwork, explanations and performances of Aztec
In other communities interactions between Mexican tra- and other traditional dances, an animation short that explains the customs to children, virtual poetry readings in
ditions and American culture are resulting in celebrations
*
*
in which Mexican traditions are being extended to make English and Spanish. [41] [42]
artistic or sometimes political statements. For example,
in Los Angeles, California, the Self Help Graphics &
Art Mexican-American cultural center presents an annual 3 Altars
Day of the Dead celebration that includes both traditional
and political elements, such as altars to honor the victims
Catholic altar of the dead
of the Iraq War highlighting the high casualty rate among
Xantolo traditional altar in Hidalgo
Latino soldiers. An updated, intercultural version of the
Day of the Dead is also evolving at Hollywood Forever
Altar in Atlanta, Georgia, in memory of Jennifer
Cemetery.* [35] There, in a mixture of Mexican tradiAnn Crecente, murdered at the age of 18 by her extions and Hollywood hip, conventional altars are set up
boyfriend, 2007
side-by-side with altars to Jayne Manseld and Johnny
Ramone. Colorful native dancers and music intermix
Day of the Dead, Washington, DC, 2013
with performance artists, while sly pranksters play on tra Chontal indigenous altar in Tabasco
ditional themes.
Similar traditional and intercultural updating of Mexican
celebrations are held in San Francisco. For example, the
Galera de la Raza, SomArts Cultural Center, Mission
Cultural Center, de Young Museum and altars at Gareld
Square by the Marigold Project.* [36] Oakland is home to
Corazon Del Pueblo in the Fruitvale district. Corazon Del
Pueblo has a shop oering handcrafted Mexican gifts and
a museum devoted to Day of the Dead artifacts. Also,
the Fruitvale district in Oakland serves as the hub of the
Dia de Los Muertos annual festival which occurs the last
weekend of October. Here, a mix of several Mexican
traditions come together with traditional Aztec dancers,
regional Mexican music, and other Mexican artisans to
celebrate the day.* [37] In Missoula, Montana skeletal celebrants on stilts, novelty bicycles, and skis parade through
town.* [38] The festival also occurs annually at historic
Forest Hills Cemetery in Boston's Jamaica Plain neighborhood. Sponsored by Forest Hills Educational Trust
and the folkloric performance group La Piata, the Day
of the Dead festivities celebrate the cycle of life and
death. People bring oerings of owers, photos, mementos, and food for their departed loved ones, which they
place at an elaborately and colorfully decorated altar. A
program of traditional music and dance also accompanies
the community event.

Mixtec ofrenda

4 Similar traditions
Many other cultures around the world have similar traditions of a day set aside to visit the graves of deceased
family members. Often included in these traditions are
celebrations, food and beverages, in addition to prayers
and remembrances of the departed.
In some African cultures, visits to ancestors' graves, the
leaving of food and gifts, and the asking of protection
from them serve as important parts of traditional rituals,
such as one ritual that is held just before the start of the
hunting season.* [43]

The Qingming Festival (simplied Chinese: ;

traditional Chinese: ; pinyin: qng mng ji) is
a traditional Chinese festival usually occurring around
April 5 of the Gregorian calendar. Along with Double
Ninth Festival on the 9th day of the 9th month in the
Chinese calendar, it is a time to tend to the graves of
departed ones. In addition, in the Chinese tradition, the
seventh month in the Chinese calendar is called the Ghost
Month (), in which ghosts and spirits come out from
The Smithsonian Institution, in collaboration with the the underworld to visit earth.
University of Texas at El Paso and Second Life, have cre- The Bon Festival (O-bon (), or only Bon ()), is
ated a Smithsonian Latino Virtual Museum and accompa- a Japanese Buddhist holiday held in August to honor the
nying multimedia e-book: Da de los Muertos: Day of the spirits of departed ancestors. It is derived in part from the

6.1

Notes

Chinese observance of the Ghost Month, and was axed [10] Miller, Carlos (2005). History: Indigenous people
wouldn't let 'Day of the Dead' die. The Arizona Reto the solar calendar along with other traditional Japanese
public. Retrieved 2007-11-28.
holidays.
In Korea, Chuseok ( , ; also called Hangawi) is a [11] Salvador, R. J. (2003). John D. Morgan and Pittu Laungani, ed. Death and Bereavement Around the World:
major traditional holiday. People go where the spirits of
Death and Bereavement in the Americas. Death, Value and
their ancestors are enshrined, and perform ancestral worMeaning Series, Vol. II. Amityville, New York: Baywood
ship rituals early in the morning; they visit the tombs of
Publishing Company. pp. 7576 Day Of The Dead? For
immediate ancestors to trim plants, clean the area around
Some People It Is Sad And For Others It Is A Holiday.
the tomb, and oer food, drink, and crops to their ancesISBN 0-89503-232-5.
tors.
During the Nepali holiday of Gai Jatra (Cow Pilgrimage), every family who has lost a member during the
previous year creates a tai out of bamboo branches, cloth,
and paper decorations, in which are placed portraits of the
deceased. As a cow traditionally leads the spirits of the
dead into the afterlife, an actual or symbolic cow is used
depending on local custom. The festival is also a time
to dress up in costume reminiscent of the western Halloween, with popular subjects including political commentary and satire.* [44]

See also

[12] Palfrey, Dale Hoyt (1995).The Day of the Dead. Da

de los Muertos Index. Access Mexico Connect. Retrieved
2007-11-28.
[13] Latina and Latino Voices in Literature (Frances Ann Day),
Greenwood Publishing Group, page 72
[14] All Saints Day celebrations in Italy. ITALY Magazine.
Retrieved 19 October 2014.
[15] Croatian observance. Retrieved June 11, 2007.
[16] Hungary observance. Retrieved June 11, 2007.
[17] Lithuanian observance. Retrieved June 11, 2007.
[18] Polish observance. Retrieved June 11, 2007.

