ARTICLE

pubs.acs.org/IECR

Solubility and Diffusivity of N2O in Aqueous 4-(Diethylamino)2-butanol Solutions for Use in Postcombustion CO2 Capture
Teerawat Sema,*, Mohamed Edali, Abdulaziz Naami, Raphael Idem,*,, and
Paitoon Tontiwachwuthikul*,,

International Test Centre for CO2 Capture (ITC), Faculty of Engineering and Applied Science, University of Regina, Regina,
Saskatchewan, S4S 0A2, Canada

Joint International Center for CO2 Capture and Storage (iCCS), Department of Chemical Engineering, Hunan University,
Changsha, 410081, P. R. China
ABSTRACT: In this work, the solubility and diusivity of nitrous oxide (N2O) in aqueous 4-(diethylamino)-2-butanol (DEAB)
solutions were measured. Solubility was measured in a stirred cell reactor over the temperature range of 298
343 K and
concentration range of 0.68
3.77 M. On the other hand, diusivity was measured in a laminar jet absorber over the temperature
range of 298
318 K and concentration range of 1.0
2.5 M. An attempt was made to correlate the solubility data with well-known
models (semiempirical model, Redlich
Kister equation, and polynomial model). It was observed that only the polynomial model
correlated the solubility of N2O in aqueous DEAB solution satisfactorily with an AAD of 0.1%. Similarly, an attempt was made
to correlate the diusivity data with well-known models (semiempirical model and modied Stokes
Einstein model). The
semiempirical model provided better predicted N2O diusivity data compared with the experimental data with an AAD of 3.4%.
These data can then be used to determine the physical solubility and physical diusivity of carbon dioxide (CO2) in aqueous DEAB
solutions using the N2O analogy.

1. INTRODUCTION
Greenhouse gas emissions and their potential eects in terms
of global warming and climate change problems have become an
important issue in recent years.1 Among the greenhouse gases,
carbon dioxide (CO2) is considered to be the major target
because of its abundance. It is generally agreed that removal of
CO2 from large point exhaust gas streams of industrial processes
such as electric power plants, reneries, and natural gas processing plants becomes essential in order to make any impact in CO2
emissions mitigation. Several technologies have been used for
CO2 removal, such as absorption, adsorption, cryogenics methods, membranes systems, and microbial systems.2 Amine-based
CO2 capture technology has been widely used for postcombustion CO2 removal and to provide the most appropriate and costeective options compared with other technologies,3,4 especially
in coal-red power plants which usually have a low CO2 concentration
and a low pressure of the exhaust stream.
A newly developed amino alcohol solvent, 4-(diethylamino)2-butanol (DEAB), is considered as a promising solvent to
capture CO2 due to its energy eciency for regeneration, high
absorption capacity, and cyclic capacity for CO2 removal.5,6
However, a good solvent not only should provide energy
eciency, high absorption capacity, and cyclic capacity but also
should have a fast absorption rate, low degradation rate, and low
corrosion rate.
In order to develop the reaction kinetics model, several
physical, chemical, and thermodynamics properties of the amine
solution are required, such as physical solubility of CO2 or CO2
Henrys constant, physical diusivity of CO2, density, viscosity,
equilibrium constants for the CO2
amine system, and CO2
absorption rate data.7 Even though physical solubility and
r 2011 American Chemical Society

physical diusivity of CO2 at various temperatures and concentrations are essential for developing the reaction kinetics model,
they cannot be measured directly because CO2 reacts chemically
with aqueous amine solutions. Thus, measurements of nitrous
oxide (N2O) solubility and diusivity through the N2O analogy
can be used to determine the solubility and diusivity of CO2 in
aqueous amine solutions.8
10 This is due to the similarity of the
molecular weight, chemical conguration, volume, and electronic
structure between CO2 and N2O.11 The N2O analogy for
determining solubility and diusivity are shown in the following
equations.

HeCO2
amine HeN2 O
amine

DCO2
amine DN2 O
amine

HeCO2
H2 O
HeN2 O
H2 O

DCO2
H2 O
DN 2 O
H 2 O


1


2

In the present work, new experimental results on N2O

solubility and N2O diusivity of aqueous solutions of DEAB
are presented over ranges of temperatures and concentrations. Then, these results are used to establish correlations for
the N2O solubility and N2 O diusivity of aqueous solutions
of DEAB.
Received: April 18, 2011
Accepted: December 20, 2011
Revised:
December 14, 2011
Published: December 20, 2011
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Table 1. Solubility of N2O in Pure DEAB Solvent

HeN2O
DEAB
temp. (K)

(kPa m3/kmol)

298

3179

303

3553

313

4423

323

5484

333

7894

343

9043

Figure 1. N2O solubility of pure DEAB, pure MEA,17 pure MDEA,17

and water;18 solid lines are predicted results.

