Theme 4.

STRENGTH CRITERIA
Lecture #5(14). STRENGTH CRITERIA FOR TENSION ELEMENTS
Plan:
1. Kinds of strength
2. Strength criterion of a material at unitary loading until destruction
3. Strength criteria of materials at tension
4. Strength criteria of elements
5. Strength criteria of elements at single-axis tension
1. Kinds of strength
In the previous lectures we investigated loading of the plane. Now we pass to study
of strength criteria.
The strength criteria are initial data for strength analyses.
Functional purpose of the strength criteria are development of quantitative
meanings determining maximum allowed intensity of loading, maximum allowed
intensity external influences.
The structure should be strength that is to maintain loading without destruction,
without residual deformations, the rigidity of a structure should be those, that the
plane could be operated without jamming of control system, reverse, divergence,
flutter, buffeting and so on.
There are various kinds of destruction and accordingly for them various criteria of
strength.
The destruction can be as disruption on parts or as loss of bearing ability (loss of
stability, yield, and occurrence of plastic hinges).
Criteria are distinguished as dot (local) and as global (for all structure as whole).
2. Strength criterion of a material at unitary loading until destruction
Philosophy says that practice is criterion of true.
So here the practice - experiment - establishes meanings of strength criteria for
materials. The overwhelming majority of tests up to 95 % will be carried out at a
tension - compression though the material in a structure resists as at twodimensional stress state and at volumetric stress. The various hypotheses of
strength are applied to transition from of the certain conditions to other conditions.
The strength criteria are received theoretically - but they are in 10 or 100 time
above experimental. The meanings of strength close to theoretical accounts are
received on specially raised monocrystals. It shows the further opportunities of
increase of material strength, which is a task for the technologists.

3. Strength criteria of materials at tension

Ultimate stress and ultimate strain of a material are used as strength criteria of
the materials at tension. They are received experimentally by results of tests of
samples at monotonous loading. You studied this in strength of materials. The
deformation curve has the type as on fig #1.

ut
0.2
e

ut

Fig. 1. The deformation curve of materials

ut , ut mean ultimate stress and ultimate strain of a material;
0.2 , 0.2 mean residual stress and residual strain in conditional limit of yield
after unloading, at loading up to 0.2 the size of residual strain composes 0.2 % or
0.002; e, e mean stress of limit proportionality and strain of limit
proportionality of a material.
The Hooks law is considered correct up to pr = e at monotonous static loading.
pr
,
(1)
pr
E
where means the Hooks module
At
pr = e

At

E.

(2)

pr
1

mc
(
)
E
kc
,

(3)
2

here kc and mc are empirical factors.

The diagram is received at loading of samples in the test machine.
As strength criterion of a material at single-axis compression is used ultimate
stress and ultimate strain, which are received as a result of test short, as usual of
cylindrical samples, without loss of stability.

uc

uc

ucut
Fig. 2. The deformation curve at compression
The destruction occurs under angle approximately 45 degrees, uc at
compression surpasses ut at tension on 20-50%.
At the complex stress state as strength criterion of a material is accepted:
(4)
i ut
where i means intensity of stresses calculated on the formula:
2
2
2
(5)
( x y )2 ( y z )2 ( z x )2 6 ( xy
2yz zx
),
2
where x, y, z are the normal stresses, xy, yz, zx are shear stresses
The diagram of deformation at the complex condition of loading is represented
as dependence of stress intensity from intensity of deformations i f i . A kind
and the parameters of function f i are estimated from the experimental diagram
single-axis loading. Intensity of strain is:

2
( x y )2 ( y z )2 ( z x )2 1.5( 2xy 2yz 2zx ) ,
(6)
3
where x, y, z mean linear strains on axes x, y, z, xy, yz, zx shear strains.
i

4. Strength criteria of elements

On research of strength of the plane structure the various analytical model of
thin-walled systems are used. As elements of these systems the spars, beams, thinwalled skin, plates, ribs and so on act.
At compilation of the analytical models the elements are idealized, that is the
concentrators, seams and another are not considered. The criteria of strength for
them are established for the whole element in the experiments.
The similar approach is applicable for so-called simple elements. For this
elements are established that strain process is described as dependence between one
power parameter P and one kinematics parameter - . Graphically the Klapeirons
diagram displays this dependence.

Fig. 3. The Klapeirons diagram.

The simple elements have the following properties:
1. The external loading resulting in approaches of ultimate condition are defined
by meanings of one parameter, which refers to as power - P.
2. The deformations of an element connected to approach of ultimate condition
also are defined by meanings of one parameter, which refers to as kinematics - .
3. Between meanings power parameter and kinematics parameter there is
unequivocal communication.
The simple elements are stringers, spar belts (caps), rib flanges, skin, spar webs,
rib webs, panels, frame flanges, fuselage compartments and so on.

