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INTRODUCTION
The parameters of equivalent circuit of Induction Machines are
crucial when considering advanced control techniques (i.e.
Vector Control). Accidentally these are also uncertain parameters
when the machine is released from production. The most
common ways, to manually determine induction motor
parameters, are to test motor under no-load and locked rotor
conditions.
FIRST NO-LOAD TEST
The no-load test, like the open circuit test on a transformer, gives
information about exciting current and rotational losses. The test
is performed by applying balanced rated voltage on the stator
windings at the rated frequency. The small power provided to the
machine is due to core losses, friction and winding loses.
Machine will rotate at almost a synchronous speed, which makes
slip nearly zero. This test is represented with an equivalent
circuit in Figure 1.
Figure 1. Equivalent Circuit for No-Load Test
Values measured during this test are current and its angle with
respect to know voltage. From this we can calculate total power
supplied to the machine. Measured values are shown in Table 1.
Table 1. Values measured during no-load test.
Assuming that Rc is much bigger than Rs and Xlr we can
calculate Rc and Lm from the equivalent circuit. The formulas
and complete calculations are shown below.
LOCKED ROTOR TEST
The locked rotor test, like short circuit test on a transformer,
provides the information about leakage impedances and rotor
resistance. Rotor is at the stand still, while low voltage is applied
to stator windings to circulate rated current. Measure the voltage
and power to the phase. Since there is no rotation slip, s=1 which
gives us following equivalent circuit.
Figure 2. Equivalent Circuit for Locked Rotor Test
Note that Rr is much less than Rc so that part of the circuit is
ignored. Values measured during the locked rotor test are shown
in Table 2.
Table 2. Values Measured during Locked Rotor Test
Assuming known Rs and values in the Table 2, we can calculate
Lls, Llr and Rr, ss shown below.
EXPERIMENT REMARKS
The parameters extracted from the Induction Machine are
reasonable when compared with similar examples, however they
do raise the question of how confident can one be in them? To
answer this question another set of tests is performed on the same
machine.
NO-LOAD TEST
Performing a no-load test under same conditions, but this time a
rotor is rotated at the synchronous speed with DC machine and
rated voltage and frequency is applied. This test should yield
more accurate results, since the slip is now exactly zero (i.e.
rotating at the synchronous speed).Following the exact same
formulas to calculate the parameters we obtain results shown
= = = below.
==
===
===
==
=
900
0.135
121.4
I
RV
0.23 H
2 60 1.485
121.4
2 f I
LV
I I cos( ) 1.5 cos(84.8 ) 0.135 A
I I sin( ) 1.5 sin(84.8 ) 1.485 A
84.8
0.09
121.4 1.5
3
49
VI
cos( ) P
c
ph
c
sm
ph
m
c00
m00
0
ph 0
ph
0
L L mH
XX
XXX
XZ
RZR
I
ZV
VI
P
ls lr
ls lr
eq ls lr
eq sc sc
r sc sc s
sc
ph
sc
sc
ph sc
ph
sc
17 .5
6.7
sin( ) 14 .8 sin( 64 ) 13 .3
cos( ) 14 .8 0.44 2.3 4.2
14 .8
6.1
90
64
0.44
90 6.1
cos( ) 724 / 3
==
==
=+
==
===
===
=
=
==
=
V90V
Ira te d 6 .1 A
Imea su re d 6 .1 A
fs 6 0 Hz
P 72 4 W
L o c ke d R o to r Te s t
V ll 2 0 8 V
I 0 1 .5 A
I0 m a x 1 .7 A
f s6 0 H z
P49W
No L o a d M o to r Te s t
Parameter First No-Load
Test
Second No-Load
Test
Percent
Error **
Im [A] 1.485 1.345 10.409
Ic [A] 0.135 0.113 19.469
Rc {Ohms] 900.000 2010.000 55.224
Lm [H] 0.230 0.323 28.793
pf 0.090 0.084 7.143
s Rr r
T p Vs
( )^2 1
2
=3
where r is the frequency of the currents induced in the rotor,
and s is the frequency of stator voltage. This calculation yields aPower in the air gap of the machine. As the
circuit indicates
part of this power is converted to mechanical energy, while the