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0.522
T *02 2160.91
From Rayleighs flow table for =1.4and
=0.522
T *02
M2=.4
P2
1.961
P2*
P02
1.961
P02*
T2
0.615
T2 *
P2 P *2 1.196
1.759 1.196
= 3.44 x10 5N/m2
T2=T2* x.615
=1801.18K
P02=3.849 x10 5N/m2
Stagnation pressure loss
P0=P01-P02
=4.11 x10 5-3.84 x10 5
=.261 x10 5N/m2
Heat supplied Q=CP(T02-T01)
=1005(1128-376)
=755.7 x10 3J/kg
Normal Shocks
When there is a relative motion between a body and fluid, the disturbance is created
if the disturbance is of an infinitely small amplitude, that disturbance is transmitted
through the fluid with the speed of sound. If the disturbance is finite shock waves are
created.
Assumptions
Governing Equations
(i) Continuity
mx m y
AV x AV y
x Vx y Vy (Shock thickness being small Ax = Ay)
Gx = Gy (Mass velocity)
Mass velocity G remains constant across the shock.
(ii) Energy equation
SFEE: q sh h 2 h1
h2
V22 V12
g z 2 z1
2
V22
V2
h1 1
2
2
hy
Vy2
2
hx
Vx2
2
h ox h oy
Tox Toy
Fxx
m Vy Vx AV Vy Vx y AVy2 x AVx2
Momentum gives
Px A Py A y AVy2 x AVx2
Px A x AVx2 Py A y AVy2
Fx Fy
Ty
Tx
Energy
h ox h oy
Tox Toy
(1)
K 1 2
Tox Tx 1
Mx
2
.......... (2)
Similarly
K 1 2
Toy Ty 1
My
2
............ (3)
K 1 2
1 2 M x
Tx 1 K 1 M 2
y
Ty
(ii)
Py
Px
Momentum
Fx = Fy
Px A x AVx2 Py A y AVy2
y Vy2
x Vx2
Px 1
Py 1
Px
Py
Px 1 KM2x Py 1 KM2y
1 KM 2
x
2
Px 1 KM y
Py
(iii)
y
x
Equation of state P = RT
Px x RTx
Py y RTy
Px
x RTx Px Ty
y Py Tx Py
RTy
2
x 1 KM y
y 1 KM 2x
K 1 2
1 2 M x
K 1
1
M 2y
(iv)
Vy
Vx
Continuity equation
x Vx y Vy
Vy
Vx
x
y
Equation of state
P = RT
Px x RTx
Py y RTy
K 1 2
Mx
1 KM 2y 1
2
Vx 1 KM 2x 1 K 1 M 2
y
Vy
(v)
Poy
Pox
Pox K 1 2 K 1
1
Mx
Px
2
K 1 2 K 1
1
My
Py
2
Poy
K 1 2 K 1
Poy Py 1
My
2
Poy
Pox
But
K 1 2 K 1
Py 1 2 M y
Px 1 K 1 M 2
x
Py
Px
1 KM 2x
1 KM 2y
K
Poy
Pox
K 1 2 K 1
My
1 KM 2 1
x
2
2
1 KM y 1 K 1 M 2
x
Cp ln
Ty
Tx
R ln
Py
Px
Cp ln
Toy
Tox
R ln
Poy
Pox
R ln
Poy
Pox
K
1
K
M 2y
2 1
KM
x
2
Sy Sx R ln
2
K
1
1 KM y 1
M 2x
Prove that
M 2y
2
2
K 1 Mx
2K
M 2x 1
K 1
We have
K 1 2
1 2 M x
(1)
Tx 1 K 1 M 2
y
Ty
Toy Tox
(2)
1 KM 2
x
Px 1 KM 2y
(3)
Px M x Py M y
Tx
Ty
Py
Equation (3)
Py2
Px2
M 2y
M 2x
Ty
Tx
K 1 2
2
Mx
1 KM 2 M y 2 1
x
2
2
K 1 2
My
1 KM y M x 1
2
1 KM
2
x
K 1 2
M 2y 1
M y 1 KM 2y
2
K 1 2
M 2x 1
Mx
2
K 1 2
L.H.S. = 1 2KM 2x K 2 M 4x M 2y 1
My
2
K 2 K 1 4 2
K 1 2
M 2y 1 2KM 2x K 2 M 4x
M y K K 1 M 2x M 2y
Mx My
2
2
M 2y
2KM 2x M 2y
M 4x M 2y
K
K 1 4
M y K K 1 M 2x M 4y
2
K 1 M4 M4
x
Similarly R.H.S.