2. EXPERIMENTAL SECTION
2.1. Chemicals. DEAB is a newly developed potential solvent
which was synthesized according to the procedure described by
Tontiwachwuthikul et al.6 in our solvent synthesis laboratory at
the International Test Centre for CO2 Capture (ITC), University of Regina. Aqueous solutions of DEAB of desired concentrations were prepared by adding a known amount of deionized
water to predetermined amounts of DEAB. N2O, CO2, and
nitrogen (N2) with a purity of 99.9% were supplied by Praxair
Inc., Canada.
2.2. N2O Solubility. The apparatus and experimental technique used for determining N2O solubility were modified from
the works of Munder et al.12 and Park et al.13 The solubility
experiment was performed in a rotary-type 600 mL stainless
steel autoclave reactor (model Parr 5500, Parr Instrument Co.,
Moline, IL) connected to a controller (model Parr 4843, Parr
Instrument Co., Moline, IL). The reactor consists of a variablespeed impeller, a heating mantle, cooling coils, a gas feed port, a
thermocouple, and a pressure transducer.
Initially, the amine solution was degassed using an ultrasonic
bath (VWR model 75D, VWR international, ON, Canada), and
then 300 mL of the degassed amine solution was loaded into the
reactor. The desired temperature and agitation speed were set
and controlled by the controller, and then the vacuum was turned
on. After shutting down the vacuum pump, the liquid was under a
certain pressure due to liquid vaporization. The pressure was
measured as equilibrium, PV. Then a certain amount of N2O
(nN2O) was fed to the reactor. The amount of nN2O can be
determined by measuring the pressure in the reactor before N2O
injection (P1) and after N2O injection (P2)

nN2 O P2
P1

Vg
ZN2 O RT

The concentration of N2O at equilibrium is

CN 2 O

HeN2 O

RA 4Ce DLh1=2

Ce

P N2 O
HeN2 O

10

3.1. N2O Solubility in Pure DEAB. The solubility data of pure

DEAB solvent at the temperature range from 298 to 343 K are
presented in Table 1 and also plotted in Figure 1. As mentioned
by Wang et al.,17 the solubility of N2O in pure amine solvent is
an exponential function with temperature in Kelvin as shown in
eq 11.
 
b2
HeN2 O
amine b1 exp
11
T

The number of moles of N2O dissolved in the liquid phase at

equilibrium can be determined by
g

3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

nlN2 O nN2 O
nN2 O

where Ce* is the equilibrium concentration of the gas at the

interface, D is the diffusivity of the gas in the liquid, L is the liquid
flow rate, and h is the jet height. A plot of RA and (Lh)1/2 at
various flow rates and jet heights should provide a straight line
through the origin with a slope of 4Ce*D1/2. The Ce* can be
determined by

PN2 O Vg
ZN2 O RT

PN2 O
CN 2 O

2.3. N2O Diffusivity. The N2O diffusivities were measured

using the laminar jet absorber. A detailed description of the
laminar jet absorber and its operation can be seen in Al-Ghawas
et al.15 and Aboudheir et al.16 Briefly, the amine solution was
degassed by spraying it into a vacuum, and then the degassed
amine solution was passed through the temperature-controlled
water jacket in order to reach the desired temperature. The
degassed amine solution was then passed through the jet nozzle
in order to generate a smooth-surfaced rod-like jet in the
absorption chamber, continuously. The soap
film meter was
used to measure the rate of absorption (RA). A two-dimensional
microscope was used to measure the jet height (h). Finally, the
discharged liquid was collected and the liquid flow rate (L)
measured. According to the penetration theory for physical
absorption, RA can be defined as

The number of moles of N2O in the gas phase at equilibrium

(ngN2O) can be determined by
n N2 O

Then the N2O solubility (HeN2O) is dened as

where Vg is the volume of the gas container, R is the gas constant,

and ZN2O is the compressibility factor of N2O which can be
calculated by the Peng
Robinson equation of state.14 After the
system reached equilibrium, the equilibrium pressure (PT) was
measured. The partial pressure of N2O (PN2O) at equilibrium is
P N2 O P T
P V

nlN2 O
Vl

6
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Table 2. Solubility of N2O in aqueous DEAB solutions

Table 3. Temperature-Dependence Coecient (Ai) for the

Polynomial Model in eq 17

HeN2O
solution (kPa m3/kmol)

temp. (K)

temp. (K)