5. Strength criteria of elements at single-axis tension

Elementary unit - panel consisting of the skin and fastening stringers to it from
the same material is considered. For this panel, proceeding from a hypothesis about
indissolubility and compatibility of deformations, loading induces in stringers and
skin identical strains and stresses. The experiments show the following differences
of deformation of the skin and stringers in the panel from deformations of material
samples:
1. Stringers and skin are weakened by holes
2. The mean stress in the skin is lower than in stringers.
3. At destruction the mean stress stringer is less, than ultimate stress of the
material ut.

Sample

Panel

Fs=Fp

Fig. #4. Diagram of panel deformation

It is explained by the following factors. Always the skin joins to stringer so, that
actually always there is sinuosity, which induces backlash between stringer and
skin. Therefore in the skin always there are stresses from tension and bend. The
maximal stresses in the skin are in the attaching point skin to stringer.
In a cross direction stress in the skin in the middle between stringers, as shown in
figure #5, is much below than at stringers. It also is caused by a sinuosity of the
skin and its gradual inclusion in behavior on perception of external loading and
refers to as lag of stress.
The strength of the panel is estimated by global according to stress in stringer, as
to the most loaded element, carrying the most part of loading

P
,
(7)
Fp
here - load, Fp - area of cross section of the panel gross, that is without the
account of slackening by holes.
Area of cross section of the panel gross is equal:
Fp=k2stnstfst+k3bskk2sk
(8)
where ns means quantity stringer, fs - area of cross section stringer, b - width of
the panel, - the thickness of the skin, coefficient k2st =k2sk = 0.8-0.9 takes into
account slackening the stringer and skin by holes, coefficient k3 = 0.5-0.7 takes into
account so-called lag of stress in the skin.
st

Fig. # 5. Distribution of stresses in the panel

At different materials of stringer and of skin the situation becomes complicated
by that at identical deformations in them there are different stresses. In this case it
is necessary to make the equation of force balance:

P=k2stnstfstst +k3k2skbskmsk
here st means stress in stringer, skm is the maximal stress in the skin.
Let's divide the left and right parts of equation (9) on st
Fp=k2stnstfst+k3k2skbsk(skm/st)

(9)

(10)

In this expression there is attitude of stress in the skin to stress in the stringer.
This attitude remains constant at stress less than a limit of proportionality as from a
condition of strain compatibility the maximal deformations in the skin are equal to
deformations in stringer:
(11)
st skm ,
From the Hookes law we have that:
6

 st st E st ,
skm skm E sk ,

(12)

where st - is module of elasticity for stringer, sk - is module of elasticity for the

skin.
Let's divide them
skm E sk
(13)

const .
E st
st
Outside the limit of proportionality the stress is calculated on deformations with
the help so-called of the cutting module c:
st st E st ,
(14)
skm skm E csk ,
where accordingly csk, Ecst are the cutting modules of elasticity of the skin and
the stringer.
The module is named cutting because it cuts, that is, crosses a curve -. The
size of module depends from size of deformation c = f(). We substitute these
meanings (14) in (10) and receive
Fp=k2stnstfst+k2skk3bsk(Ecsk/Ecst)
(15)
spar

ut

Ec sp
Ec st
stringer
skin

cr st

cr sk
u sp
Fig. 6. The diagram of deformation for a panel.
In this expression the area of the skin from one material (for example from
duralumin) is resulted at the equivalent area from other material (for example from
steel) on load-carrying ability with the help of the ratio:
7

E csk
.
(16)
E cst
where accordingly csk, Ecs are the cutting modules of elasticity of the skin and
the stringer.
This attitude shows in how many of time the load-carrying ability of the skin is
less than load-carrying ability of the stringer at the given deformation. As the
deformations are unknown, it is necessary to estimate p, , for panel by a
method consecutive approximation.
The strength criteria are inconvenient for calculation of sizes p. It is better to
limit sizes of the ultimate stress on tension in the stringer - ut.
The ultimate stress in the stringer is less some than the ultimate stress in the
material because of stress concentration in a structure and is calculated under the
formula:
ust = k1utst,
(17)
where empirical factor 1 takes into account concentration of stresses.
For the riveted and monolithic panels factor 1 is equal 1 = 0.9-0.95, at handoperated welding of panels 1 = 0.75-0.8, at automatic welding 1 = 0.9-0.95, for
monolithic panels k 2 1; k 3 0.9 0.95.

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