Cisco End-To-End IPTV Service Architecture

End-to-End IPTV
Service Architecture
Cisco ExPo, София

Май 2007
Здравко от Cisco
znikolov@cisco.com
BRKBBA-3010 © 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 1
Agenda
Introduction
Video Coding and Transport
Scrambling - Encryption
IPTV Standards & Protocols
IPTV Building Blocks
Set top box
Content delivery services
IP Transport Network
Quality of Experience
BRKBBA-3010 © 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 2
Introduction
Introduction
The market is growing: 8.1 million subscribers end of

2006. 50.7 million by 2010.
Broadcast quality IPTV is made possible by leveraging
broadband access and Carrier Ethernet systems.
IPTV services are based on technology provided by the
video broadcasting industry
DVB for services delivery, scrambling and program information
MPEG for digital video encoding and transport compatibility
IP provides flexibility in the service delivery
Market source: MRG

Video broadcasting network hierarchy
Contribution: Uncompressed and slightly compressed

video and audio sources from remote location or studio
to studio
Primary distribution: Compressed A/V sources from the
Playout Center to the video head-end, transmission
tower or satellite uplink
Access distribution: Compressed A/V sources from the
satellite downlink, transmission tower or IPTV/cable
video head-end to the subscriber
Broadcaster Contribution Network
Production
Playout Center Satellite

Up-link
Production
Post - Production
Venue
News Studio
Broadcaster Distribution Networks
From broadcasting to IPTV
Content broadcasting has a well established content

distribution hierarchy
IPTV based services provide a new delivery platform
for content. Enabling consumption changes from linear
broadcasting to on demand models
Content distribution is transitioning from Synchronous
Digital Interfaces (SDI) for uncompressed sources
and/or from Asynchronous Serial Interfaces (ASI) for
compressed sources towards IP based transport
Broadcasting services are in transition of being
delivered over IP multicast enabled infrastructures
Video coding
and transport
Why compress video?
Uncompressed Digital Video in the SDI (Synchronous

Digital Interface) format requires a tremendous amount
of bandwidth to transmit
270Mbps for Standard Definition Service
1.485Gbps for High Definition Service
Compression techniques are required in order to deliver

video services over broadband IP networks
Also required to reduce the storage space requirements
for Video on Demand (VOD) systems
Defined by international bodies such as the Moving
Picture Experts Group (MPEG)
How Compression is Achieved
Limitations of human perception are used to determine what
information can be discarded from the signal without a
significant reduction in perceived signal quality
Visual Limitations
Limited resolution
Higher luminance resolution than color resolution
Higher sensitivity for coarse picture details than fine details
Psychoacoustic Limitations
Limited frequency response
Non-linear frequency response
Limited volume range
Compression Process: Overview
Spatial Redundancy (space)

“all the pixels in this area are the same color”
Temporal Redundancy (time)

“describe differences between frames”
Visual/Perceptual Redundancy (lossy)

“discards data”
Statistical Redundancy (can be lossless)

“mathematically reduces data”
Temporal Redundancy: Highlight
Motion Prediction – Frame types
I Frame B Frame P Frame

