School of Engineering Sciences

Mahindra cole Centrale.

EE 102 - Electronics Lab
Experiment 1
CHARACTERISTICS OF OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIERS (OP-AMP)

Operational Amplifiers are linear devices that have the

properties required for nearly ideal DC amplification.
Operational amplifiers consist of one Inverting input
marked "-" and other a Non-inverting input marked "+".
Operational Amplifiers have a very high open loop DC
gain, known as the Open Loop Differential Gain .
Operational amplifiers can produce a very precise gain
using the negative feedback.
Operational amplifier responds to the difference between
the voltages at its two input terminals, known as the
"Differential Input Voltage and not to their common
potential. (i.e. If the same voltage is applied to both the
inputs, the resultant output will be almost zero)
Operational Amplifiers are used in signal conditioning,
filtering and or to perform mathematical operations such
as add, subtract, integration and differentiation.

741 Symbol & Pin Configuration

Although most op-amp circuits can be designed by assuming

that the op-amps are ideal, the circuits never perform exactly as
predicted because of the non-ideal characteristics of the opamps such as finite differential gain and finite bandwidth. Some
of these characteristics are to be measured in this experiment.

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Open Loop Gain

Open Loop Gain is defined as the amplification without any external feedback.
For 741 operational amplifiers, open loop gain is about 100dB at DC.

Connect the circuit as shown below.

Short Vin to ground and measure V0 (Pin 6) and Vx (the

common node of R1, R2, and Rf) with DSO in DC mode.
Call these V0 offset and Vx offset, respectively.
Now apply 100~300 mV DC at Vin and measure V0 and Vx.
Call these V0i and Vxi, respectively.
= (

0
2 + 3
) (
)
3

Slew Rate
Slew Rate is the Maximum rate at which the output voltage of Op-Amp can
change. It is the measure of how fast the output voltage of Op-Amp can change.

Connect the circuit as shown below.

Connect 1Vpp, 20 KHz Square wave as Input.

Observe V0. You will find that the output does not change
abruptly but has a rise time at the transition.

Note the slope

at the transition, which is the Slew Rate.

Now change the Input to a 1 KHz Sine wave and adjust the
amplitude to get a peak to peak output of 10 Volts.
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Increase the frequency fc until the sine wave start looking

like a triangular wave. The reason is as follows:

() =

and

The slope of sine wave is A. If the value is more than Slew Rate, the Op-Amp
is not able to respond to the required slope as its rate of change in voltage
capability represented by Slew Rate is exceeded.

Calculate Slew Rate noting the A and f c.

Unity Gain Bandwidth (Gain Bandwidth Product)

Operational Amplifiers (e.g. 741) do not have infinite gain or bandwidth but
have large finite open loop gain and finite gain bandwidth product (GBP).
The gain decreases with frequency to "Unity Gain" at some frequency known as
Unity Gain Bandwidth which is same as GBP.

Connect the circuit as shown below.

Apply 2 volts peak to peak to the non-inverting Input.

Connect Vin and V0 to DSO in X-Y Mode.

Adjust the gains of the oscilloscope for x and y inputs so
that the x y plot has unity slope which is the gain of the
voltage follower.
Increase the frequency of the input and observe the
frequency when the slope starts becoming less than one.
This is the Unity Gain Bandwidth (Gain Bandwidth
Product-GBP)

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Input Impedance

Connect the circuit as shown below.

Apply 10 volts pp sine wave at 2MHz.

Measure V+ and VR (voltage across R)

+
=

Alternately use different values of R in the range of 100k to 2 M and

measure V+ for Vin = 10Vpp at 2 MHZ. From this data calculate RI.

Output Impedance

Connect the circuit as shown below.

Apply 2 volts Sine wave at 2MHz.

Measure open circuit voltage at output.

Connect different values of resistors (at least three, one at
a time) at output to ground.
Measure output voltage for each value of the resistors.
Plot output current vs. output voltage for each
measurements including open circuit voltage.
Calculate Output Resistance R0 from the plot.

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