M 2x 2K 2x M 2y K 2 M 2y M 2x
K
K 1 4
M x K K 1 M 2y M 4x
2
Since M y M x
K 1 M 4 M 4
y
K 1 4
M y M 4x K K 1 M 2x M 4y M 2y M 4x
2
K 1 2
M 2y M 2x 1
M y M 2x KM 2x M 2y 0
2
Hence 1
K 1 2
M y M 2x KM 2x M 2y
2
K 1 2
M y M 2x KM 2x M 2y 1
2
2
y
M 2y
2
KM 2x M 2y 1
K 1
M 2x
2K
2
M 2x M 2y
M 2x
K 1
K 1
2K
2
M 2y 1
M 2x
M 2x
K 1
K 1
2
M 2x
2
My K 1
2K
M 2x 1
K 1
Property relations in terms of incident Mach Number Mx.
(1) Prove
Py
Px
2K
K 1
M 2x
K 1
K 1
Momentum Fx = Fy
Px 1 KM2x Py 1 KM 2y
Py
Px
1 KM 2x
1 KM 2y
2
M 2x
but M 2y K 1
2K
M 2x 1
K 1
Py
Px
1 KM 2x
2
2
K 1 Mx
1 K
2K
M 2x 1
K 1
1 KM K2K 1 M
2
x
2
x
2K
M 2x 1 K
M 2x
K 1
K 1
(1)
2K
Dinominator Dr
M 2x 1 K
M 2x
K 1
K 1
2K
2K
K 1 K 1
M 2x
K
1 KM 2x
K 1
K 1
K 1 K 1
K 1
1 KM 2x substitute in equation (1).
K 1
Py
Px
(2)
2K
K 1
M 2x
K 1
K 1
K 1 2 2K
M x
M 2x 1
1
2
K 1
Prove that
2
Tx
K 1 M 2
x
2 K 1
Ty
Energy
h ox h oy
Tox Toy
K 1 2
1 2 M x
Tx 1 K 1 M 2
y
Ty
2
M 2x
M 2y K 1
2K
M 2x 1
K 1
K 1 2 2K
K 1 2
1
Mx
M 2x 1
M
x
Ty
2
K
2
2K
K
1
2
Tx
M 2x 1
M 2x
M 2x
K 1 K 1
K
1
2
K
2 2K M 2 1
x
K 1
Denominator, Dr
2K
K 1 2
M 2x 1 1
Mx
K 1
2
M 2x
2
2
2K K 1
2 4K K 1
2 K 1
K 1 2 M x 2 K 1 M x 2 K 1
K 1 2 2K
1
M x
M 2x 1
Ty
2
K 1
Hence
2
Tx
K 1 M 2
x
2 K 1
K
Poy
Pox
K 1 2 K 1
1
Mx
K
1
2
K
2
2
KM x
K 1 2
K 1
K 1
1
Mx
Pox K 1 2 K 1
1
Mx
Px
2
K 1 2 K 1
Pox Px 1
Mx
2
K 1 2 K 1
Poy Py 1
My
2
Poy
Pox
But
Py
Px
K 1 2 K 1
Py 1 2 M y
......... (1)
Px 1 K 1 M 2
x
Py
Px
1 KM 2x
1 KM 2y
2
2
K 1 Mx
2
But M y
2K
M 2x 1
K 1
Py
Px
Py
1 KM 2x
2
2
K 1 Mx
1 K
2K
M 2x 1
K 1
Px
2K
K 1
M 2x
K 1
K 1
M 2x
K 1 K 1
2
1
2K
K 1 2
2
M 2x
M 2x 1
1
My
2 K 1
K 1
2
K 1 2
K 1 2
K 1 2 2K
1
Mx
1
Mx
1
M x
M 2x 1
2
2
2
K 1
Poy
Pox
K 1
K 1
M 2x
2 K 1
K 1
2K
Mx
1
2K
K 1
K 1
M 2x
M 2x 1
1
2
K 1
K 1
K 1 2
Mx
K 1
2K
2
M 2x
K 1
K 1 K 1 2 2K
2
K 1
1
M x
Mx
2
K 1
K 1
K
K
1
K 1 K 1
2K
M 2x
K 1
K 1
K 1 2 K 1
Mx
2
K 1
1
M 2x
Poy
Pox
1
K 1 K 1
2K
M 2x
1
K 1
K 1 2 K 1
Mx
2
K 1
1
M 2x
K 1 2
Mx
2
(4) Prove that
K 1 2
Vx
Mx
2
Vy
M 2x
Vx2
C2x
M 2y
M 2x
Ty
Tx
......... (1)
K 1 2
Mx
2
But
Tx 1 K 1 M 2