Only Motion Encoded
Complete Frame Encoded Ball Encoded with Motion Vector
Ball Bi-directionally from I & P
from I frame
Compression Methods: Temporal
9/3 Group Of Pictures (GOP) Frame Timing Sequence
Rec 601 Video Frames Presentation Sequence
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Frame Frame Frame Frame Frame Frame Frame Frame Frame Frame
I B B P B B P B B I
Elementary
Stream
I P B B P B B I B B
0 3 1 2 6 4 5 9 7 8
Decode Sequence
MPEG-2 Video
Video Hierarchy Sequence
...SEQUENCE...
G.o.P x G.o.P x+1
... II BB PP BB II BB PP BB ...
Picture B
Slice 1 MB MB MB MB MB MB MB
Slice 3
Macroblock k
Y1 Y2
Y3 Y4
Cb Cr
Block n
8 x 8 pixels
H.264/AVC/MPEG-4 part 10
Video Hierarchy Sequence
...SEQUENCE...
G.o.V x G.o.V x+1
... II BB PP BB II BB PP BB ...
VOP #2 MB MB MB MB *Variable
MB and Block
Slice a MB MB MB MB MB MB MB
Slice c MB
Macroblock k
Y1 Y2
Y3 Y4
Cb Cr
Block n
8 x 8 pixels
Encoder Compression Process
1. Process Composite and SDI Input signals.
2. Use Chroma sub-sampling Compression.
3. Use Temporal Compression methods
4. Use Spatial Compression methods to further compress data.
5. Use Mathematical Compression to further compress data.
6. Multiplex Video and Audio data to produce a Single Program
Transport Stream.
1
COMP
In Y
Cr
Process
signals
ENCODER
SDI In Cb
2 3 4 5 6 TS
Use Temporal
Multiplex
Use Compression Use
Use Spatial signals to
Subsampling methods to Mathematical
Compression Transport
Compression further Compression
Stream
compress
MPEG-2 Single Program Transport
Stream
Transport Stream defined by ISO/IEC 13818-1 or ITU-T H.222.0
Timing Information
27 MHz clock
MPEG-1 or MPEG-2 PCRs
SDTV or HDTV Video Video
Video Video Elementary Stream PES
Input Encoder Packetizer MPEG-2 MPEG-2
MPEG-1 Level 2 (Musicam) SPTS to
or Dolby AC-3 5.1 Surround Audio Transport network
Audio Audio PES Stream
Inputs
Audio Elementary Stream Packetizer or
Encoder Mux storage
Audio
PES
Alternate audio tracks
Optional application data
PAT (PID=0) & PMT
Contains a single video
program with associated
audio, data, etc.
MPEG-2 Transport Stream Details
8 bits 1 1 1 13 2 2 4 bits
Packet Sync Transport Payload Transport
Header byte Transport Adaptation Continuity
error unit start
Priority PID Scrambling
Field Control Counter
0x47 Indicator Indicator Control
4 bytes
188 bytes
... eam packet MPEG-2 Transport Stream packet MPEG-2 Tra ...
8 bits 1 bit 1 bit 1 bit 5
Adaptation Random Elementary Optional Stuffing Packet Payload
Discontinuity
field access Stream Flags Adaptation bytes (PES or PSI data)
Indicator
length Indicator Priority Fields 0xFF Start code 0x000001yy
42 + 6 res 42 + 6 res 8 bits variable

Adaptation
Splice TS private Adaptation
Fields PCR OPCR countdown
data field ext.
Each 188 byte Transport Stream packet contains data from one elementary
stream or PSI/SI data as defined by the 13 bit PID value
Encapsulation of MPEG-2 TS over IP
RTP MPEG-2 MPEG-2 MPEG-2 MPEG-2 MPEG-2 MPEG-2 MPEG-2

Header TS TS TS TS TS TS TS
(12) (188) (188) (188) (188) (188) (188) (188)
UDP RTP MPEG-2 MPEG-2 MPEG-2 MPEG-2 MPEG-2 MPEG-2 MPEG-2

Header Header TS TS TS TS TS TS TS
(8) (12) (188) (188) (188) (188) (188) (188) (188)
IP UDP RTP MPEG-2 MPEG-2 MPEG-2 MPEG-2 MPEG-2 MPEG-2 MPEG-2

Header Header Header TS TS TS TS TS TS TS
(20) (8) (12) (188) (188) (188) (188) (188) (188) (188)
L2 IP UDP RTP MPEG-2 MPEG-2 MPEG-2 MPEG-2 MPEG-2 MPEG-2 MPEG-2

Header Header Header Header TS TS TS TS TS TS TS
(26) (20) (8) (12) (188) (188) (188) (188) (188) (188) (188)
2-3% L3 overhead, 1316 bytes MPEG2 + 28 (40 w/ RTP) IP

4-5% L2+L3 overhead, 1316 + 54 (66 w/ RTP) bytes
Program Clock Reference
PCR clock
frequency PCR clock PCR:
encoder PCR clock
generator phase
stamps PCR: recovered
generator Display
departure arrival
time of time of
Video packet packet Video
Encoder Decoder
PES System System PES

Syntax MUX DEMUX Syntax
Audio Audio
Encoder Decoder
variable delay = e(n) constant trans delay = Ctrans variable delay = d(n)
constant total delay = Ctotal
H.264 vs. MPEG-2 video
Bit rate savings of up to 50% or more
Requires roughly 2-3 times the calculation power and memory
Motion compensation
Variable block sizes as small as 4x4 vs. 16x16
Motion vector estimation: down to a ¼ of a pixel vs. ½ of a pixel
Interpolative pictures: up to 5 frames for motion estimation vs. 2 frames
Spatial redundancy reduction
Integer transform vs. DCT. Reducing the influence of rounding errors
Reduces the “Mosquito Noise” effect
Exact reconstruction by all decoders (eg: STBs)
Higher number of quantization levels: 52 vs. 31
Improved entropic coding using Context Adaptive Binary Arithmetic
Coding (CABAC) vs. static Variable Length Code (VLC)
In-loop adaptive filter in the encoder and decoder with the aim of
reducing the blockiness.
AVC Encoding
H.264 Encoder Video Quality Improvements
Bit rate Std Def
2.1 Mbps Original bit rate is 2.1 Mbps
Target bit rate in Q4/07 is 1.30 Mbps ! (~40% reduction)
1.8 Mbps
1.6 Mbps
1.5 Mbps
Time
1.30 Mbps Q4/ 06 Q4/ 07
January 06 June 06 IBC 06
Bit rate
Hi Def
8.5
Mbps Original bit rate is 8.5 Mbps
7.5 Mbps
Target bit rate in Q4/07 is 5 Mbps ! (> 40% reduction)
7 Mbps
6.5 Mbps
6 Mbps
Time
5 Mbps
April 06 June’ 06 IBC’ 06 Q4/ 06 Q1/ 07 Q4/ 07
Scrambling -
Encryption
Scrambling vs. DRM
Content protection can be broken down into 2 main