Danse Macabre

[19] Romanian observance. Retrieved June 11, 2007.

Samhain

[20] Slovakia observance. Retrieved June 11, 2007.

Santa Muerte

[21] Slovenian observance. Retrieved November 5, 2007.

Skull art

[22] Day of the Dead in Prague, Radio Czech.

Thursday of the Dead

Walpurgis Night

6
6.1

References
Notes

[1] Indigenous festivity dedicated to the dead. UNESCO.

Retrieved October 31, 2014.
[2] Latina and Latino Voices in Literature (Frances Ann Day),
Greenwood Publishing Group, page 72
[3] The Bread Basket, Rex Bookstore, Inc, page 23
[4] Lee, Stacy (2002). Mexico and the United States. Marshall
Cavendish. ISBN 0761474021.
[5] Diariocultura.MX
[6]
[7] Marguerite Yourcenar, That Mighty Sculptor Time, New
York: Farrar Straus and Giroux, 1992, pp. 135136.
[8] Yourcenar (1992), p. 136
[9] Yourcenar (1992), p. 137

[23] Guidi, Ruxandra (2007-11-09). Las Natitas. BBC.

[24] Smith, Fiona (2005-11-08). Bolivians Honor SkullToting Tradition. Associated Press. Retrieved 200712-30.
[25] All Saints day in Bolivia The skull festival"". Bolivia
Line (may2005). Retrieved 2007-12-20.
[26] Gonzalo Ortiz (2010-10-30).Diversity in Remembering
the Dead. InterPress Service News Agency. Retrieved
2010-10-30.
[27] Betsy Burlingame, Joshua Wood. Visit to cemetery in
Guatemala. Expatexchange.com. Retrieved 2009-0813.
[28] Day of the Dead in Wellington, New Zealand.
Scoop.co.nz. 2007-10-27. Retrieved 2009-08-13.
[29] Araw ng mga Patay Live in the Philippines web magazine. Accessed April 25, 2007.
[30] Trinidad, Karen. Tagalog holidays Araw ng Patay.
The Government of Camarines Sur. Retrieved 30 October
2013.
[31] Wise, Danno.Port Isabel's Day of the Dead Celebration
. Texas Travel. About.com. Retrieved 2007-11-28.
[32] Hedding, Judy.Day of the Dead. Phoenix. About.com.
Retrieved 2007-11-28.

7 FURTHER READING

[33] White, Erin (2006-11-05). All Souls Procession.

Arizona Daily Star. Retrieved 2007-11-28.

Garcia-Rivera, Alex. Death Takes a Holiday.

U.S. Catholic 62 (1997): 50.

[34] Old Town San Diego's Dia de los Muertos. Retrieved

19 October 2014.

Haley, Shawn D.; Fukuda, Curt. Day of the Dead:

When Two Worlds Meet in Oaxaca. Berhahn Books,
2004. ISBN 1-84545-083-3

[35] Making a night of Day of the DeadLos Angeles Times

October 18, 2006. Retrieved November 26, 2006.
[36] Dia de los Muertos [Day of the Dead] San Francisco
. Retrieved 19 October 2014.
[37] Elliott, Vicky (October 27, 2000). Lively Petaluma festival marks Day of the Dead. The San Francisco Chronicle.
[38] Photos of Missoula, Montana Day of the Dead parade
. Saro.com. 2006-11-02. Retrieved 2009-08-13.
[39] Smithsonian Latino Virtual Museum. Da de los Muertos:
Day of the Dead (Version 1.2 ed.).
[40] Smithsonian Latino Virtual Museum. Ustream.
[41] Smithsonian Latino Virtual Museum.Day of the Dead
. Theater of the Dead.
[42] Smithsonian Institution. Smithsonian-UTEP Da de los
Muertos Festival: A 2D and 3D Experience!". Smithsonian Latino Virtual Museum Press Release.
[43] African ancestor ritual; Importance in many traditional religions throughout all of Africa serve as communications
with ancestors
[44] Nepali holiday honoring the dead. Retrieved June 11,
2007.

Further reading
Brandes, Stanley (2006-12-15). Skulls to the Living,
Bread to the Dead. Blackwell Publishing. p. 232.
ISBN 1-4051-5247-8.
The Day of the Dead, Halloween, and the Quest for
Mexican National Identity. Journal of American
Folklore 442 (1998): 35980.
Sugar, Colonialism, and Death: On the Origins of
Mexico's Day of the Dead. Comparative Studies
in Sociology and History 39.2 (1997): 270299.
Iconography in Mexico's Day of the Dead. Ethnohistory 45.2(1998): 181218.
Cadafalch, Antoni. The Day of the Dead. Korero
Books, 2011. ISBN 978-1-907621-01-7
Carmichael, Elizabeth; Sayer, Chloe. The Skeleton
at the Feast: The Day of the Dead in Mexico. Great
Britain: The Bath Press, 1991. ISBN 0-7141-25032
Conklin, Paul. Death Takes a Holiday. U.S.
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Day of the Dead Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Day_of_the_Dead?oldid=681200544 Contributors: Mav, Bryan Derksen, Koyaanis Qatsi, Mintguy, D, Ixfd64, GTBacchus, Tregoweth, Ahoerstemeier, Ronz, Docu, Snoyes, Angela, Mxn, Jengod, Furrykef, Hyacinth,
ZeWrestler, Christopher Sundita, Wetman, Finlay McWalter, Hjr, Jeq, Kizor, Kiwibird, Drew30319, Jredmond, Ajd, Ianb, Babbage,
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10

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8.2

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