y
2
Ty
2
M 2x
But M 2y K 1
2K
M 2x 1
K 1
Substituting and simplifying
K 1 2 2K
M x
M 2x 1
1
2
K 1
2
Tx
K 1 M 2
x
2 K 1
Ty
............ (2)
2
2
K 1 Mx
2K
K 2 1 2 2K
2
1
Mx
M 2x 1
2
M
1
Vy K 1 x
2
K 1
Vx2
M 2x
K 12 M 2
x
2 K 1
2
K 1 2
M 2x 1
Mx
K 1
2
2
K 1 M 4
x
2 K 1
2
2 K 1 2
K 1 2
Mx
Mx
1
1
K 1
2
2
2
2
4
K 1 M 4
K 1 M x
x
2 K 1
4
K 1 2
Mx
2
K 1 2
Vx
Mx
2
Vy
K 1 K 1
K 1 2 K 1 2K
(5) Prove that
Mx
M 2x
Px 2
K 1
K 1
Poy
K 1 2 K 1
1
My
We have,
Py
2
Poy
K 1
2K
M 2x
Px K 1
K 1
Py
K 1
K 1 2 K 1 2K
1
My
M 2x
Px
2
K 1
K 1
Poy
K
K
1
M 2x
2
K 1 K 1
1
2 2K M 2 1
x
K 1
2K
K 1
M 2x
K 1
K 1
K 1 2 K 1
2K
2
K 1 Mx 1 1 2 Mx
K 1
2K
M 2x
2K
K 1
K 1
M 2x 1
K 1
2 2K K 1 K 1
Mx K 1 2
K 1
2K
M 2x
2K
K 1
K 1
M 2x 1
K 1
K
K 12 M 2 K 1
x
K 1
2K
2 K 1
M 2x
2K
K 1
K 1
M 2x 1
K 1
K 1 M 2x K 1
K
K 1 K 1
2K
2
K 1 M x K 1
K 1
2K
M 2x
K 1
K 1
Poy K 1 M 2x K 1 2K
K 1 K 1
M 2x
Px
2
K 1
K 1
T2
P
R ln 2
T1
P1
Fro a shock
S Cp ln
Ty
Tx
R ln
Py
Px
But S So
Cp ln
Toy
Tox
R ln
Poy
S
ln
R
Pox
Poy
Pox
R ln
Poy
Pox
1
K 1 K 1
2K
ln
M 2x
K 1
K 1
K 1 2 K 1
Mx
2
K 1
1
M 2x
S
can be obtained by expanding the logarithmic tersm
CV
1
x
Cv 3 K 12
S
becomes positive. Therefore
CV
Vx .Vy C*2 or
M2x M2y 1
Governing relations for a normal shock
(1)
Continuity
x Vx y Vy
(2)
....... (1)
Energy
h ox h oy
2
Vy
V2
hx x hy
h0
2
2
............ (2)
(3)
Momentum
Fxx
Px A Py A m Vy Vx
Px Py G Vy Vx
Px Py V Vy Vx
.............. (3)
hx
Vx2
h0
2
Cp Tx
Vx2
CpTo
2
V2
KR
KR
Tx x
T0
K 1
2
K 1
C02
C2x
Vx2
K 1 2
K 1
C2x C02
K 1 2
Vx
2
.......... (4)
K 1 2
Vy
2
............. (5)
Equation (3) Px Py V Vy Vx
Px Py
V
Vy Vx
Py
Px
Vy Vx
x Vx y Vy
RTx RTy
Vy Vx
Vx
Vy
KRTx KRTy
K Vy Vx
Vx
Vy
2
C2x C y
K Vy Vx
Vx Vy
............. (6)
2 K 1 2 1
C0 2 Vx V
y
2 K 1 2
C0 2 Vy K Vy Vx
1
1 K 1
C02
Vy Vx K Vy Vx
2
Vx Vy
C02 Vy Vx
Vx Vy
K 1
2
Vy Vx K Vy Vx
C02
K 1
K
Vx Vy
2
K 1
C02
Vx Vy
2
.......... (7)
K 1 2
T0
T 1 2 M
C*2 KRT* T*
2
2
C0 KRT0 T0 K 1
T0 K 1
T* 2
K 1 *2
C02
C
2
............ (8)
K 1 *2 K 1
C
Vx Vy
2
2
C*2 Vx Vy
Vx Vy
C*2
Vx Vy
1
C*x C y*
M*x .M*y 1