areas:
Conditional Access (CA) ensures video streams are only
accessible by those entitled to receive them. Scrambles the
signal with encryption keys and manages those keys based on
viewers entitlement rights
Digital Rights Management (DRM) focuses on controlling
access to the content by restricting how many times content
may be viewed or copied. This may be based on viewing
platforms (ie: HDTV, PC, mobile phone) and content release
timeframes.
Conditional Access
Conditional Access contains three layers:

Encrypting/Scrambling Layer
Control Word (CW)
Service/Operator Layer
Entitlement Control Message (ECM)
Management Layer
Entitlement Management Message (EMM)
Encryption: Access Criteria & Rights
Mechanism to ensure only authorized users can decrypt
Access Criteria: Access Criteria that has to be valid to give the
subscriber access to the service - Service related (service layer)
Î Ex. AC of Service A: Theme = Comics
Transported in ECM (Entitlement Control Message)
Access Right: Rights to a particular (group of) service(s) -
subscriber related (management layer)
Î Ex. AR of John = {Can watch theme Comics and Docu, IPPV}
Transported in EMM (Entitlement Management Message)
MPEG-2 Conditional Access Architecture
Three nested layers of CAS encryption:

CableCARD, DCAS
Unscrambled Scrambled MPEG-2 or DVB-CI in STB
Scrambling MPEG-2 TS DES-CBC, MPEG-2 TS MPTS
DVB-CSA, etc.
packets packets
of protected Descrambler
asset Scrambler
Even/Odd key
Sent >0.4 sec
D CW
Changed every CW
Key Control 5 to 15 seconds before needed M Tx e ECM
per Control Word ECM ECM u m CA
content sub-
Generator Encryption x u system
Management x
Subscriber Subscriber EMM EMM Public Key
per Management Identity
Authorization
subscriber
PCMCIA or Secure Micro
Designed for a broadcast environment
IPTV Building
Blocks
Wireline IPTV/Video Overview
Systems Interoperability Requirements
Encoder IP-STB Middleware VOD CAS
Encoder X X X
IP-STB X X X X
Middleware X X X
VOD X X X X
CAS X X X X
IPTV Headend: Functionalities
Management
QPSK
OFDM
Descrambling
IP Streaming
Acquisition
Transrating
Scrambling
QAM
E3/DS3
Re-Multiplexing
ATM
Encode
A/V
ASI
Trans
code
IPTV Headend
Content Management:
IRD Video router Encoding Scrambling & Streaming
QPSK SDI SDI
SDI
SDI
SDI
DCM
IP cloud HE or
SDI network
SDI
Backup Unit
Atlas Decoders SDI
Indus
OFDM ASI SDI SDI
ASI
HD
SDI
BU
Conditional Access
Management System System(s)
IPTV Headend
Integrated Receiver Decoder
Typical capabilities of an IRD:

Single or Dual decoder configurations
4:2:0 MPEG-2 Video Decode
DVB-S or IP Input
NTSC/PAL video with MPEG/Dolby Digital (AC-3) audio
4:3 &16:9 Aspect Ratio
DVB-CI
DVB VBI & Subtitling
EBU Teletext Decoding
SNMP & Web Interface
IPTV Headend
H.264/AVC Encoder
D9054
D9054 Single Slice
H.264 MP@L4 (MPEG-4) encoder

1080i, 720p support
Single slice AVC HD encoder
Integrated Picture in Picture
Integrated HE-AAC audio
IP and ASI outputs Multi-Slice
IPTV Headend
Digital Content Manager (DCM)
May fit in both centralized and distributed architectures
Multiplexes multiple source streams into one stream
Provides transrating to deliver more programs over less
bandwidth
Ad insertion capabilities
Secure content using DVB Simulcrypt scrambling
Delivers one to one and service redundancy
Modular Platform
IPTV Headend
Digital Content Manager (DCM)
• 4 I/O boards available

• ASI board: 10 ASI in/outputs
• GbE board: 2 GbE inputs
plus 2 redundant
• Full duplex
•Each port configurable as input or
output
• Co-Processor daughter board

