Fluid Mechanics AS102

Class Note No: 08

Tuesday. August 14, 2007

Review of Last Lecture: Hydrostatics & Aerostatics

basic variables involved:

space (xi ), time t, mass, temperature

basic units involved:

SI units meter, second, kilogram, Celsius/centigrade

how to define the fields of mass density and pressure P

Hydrostatics & Aerostatics

todays topic:

derivation of the static pressure equation

standard strategy:

choose a control volume in the domain occupied by the fluid

apply Newtons 2nd law to the volume integral equation
rather arbitrary size and shape of the volume
the sought differential equation of pressure

some applications of the pressure equation,

if time allows

Hydrostatics & Aerostatics

basic equations to characterize a static state:
construct the pressure eq. from Newtons second law

treat, say, the earth here as an inertial frame,

and fix a R.C.S. (xi ) on it

occupying the domain D ,

a body of fluid is undergoing a rigid body motion in (xi ),
both translational and rotational

attach a R.C.S. (xi ) to the fluid body.

that is, the fluid remains at rest relative to (xi ),
& (xi ) moves relative to (xi ) in rigid body motion

for a point (xi )/(xj ) in D,

choose a control volume V around it and V D.
# V is at rest in (xi ) V is in rigid body motion in (xi )
# construct the eq. describing the pressure in V

Hydrostatics & Aerostatics

basic equations to characterize a static state:

construct the pressure eq. from Newtons second law

Pn
Q
x3

x1

n
g

i3 i
2 x2
i1

r
b

x3
x
i3 i 1
1 x
i2 2

Figure: sketch: control volume, etc.

r = r + b, r = xi ii ,

r = xi ii , b = bi ii ,

# b = bi (t) ii the RB translation

# the rigid body rotation ?, ii = ?, = ?

(1)

Hydrostatics & Aerostatics

basic equations to characterize a static state:

construct the pressure eq. from Newtons second law

Eq. (1) (HW: work out the details)
xi = Qji xj + bi , Qji := ij ii = (ij )i

ij

ik

(2)

ij = (ij )i ii = Qji ii

= jk

(3)

Qjm Qkm = jk

(4)

mj Qmk = Qmj Q
mk ,
Qmj Qmk = jk , Q
mk Qmj ii
pq := d Qpq , := 1 ijk Q
Q
dt
2
mk Qmj
i = 1 ijk Q
2

nq = ipq i Qnp = ipq i (i )P = (

in )q
Q
n
nq iq = (
i )q iq = i
d i = Q
dt n

X (xm ) rotates rigidly at angular velocity in (xi )

(5)
(6)
(7)
(8)
(9)

Hydrostatics & Aerostatics

basic equations to characterize a static state:

construct the pressure eq. from Newtons second law

# the velocity of fluid observed/measured in (xm )
vi :=

dxi
dt

(10)

# the velocity of fluid observed/measured in (xm )

vi :=

dxi
= 0,
dt

at rest in (xm )

(11)

ji x + b i = (
xj ij )i + b i = (
r )i + b i
vi = Q
j
v = r + b

(12)

Hydrostatics & Aerostatics

basic equations to characterize a static state:
construct the pressure eq. from Newtons second law
Pn

V
r

k
j

zp
xp

i
x

kp
ip
yp
jp

Figure: sketch: control volume

# no fluid in or out V (RBM)
Z
d
dV = 0
dt V

(13)

# V at rest in (xm )
d
dt

xi dV = 0

(the integral related to the mass center of V in (xm ))

(14)

Hydrostatics & Aerostatics

basic equations to characterize a static state:

construct the pressure eq. from Newtons second law

d
dt

Z
Z
d
d

r dV =
xi ii dV =
xi dV ii
dt
dt

V
V
V
Z
Z

=
xi dV ii =
r dV
(15)

Hydrostatics & Aerostatics

basic equations to characterize a static state:
construct the pressure eq. from Newtons second law
Pn

x3 r
i3 i2
x2
i1
b
x1

r x3 x
i3 i1
1x
i2 2

Figure: sketch: control volume

# on V : no shear component of force ? (RBM)
the normal component from pressure
# on V : the body force, such as gravity

d
dt

v dV =

P n dS +
V

g dV
V

(16)

Hydrostatics & Aerostatics

basic equations to characterize a static state:
Newtons 2nd law
Z
Z
Z
d

g dV
P n dS +
v dV =
dt V
V
V

(17)

d
dt

d
dt

 Z

dV =
r + b)
(

{P + g} dV
V

 Z
Z

r dV + dV b + {P g} dV = 0

Z
Z

d
d

r dV
r dV +

dt
dt

V
V
Z
Z
+ {P g} dV = 0
dV b
+
V

Hydrostatics & Aerostatics

basic equations to characterize a static state:

 



+ P dV = 0
r )g+b

r + (
dt
V

V arbitrary



d 2b
d

r + ( r ) + 2 g + P = 0

dt
dt

(18)

HW: give the detailed justifications about the above derivation

Hydrostatics & Aerostatics

basic equations to characterize a static state:


d
d 2b

r + ( r ) + 2 g + P = 0
dt
dt


to have the desired static state of a fluid, require (?)

#

d
= 0,
dt

d
dt

d 2b
dt 2

#
certain combination among

=0



d 2b
, 2 , g ?
dt

(19)

Hydrostatics & Aerostatics

basic equations to characterize a static state:


d 2b

( r ) + 2 g + P = 0
dt

case 1: incompressible fluids like water

every quantity is known except P. solve (20) for P

case 2: compressible fluids like air

(20)

= (P, T )
more equations needed to make the model determinate

Hydrostatics & Aerostatics

basic equations to characterize a static state:

perfect gas:
# air is what concerns us and it can be treated as a perfect
gas under certain conditions
#
R
J
, R = 8.314
(21)
M
mol.oK
kg
J
N
, [T ] = oK
[P] = 2 , [] = 3 , [R] =
m
m
kg.oK
P = RT ,

R=

R specific gas constant, R universal gas constant, M

chemical molecular weight (6.022 1023 ...)
g
# for air: M = 28.97 mol
, R = 287 kg.JoK

2 eqs. & 3 unknowns given T = T (x) like in ISA, etc.

Hydrostatics & Aerostatics

hydrostatic pressure distribution - static
x3
Patm

M
Figure: hydrostatic pressure distribution

Hydrostatics & Aerostatics

hydrostatic pressure distribution - static
assumptions:

incompressible liquid like water (with air above);

= 0; b = 0; (static)

g = gi3 ;

P = Patm at x3 = 0; P = P(x3 );

eq. (20) reduces to

dP
= g,
dx3

P(0) = Patm

P = Patm gx3 = Patm + gh,

Pgage := P Patm = gh, h 0

(22)