By definition M*
V
C*
Py
x
y
x
Ry Ty
Px
Rx Tx
py
px
We know that,
TX
TY
P
RT
PY
2
MX2
PX
P
2
MX2 Y
PX
we know that
TY
TX
2
M
1
1
MX2
X
2
MX
2
2
TY
TX
TY
TX
2 PY PY
1 1
PX
PX
PY
PX 2
2
2
PY
PY
1 1
PX
PX
PY
PX
3
PY
PX
3
Taking out
PY
PY
2
PX
PX
3
PY
PX
3
2
PY
PY
2
2
PX
PX
PY
2
PY PY
2
PX PX
PY
PX
PY
PX
PY
2
PX
PY
PX
PY PY
2
PX PX
PY
PX
2
PY PY
PX PX 2
PY
PX
TY
Tx
PY
PX
PY
PX
PY
PX
TY PY
T
P
PY
x
X
PX
PY
1
P
X
PY
PY Tx
PX
PY
PX TY
1
PX
We have
y PY Tx
x PX TY
PY
y
PX
PY
x
1
PX
PY
y
PX
x
PY
PX
PY
1
y PX
x
PY
PX
y PY
x PX
PY
P
X
y y
x x
PY
PY
1
PX
X
y
PY y PY
x
PX x PX
y
PY y
1
x
PX x
y
PY y
x
PX x
y
1
x
PY
PX
y
x
the above eqn.s is knows Rankine Hugoniot equations
The strength of shock wave may be expressed in another form using RankineHugoniot equation.
PROBLEMS
Que.1
The state of a gas ( =1.3,R =0.469 KJ/KgK.) upstream of normal shock wave is
given by the following date:
Mx =2.5 , Px =2 bar. Tx =275 K calculate the Mach number
,pressure,temperatureand velocity of a gas down stream of shock: check the
calculated values with those given in the gas tables.
Take K =
2
2
2.52
M 2x
12.92
M 2y K 1
1.3 1
0.243
2K
2 1.3
53.19
2
2
Mx 1
2.5 1
K 1
1.3 1
M Y 0.4928
PY
2
MX2
PX
2 1.3
1.52
PY
7.065 0.130 6.935
PX
PY 6.935 bar
K 1 2 2K
M x
M 2x 1
1
2
K 1
2
Tx
K 1 M 2
x
2 K 1
Ty
1.3 1
2 1.3 2
2.52
2.5 1
1
2
1.3 1
2
1.3 1
2.52
2 1.3 1
03
1 6.25 1.937
2
2
55.104
2.3
6.25
2 0.3
Ty
Tx
1.869
TY 1.869
CY
3
1
0.3
0.269
Cx 1.3 1 6.25 2.3
CY 0.269Cx
.0269 M x ax
CY 0.269 M x KRTx
Cy M y
KRTy
Px
0.8 105
0.747 Kg / m3
RTx 287
py
px
TX
TY
3.613
2.358
1.532
y 2.358 Kg / m3
For isentropic flow
1
py
x px
y
x
3.613 2.5
y 2.5 Kg / m3
It is noted that the final density of the isentropic process is grater than in the shock
process.
Q.A jet of air at 270 K and 0.2 bar has an intial Mach number of 1.9.If the process
through a normal shock wave. Determine the following for the down stream of the
shock.
1.Mach number.= My
2. Pressure.
= Py
3. Temperature = Ty.
4.Speed of sound .= ay
5. Jet velocity
= Cy
6. Density
.= y
Given.