• Mated to I/O card
• Optional
• FPGA with zillions of gates
• Allow extreme transrating – DPI –
Scrambling
Set top box
IP Set top box features
10/100bT HDMI L/R Audio Optical 12 VDC

Ethernet USB 2.0 YPrPb Dual Scart S/PDIF Power
RF DVB-T in
Remodulation RF in
STB data flow
Private
data
STB
To CPU Video Decode Buffer
Video data
STB Network Buffer
Transport Demux
De-jitter Video
CBR/VBR
Packets Re-order
FEC/re-xmit
STB
Audio data Audio Decode Buffer audio
TV
1. Packets enter the 2. Transport

network buffer Demux 3. When buffer is ~½ full,
separates video Audio and Video
and audio Decoders play from Buffer
Buffers are not synchronised and act independently one from another
Scientific Atlanta’s Family of IP STBs
Standard Definition
IPN330SD
Key Features z Single SD plus PIP decode
• Advanced System On Chip High Definition

(SOC) silicon IPN330HD
• MPEG-4/H.264, VC-1 and z Single SD or HD plus PIP decode
MPEG-2
• Standard and High Definition Digital Video Recorder
IPN430MC
• WinCE or Linux OS z Single SD or HD plus PIP decode
z Fanless DVR (80 GB typical)
• Options for Middleware and z Whole house server
CA/DRM
Multi-Stream DVR Gateway
IPN603MCG z One set-top for the entire home
(3 decoders-in-one)
z HD to primary TV
z Two SD/RF outputs to other TVs
z Fanless DVR (80 GB typical)
Content Delivery
Services
What is VOD?
VOD = Video-On-Demand
Service Provider
VOD is about putting the consumer in

control in accessing high-quality
video-based content
Leverages
Digital Cable or IP
Set Top Boxes (STBs)
Content management
Asset = Content + Metadata describing the content

Description uses XML language
CableLabs specifications available
Building and associating Metadata with content
Linking Metadata with the Electronic Program Guide
Asset Management
Pushing titles (media + metadata) to the edge servers
(CDN/VOD)
Making titles available/unavailable (publishing)
http://www.cablelabs.com/projects/metadata/specifications/specifications20.html
Content Access Distribution Patterns
Popular titles are accessed the most
but actual use depends on many things:
MOD vs. SVOD vs. FreeVOD (service type)
Promotion of service and titles (advertising)
Timeliness of content (content window)
Churn or replacement rate (new content)
Type of content (Hollywood movies, documentaries, library)
Size of content library (i.e. number of titles)
Time of the day, day of the week
Follows a Zipf or Exponential Distribution model
Content Delivery System architecture
Catcher is the content acquisition
point into the system Catcher
Distributed architecture
Hierarchical network storage
Streaming at the network edge
Multi level cache Vault Array
Vaults:
Ingest & reliable storage for a
metro, region or nation Streamer
Arrays
Streamers:
“Personalized” video
streaming
Pulls content from Vault on
demand and caches at
network edge
Many TV Streamer Arrays
served by single Vault Set Top Box & EPG Set Top Box & EPG
Middleware
Acts as the interface between the STB and the
different service platforms in an IPTV architecture
Service Discovery (EPG) and Selection
Interface to Subscriber Management and Billing
platforms
Interface to Session Resource Manager
Interface to VOD servers
Limited standardised framework, each vendor has
his own solution, APIs and system components
Electronic Program Guide (EPG)
Provides to the end user the information related to the scheduled

content
Based on Program Specific Information (PSI) & Service
Information (SI)
PSI is standardized in MPEG-2
Keeps track of # programs in TS & ES in each program
SI was added to PSI by the DVB Forum
Describes contents of # multiplexes
DVB-SI defined in ETSI EN 300 468
Most common issues are due to non conformance to the EPG

related specifications by the broadcasters
http://webapp.etsi.org/action/PU/20060523/en_300468v010701p.pdf
Service Information: PSI / SI
Program Specific Information and Service Information

Tells what can be found where
The PSI/SI is needed for auto tuning and auto setup of STB’s,
IRD’s ...
(P)SI is organized in sections and tables
Some descriptors should be present in the tables
Tables are encoded as payload in the TS packets
One table can be spread over several packets
must be broadcasted regularly, standardized by MPEG-2 (e.g.
every 500 ms)
Video PSI Audio Data
TV-Anytime
TV-Anytime is an open standard for metadata describing TV and

radio programs that is designed to support Personal Video
Recorders (PVRs), program guides and related technologies.
Not limited to DVB-SI information and is transport agnostic, can be
carried over DVB, ATSC, DBS, TCP/IP.
Standardised by ETSI in TS 102 822
URL based on Content Reference Identifier (CRID) RFC 4078.
“crid://xyz.domain.com/abc/def”
Compressed metadata requires ¼ of the DVB-SI space. Less
storage space & less bandwidth overhead -> more and/or richer
content data.
http://portal.etsi.org/radio/TVAnytime/TVanytime.asp
DVB Service Discovery and Selection
The SD&S specification covers:
Service (and Provider) discovery
Service selection
Transport of the Discovery information (push and pull modes)
Service discovery results in:
List of available providers and services, with sufficient
information to make a choice/select (user) and to enable access
(system)
Two types of Live Media Broadcast
TS full SI: DVB-SI embedded in the transport stream
TS optional SI: Only PSI must be embedded in the transport
stream
Service discovery information represented with and carried as XML
records
Service Selection
Live Media Broadcast services:
Data sent to a multicast group is only forwarded to receivers
which explicitly joined the multicast group using IGMP
DVB-IP supports IGMPv3
introduces source specific multicast (SSM) to optimise IP
multicast network load
enables routers to filter on specific source addresses of
senders of multicast groups.
Optionally RTSP may be used
Content on Demand services:
Delivered over IP unicast
Accessed via RTSP, DVB-IP profile specified (to guarantee
interoperability and reduce testing effort)
DVB Broadband Content Guide
Defined in ETSI TS 102 539 v1.1.1 (2006-11)
Broadband Content Guide (BCG) refers to a Content Guide deliver
over IP
However, it can be used to describe content that is delivered over
any network (e.g. IP, DVB-S, DVB-T…)
BCG data model:
Based on TV-Anytime XML Schema (ETSI TS 102 822)
BiM-encoded (Binary format for Multimedia description streams)
BCG encapsulation:
All BCG data is segmented and carried inside Data Delivery Units
BCG transport:
Uses existing DVB-IP transport for SD&S
Optional query mechanism for metadata acquisition: SOAP over HTTP
IP Transport
Network
IPTV over BB Solution
Cisco Gigabit-Ethernet Optimized

IPTV/Video over Broadband Solution
Design and Implementation Guide,
Release 1.1
http://www.cisco.com/univercd/cc/td/doc/solution/vobbsols/vob2/vb2dig/index.htm
Redundancy models
Dual streams (1+1 RTP sessions)

Let the receiver decide which one to take
More applicable in cable vs. DSL/FTTH
Heartbeat
Active sends periodic hello to standby (muted) source
Receiver driven
Same group with two sources. STB decides which one to join using
IGMPv3
Requires IGMPv3 support on STB
Anycast Source
Two (or more) sources actively sending with same origin IP address
Network decides which one to use using its metrics
Disaster-recovery and redundant headend applications
IGMPv3 or IGMPv2
Advantages of SSM
Simpler
Sources are known in advance
No Rendez-Vous Point (RP)
Single (Shortest Path or SPT) tree
More secure
Only one source can send to SSM channel
Prevents DoS by malicious attacks or misconfigurations
More scalable
Better use of address space
Receiver needs to use IGMPv3 for source specific join
Alternative is to do SSM Mapping at the PIM router
Map IGMPv2 (*,G) join to a source specific PIM join
Anycast-Source with RIPv2 Poison
Reverse
redistribute
s/32, m=1 s/32, metric 5 s/32, m=16
1 s 1 s
ENC ADP X
ENC ADP
s/32, m=1 s/32, m=1

2 s 2 s
ENC ADP ENC ADP
redistribute
s/32, metric 10
• The two sources are active and sending

• s/32 routes are generated by both source using RIPv2 updates
• Host routes for anycast source are redistributed into IGP with variable
metrics (optional)
• Network selects source (PIM join messages) based on metric
• Upon video failure, sources withdraw s/32 routes using Poison Reverse
(infinite metric) updates
Next Generation Broadband Services Have
Different Transport and Operational Needs
Service Type Transport Service Application Service
SLA Type Transport SLA Application SLA

Internet Access – Access Behavior – Video: # of Set Tops,
– Bandwidth Access TV Package, PVR,
Rates HDTV vs SDTV
Operational Intensive, Transport SLA – Drop, Delay, Jitter – Voice: # of Voice Calls,
per Service # of Phones,
– Service Level Telephony Services,
Destinations and Telephone Numbers,
Accounting etc.
Triple Play (Voice, VoD, TV)
Subscriber Network Based Application Based
Transport Intensive, Application SLA Control – Service and – SIP Proxy
Session Gateway – Video Middleware
– PPPoE, IPoE
Session
Management
Wholesale Services – PPPoE LineID VSA,
DHCP Option 82,
Username, MAC….
Aggregate Transport SLAs, SLA Network Based Application Based