Tx =270 K
Px =0.7 bar =0.7105 N/m2
From normal shock table for Mx=1.9 and =1.4
M Y 0.596
PY
4.045
Px
Ty
Tx
1.608
Py 4.045 Px
4.045
Py 2.831
Ty 1.608 Tx
1.608
Speed of at down of the shock
a y RTY
1.4
a y 417.66 m / s
0.596
Cy 248.93 m / s
2.83
Density y
2.27 kg / m3
RTy 287
Py
Given
M x 1.1
Altitude, Z 15, 000 m
To find
1. M y
2. Ty
3. Py
4.P0 POx POy
Re fer gas tables for Altitude, Z 15,000 m
Tx 216.6 K
Px 0.120 bar
Px 0.120 105 N / m2
Re fer Normal shocks gas tables for M x 1.1 and 1.4
M y 0.911
Py
1.245
Px
Ty
Tx
P0 y
P0 x
P0 y
Px
1.065
0.998
2.133
Py 1.24 5Px
1.24 105 N / m2
Py 0.149 105 N / m2
Ty 1.067 Tx
1.065 216.6
Ty 230.67 K
P0 y 2.133 Px
2.133 105
P0 y 0.259 105 N / m2
P0 x
P0 x
P0 y
0.998
0.259 105
0.998
P0 x 0.2564 105 N / m2
Pr essure loss
P0 POx POy
Bow shock
Mx
My
Pitot tube
P0 y
Px
70 103
4.375
15 103
P0 y
Px
M x 1.8
M y 0.1616
Py
Px
Ty
Tx
P0 y
P0 x
3.613
1.532
0.813
78 103
P0 x
0.1813
Pox = 0.86 105 N/m2
we know that,
T0
1 2
1
M
T
2
T0 x
1 2
1
Mx
Tx
2
575
1
1
1.82
Tx
2
Tx 348.9 K
From table,
Ty
Tx
1.532
Ty = 534.51K
P0x = 0.86 105 N/m2
P0y = 70 103
Supersonic nozzle is provided with a constant diameter circular duct at its exit. The
duct diameter is same as the nozzle diameter. Nozzle exit cross ection is three times
that of its throat. The entry conditions of the gas (=1.4, R= 287J/KgK) are P 0 =10
bar, T0 =600K. Calculate the static pressure, Mach number and velocity of the gas in
duct.
(a) When the nozzle operates at its design condition.
(b)
(c)
For nozzle
Throat (*)
Entry (1)
Exit (2)
M<1
M>1
Solution:
Case (i)
Refer isentropic flow table for A2/A*=3 and = 1.4
M2 = 2.64
T2/T02= 0.417
{sinceT0=T01=T02}
T2 = 250.2 K
P2 =
0.0471 x p02
= 0.0471 x 10 x 105
Shock
wave
Entry
Exit
My
M<1
A2/A* = Ax/Ax* =3
M>1
Mx
Tx/Tx* =0.417
Px /P0x =0.0417
[Since T0 =T0x ]
So px = 0.0417 P0x
= 0.0417 10 105
[Since p0 =p0x]
Also Ty =2.279 Tx
= 2.279 250.2
i.e. Ty = 570.2 K
Also Cy =My ay
= M Y RTY
= 0.5 (1.4 287 570.2)
Cy = 239.32 m/s
Case (iii)
Area ratio A/A* =2
i.e
. Ax/Ax* =2
Throat (*)
[A*=Ax*]
Jkjhhaa
Entry
Exit
M1
M2
Ay*
[Ax =Ay ]
Shock wave
T2/T0y =0.978
P2/p0y =0.927
i.e. T2= 0.978 T0y
= 0.978 600
or T2 = 586.8 K
C2= M2 a2
= M 2 RT2
= 0.33 (1.4 287 586.8).0.5
C2= 160.23 m/s
RESULT
Case (i): p2=0.471 105 N/m2, M2= 2.64, c2= 837.05 m/s
Case (ii): py= 3.75 105 N/m2, My=0.5, cy= 239.32 m/s
Case (iii): p2= 5.82 105 N/m2, M2= 0.33, c2= 160.23 m/s
Test section cross section -337.5 cm2 Working fluid is air. Determine the test section
mach no. and diffuser throat area if normal shock is located at test section?
Given:
Nozzle throat area = Ax*= 200cm2
= 20010-4 m 2
Test section area = Ax = 337.5 cm 2 = 337 10-4m2
To find:
1. Test section Mach no. Mx
2. Diffuser throat area, Ay*
Solution:
A x 337.510-4
1.6875
A*x
20010-4
Refer isentropic table =1.4
Then
M = Mx = 2
P0 y
P0 x
0.721
We know that
Ax * P0 x AY * P0 y
P
AY * Ax * 0 x
P0 y
1
20010-4
0.721
AY * 0.0277m2
Result:
Test secton Mach number = 1.97
Diffuser throat area
= .0272 m2