Enforcement – Enforced by – Based on Application
Service Gateway Signaling
– Traffic Policies per
Ethernet to the Business Subscriber Session
QoS Subscriber & Service Service Aggregate Level

Operational Intensive, Transport SLA Class Level – Single Queue per
– Different Service Service Class
Classes – Differentiated Service
– Per subscriber QOS Model
service – Network Connection
classification, Admission Control
queuing and
shaping
Next Generation Broadband Architecture
Portal Subscriber Address Policy
Monitoring Billing Identity
Database Mgmt Definition
Residential
Policy Control Plane (per subscriber) Content Network
L2 Access L2/3 Edge VoD TV SIP
STB Aggregation
Business
Si
Distribution
BRAS
Business Aggregation Network Si
Ethernet MPLS and/OR Ethernet, Core Network

Access Node Si
IP/IP mcast/ PIM/SSM IP / MPLS
Service
Si
Aggregation Control
Residential DSL Distribution
Access Node
Si
L3VPN PE
Aggregation Content Network
STB
VoD TV SIP
Quality of
Experience
QoE from the user’s perspective
Based on the end user’s subjective perception of the

service delivered defined by:
Content availability
Choice, ease of access and indexing of the available content
Audio and video quality

A/V resolution, lip synchronization, subtitles, clean audio
User Interface
Design, navigation, ergonomics, color palette
Electronic Program Guide

Program description, genre classification, up to date with last
minute schedule changes
IPTV QoE in the architecture STB
Highlights of the main areas Fast Channel
A/V decode buffers,
Lip sync,
Change, Output interfaces
A/V RSVP CAC
Encoding IRT/RTE
Central/End Home
Offices gateway
A/V VoD Servers
Encoding Super Home
FEC Head gateway
End District
Offices
Live Home
Broadcast Metro gateway
IP/MPLS
& VoD
Core
Aggregation
Asset Network
Home
gateway
Distribution
MW Servers Home
gateway
EPG info quality VoD Servers Central/End

Home
GUI design Office gateway
IRT/RTE
Network Elements VOD

Delay, jitter, Home networking
Server load Delay, jitter, packet
packet ordering distribution ordering
QoS Guidelines for Video
No per subscriber SLA needed
Network SLAs
Delay: not critical. Most applications are unaffected
Jitter: not critical. IP-STBs can buffer 200 msec
Packet-loss: critical. Packet loss rate < 10-6 (one noticeable
artifact per hour of streaming @ 4Mbps ). 1 video packet lost
may lead to >500 ms of visible artifacts.
Packet loss due to queue drops by bursts at
aggregation points from multiple sources (also number
of hops, link occupation)
Queue depth sizing using probability analysis so packet
loss rate (e.g. 10-6) is below target
Impact of Packet Loss
Macro blocking (pixilation)

Continuity counter errors and sync loss
Invalid MPEG tables and table playout rate violation,
including frame loss and frame freeze
PCR jitter, playout rate, drift violation
In worst case, this may lead to STB “lockup”
Highly dependent on the information lost, codec used,

bitrate, decoder concealment algorithms, loss distance
and rate
Packet Loss example
0% Packet
Loss
0.5 % Packet
Loss
5 % Packet
Loss
On-Path CAC Benefits and Applicability
Since RSVP message follow exact same path as flow, RSVP CAC :
Is Accurate in any arbitrary topology (ring, mesh, star, hub, chain,…)
Dynamically adjusts to reroute, failures, capacity increase
eg from Nx1GE to (N+1)x1GE, from Nx1GE to 10 GE
Is Completely independent of VoD Content Distribution
RSVP CAC can cover all links in Aggregation
RSVP CAC also covers DSLAM uplinks
RSVP CAC brings a lot of value as soon as aggregation topology is
non-trivial:
•Carry higher VoD load for given <links bandwidth, QoE>
•Increase QoE for given <VoD load, links bandwidth>
•Decrease required links bandwidth for given <VoD load, QoE>
Requires VoD Transport over native IP or over LDP/Global
RSVP-based VoD CAC
Middleware VoD VoD

Controller
Entitlement Sys /SRM
Session Mgt, EPG RSVP Path
eg RTSP
CAC
Residential
CAC
CAC Ethernet/IP/MPLS Aggregation BRAS
L3 IP/MPLS
Core
IPoE
Cisco 7600 IPoE VoD Stream

(U-PE)
IPoE
RSVP Resv
Business IPoE
Corporate 802.1Q
CAC CAC
Oversubscription on DSLAM link
Simply Not Enough BW

for all the Triple Play Services Key Points
1. 250 – 500 end users need to
be supported on a 1 Gbps
250-500 users per DLAM DSLAM uplink.
2. Triple Play Services need to
support 250 – 500 users
200-250 DLAMs per 7600 - Voice : IP phone connections
per home
DSLAM - Video : 200 – 500 cable channels
E
1G - Data : Internet
- VOD : 10 % users using VOD
3. If 500 homes on a single DSLAM
10GE 1GE are all watching a different channel,
PE the total BW required for video alone
Cat7600 DSLAM would be 500 x 4Mbps = 2Gbps!!!
1G
E 4. This is NOT enough BW for a good
user experience in the worst case
scenario.
5. And don’t forget, we still need BW to
accomodate Voice, VoD & Data!
DSLAM
6. CONCLUSION…
Per Interface Mroute State Limit
IGMP State Limit Feature:
•Limit the number of receivers allowed
to join a source per interface
Key Points: interface Gig0/0

description --- Interface towards DSLAM ---
1. Assume the number of SDTV ...
channels offered by a Service ip igmp limit 125
…
Provider is 300
2. Each SDTV channel is DSLAM
approximately 4Mbps. E
1G
1GE
3. 50% of each outgoing 1Gbps
link (500Mbps) needs to be 10GE Multicast Video (50%)
provisioned for multicast
video leaving the remaining PE Voice, Internet, VOD
250-500 users per DLAM
50% for Voice, Internet & VoD. Cat7600 DSLAM
1G
E
4. The required CAC needed per
interface comes out to: DSLAM
500Mbps/4Mbps = 125 mroutes
300 channels x 4Mbps = 1.2Gbps > 1GE
BW Based Hierarchical Per Interface Mroute
State Limit
BW Based Limit Feature:
•Configure BW costs for group ranges E Basic (100 channels)
•Configure BW limits per interface Content 1G Premium (100 channels)
Provider 1 Gold (100 channels)
based on costs
Key Points: 10GE CP2 - 250 Mbps
Content PE CP 3 – 250 Mbps

1. Three Content Providers (CPs) are Provider 2
PE DSLAM
Voice, Internet, VOD
providing multicast content.
1G DSLAM
E E
2. Each CP will have TV programs G
w/ different BW: 10
Content MPEG2 SDTV
DSLAM
- MPEG2 SDTV: 4 Mbps Provider 3 MPEG2 HDTV
MPEG4 SDTV
- MPEG2 HDTV: 18 Mbps MPEG4 SDTV
- MPEG4 SDTV: 1.6 Mbps
- MPEG4 HDTV: 6 Mbps ! Global
3. Service Provider (SP) would like to ip multicast limit cost MPeg2-SD-channels 4000 ! Cost or BW per group
ip multicast limit cost MPeg2-HD-channels 18000
provision fair sharing of !
bandwidth between these three ip access-list standard MPeg2-HD-channels
content providers to its permit 232.100.1.0 0.0.0.255
consumers across 1Gbps links. …
interface Gig0/0
4. Each CP should be able to use up description --- Interface towards DSLAM ---
to 250Mbps & leave the remaining ! CAC
ip multicast limit out provider1-channels 25000
250 Mbps for Voice/Internet/VoD. ip multicast limit out provider2-channels 25000
!
ip access-list standard provider1-channels
permit 232.100.0.0 0.0.255.255
Summary
IPTV is about
IPTV is about subscriber BB services

Broadcast TV, VoD, Switched Digital Video (today)
Future interactive video services
... over a DVB/ATSC application (MPEG) layer providing

Compression, Packetization, Multiplexing, Scrambling, ...
... over an RTP/UDP session layer providing

Sequencing, Timestamping, Multiplexing, Checksum
... over an IP packet network layer providing

Intelligent packet operations, QoS, CAC, FEC, retransmission,
RCC, ...
IPTV is not
IPTV is NOT about transmission
It is IPTV, not VPLS-TV
Efficient transmission is always desirable and provides for fast
convergence but does not cure packet loss
One single packet loss (5 msec impairment) may result in a visible
effect lasting for more than 500 msec
Good L3 queuing and FEC techniques prevent and recover from
packet losses
The transmission layer does not provide intelligent services to TV.
Those are provided at the IP layer and above
Packet FEC, packet retransmission, block transmission may actually
recover from packet losses
IPTV Service SLAs are packet based (drop, jitter, delay)
Analysis and Monitoring of those packets is required
Q and A
Further information
Cisco Wireline Video/IPTV Solution Design and

Implementation Guide, Release 1.1
http://www.cisco.com/univercd/cc/td/doc/solution/vobbsols/vob2
/vb2dig/vb2.pdf
IPTV and Video over Broadband Networks

http://www.cisco.com/en/US/netsol/ns610/networking_solutions
_solution_category.html
Further information
Scientific Atlanta IPTV Headend & STB solutions

http://www.saeurope.com/solutions/IPTV_headend.htm
http://www.saeurope.com/solutions/IPSetTops.htm
Scientific Atlanta Whitepapers

http://www.saeurope.com/solutions/WhitePapers.htm
VOD Content Delivery System

http://www.cisco.com/en/US/products/ps7191/Products_Sub_C
ategory_Home.html

Cisco End-To-End IPTV Service Architecture

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Cisco End-To-End IPTV Service Architecture

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End-to-End IPTV

Cisco ExPo, София

 The market is growing: 8.1 million subscribers end of

 IP provides flexibility in the service delivery

Market source: MRG

 Contribution: Uncompressed and slightly compressed

Playout Center Satellite

 Content broadcasting has a well established content

 Uncompressed Digital Video in the SDI (Synchronous

 Compression techniques are required in order to deliver

 Spatial Redundancy (space)

 Temporal Redundancy (time)

 Visual/Perceptual Redundancy (lossy)

 Statistical Redundancy (can be lossless)

 Motion Prediction – Frame types

I Frame B Frame P Frame

G.o.P x G.o.P x+1

G.o.V x G.o.V x+1

42 + 6 res 42 + 6 res 8 bits variable

RTP MPEG-2 MPEG-2 MPEG-2 MPEG-2 MPEG-2 MPEG-2 MPEG-2

UDP RTP MPEG-2 MPEG-2 MPEG-2 MPEG-2 MPEG-2 MPEG-2 MPEG-2

IP UDP RTP MPEG-2 MPEG-2 MPEG-2 MPEG-2 MPEG-2 MPEG-2 MPEG-2

L2 IP UDP RTP MPEG-2 MPEG-2 MPEG-2 MPEG-2 MPEG-2 MPEG-2 MPEG-2

2-3% L3 overhead, 1316 bytes MPEG2 + 28 (40 w/ RTP) IP

PES System System PES

constant total delay = Ctotal

Target bit rate in Q4/07 is 1.30 Mbps ! (~40% reduction)

 Content protection can be broken down into 2 main

Conditional Access contains three layers:

Three nested layers of CAS encryption:

Encoder IP-STB Middleware VOD CAS

Typical capabilities of an IRD:

 H.264 MP@L4 (MPEG-4) encoder

• 4 I/O boards available

• Co-Processor daughter board

10/100bT HDMI L/R Audio Optical 12 VDC

STB Network Buffer

1. Packets enter the 2. Transport

Key Features z Single SD plus PIP decode

• Advanced System On Chip High Definition

VOD is about putting the consumer in

 Asset = Content + Metadata describing the content

 Follows a Zipf or Exponential Distribution model

 Provides to the end user the information related to the scheduled

 Most common issues are due to non conformance to the EPG

 Program Specific Information and Service Information

Video PSI Audio Data

 TV-Anytime is an open standard for metadata describing TV and

Cisco Gigabit-Ethernet Optimized

 Dual streams (1+1 RTP sessions)

s/32, m=1 s/32, m=1

• The two sources are active and sending

SLA Type Transport SLA Application SLA

Aggregate Transport SLAs, SLA Network Based Application Based

QoS Subscriber & Service Service Aggregate Level

Policy Control Plane (per subscriber) Content Network

L2 Access L2/3 Edge VoD TV SIP

Ethernet MPLS and/OR Ethernet, Core Network

 Based on the end user’s subjective perception of the

 Audio and video quality

 Electronic Program Guide

EPG info quality VoD Servers Central/End

Network Elements VOD

The market is growing: 8.1 million subscribers end of

IP provides flexibility in the service delivery

Contribution: Uncompressed and slightly compressed

Content broadcasting has a well established content

Uncompressed Digital Video in the SDI (Synchronous

Compression techniques are required in order to deliver

Spatial Redundancy (space)

Temporal Redundancy (time)

Visual/Perceptual Redundancy (lossy)

Statistical Redundancy (can be lossless)

Motion Prediction – Frame types

Content protection can be broken down into 2 main

H.264 MP@L4 (MPEG-4) encoder

Asset = Content + Metadata describing the content

Follows a Zipf or Exponential Distribution model

Provides to the end user the information related to the scheduled

Most common issues are due to non conformance to the EPG

Program Specific Information and Service Information

TV-Anytime is an open standard for metadata describing TV and

Dual streams (1+1 RTP sessions)

Based on the end user’s subjective perception of the

Audio and video quality

Electronic Program Guide

Macro blocking (pixilation)

Highly dependent on the information lost, codec used,

IPTV is about subscriber BB services

Cisco Wireline Video/IPTV Solution Design and

IPTV and Video over Broadband Networks

Scientific Atlanta IPTV Headend & STB solutions

Scientific Atlanta Whitepapers

VOD Content Delivery System