0.68 M

1.34 M

1.97 M

3.19 M

3.77 M

298

6676

5285

3965

2699

2416

313

7103

5706

4228

2844

323

7600

5918

4457

333

8102

6354

4857

343

8623

6808

5274

A0

A1

A2

A3

A4

298

7192.7

587

2574.6

932.7

100.9

2665

313
323

7690.2
8767.6

475.1

768.6

2500

1869.2

877.3
741.3

90.5

80

3077

2868

333

9423.7

1099.5

1682

686.5

74.1

3410

3184

343

10063.3

1322.4

1598.5

667.8

71.8

3824

3640

To correlate the N2O solubility results at various concentrations and temperatures, there are several models which have been
applied in the literature such as the semiempirical model,17
Redlich
Kister equation,19 and polynomial model.18 In this
study, these three dierent models were used to develop the
predictive models for N2O solubility of aqueous DEAB solution.
3.2.1. Semiempirical Model. It was reported by Wang et al.17
that the semiempirical model gives a good estimation of N2O
solubility of various aqueous amine solutions of MEA, diethanolamine (DEA), MDEA, 2-amino-2-methyl-1-propanol (AMP),
and diisopropanolamine (DIPA). The model can be written as
ln HeN2 O
Solution H2 O DEAB k1 k2 t k3 t 2 k4 H2 O
H2 O ln HeN2 O
H2 O

14

DEAB ln HeN2 O
DEAB

where HeN2O
H2O can be estimated from the equation proposed

by Versteeg and van Swaaij18 as



2284
6
HeN2 O
H2 O 8:55  10 exp
15
T

Figure 2. Solubility of N2O in aqueous DEAB solutions; solid lines are

calculated from the polynomial model in eq 17.

Equation 11 can also be written as

 
b2
ln HeN2 O
amine ln b1
T

HeN2O
DEAB is presented in eq 13. The N2O solubility results of

aqueous DEAB solution, which are shown in Table 2, were used
to correlate with eq 14 using a nonlinear regression package
(NLREG program). It was found that the predicted results from
the semiempirical model do not correlate well with the experimental results with an AAD of 6.9%.
3.2.2. Redlich
Kister Equation. The Redlich
Kister equation20
is widely used to correlate properties of binary solutions such as
density, viscosity, refractive index, and N2O solubility of amine
solutions.19,21 In this study, the Redlich
Kister equation
was used as the predictive correlation for N 2 O solubility of
aqueous DEAB solutions. The Redlich
Kister equation can
be written as

12

A semilog plot of HeN2O
amine and 1000/T should be a straight

line as shown in Figure 1. As expected, HeN2O
DEAB increases
with increasing temperature.17,18 Conversely, the solubility of
N 2 O into pure DEAB solution is found to decrease as the
temperature is increased. Moreover, Figure 1 also compares
He N2O in pure DEAB with that in water, pure monoethanolamine (MEA), and pure methyldiethanolamine (MDEA). It
was found that He N2O in pure DEAB is lower than that
in water but higher than that in MEA and MDEA. The
predictive correlation for HeN2O
DEAB can be established
as



2460:3
7
HeN2 O
DEAB 1:1876  10 exp
13
T

ln HeN2 O
Solution xH2 O ln HeN2 O
H2 O

xDEAB ln HeN2 O
DEAB
xH2 O xDEAB A0 A1 2xDEAB
1
A2 2xDEAB
12 A3 2xDEAB
13

The predicted values were found to t well with the experimental values with an absolute average deviation (AAD)
of 3.6%.
3.2. N2O Solubility in Aqueous DEAB Solutions. The
solubility measurements of aqueous DEAB solutions were done
over the temperature range of 298
343 K and the concentration
range of 0.68
3.77 M. The results are shown in Table 2 and
plotted in Figure 2. It can be observed that HeN2O increases with
increasing temperature and decreases with increasing DEAB
concentration. Conversely, the N2O solubility into aqueous
DEAB solution is found to decrease with increasing temperature
and increases with increasing DEAB concentration.

A4 2xDEAB
14 

16

A i is the temperature-dependent coefficient which can be

determined for a specific temperature by regression analysis
using the NLREG program. It was found that the predicted
results from the Redlich
Kister equation correlate reasonably well with the experimental results with an AAD of 1.7%.
3.2.3. Polynomial Model. It was mentioned by Versteeg and
van Swaaij18 that the polynomial model can be used to predict the
N2O solubility of aqueous solutions of dimethylmonoethanolamine
(DMMEA), DEA, triethanolamine (TEA), monoisopropanolamine
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Figure 4. Diusivity of N2O in aqueous DEAB solutions; solid lines are

calculated from the semiempirical model in eq 21.

Figure 3. Parity chart comparing experimental and predicted results of

N2O solubility of aqueous DEAB solutions.

Table 5. Viscosity of Aqueous DEAB Solution at Various

DEAB Concentrations and Temperatures

Table 4. Diusivity of N2O in Aqueous DEAB Solutions

concentration (M)

temp. (K)

diusivity (109 m2/s)

1.0

298

1.89

1.0
1.0

308
318

2.16
2.49

concentration of DEAB (M)

298 K

308 K

318 K

1.0

2.39

1.68

1.20

2.0

298

1.04

2.0

4.53

3.05

2.06

2.0

308

1.31

2.5

5.99

3.98

2.64

2.0

318

1.59

2.5

298

0.68

2.5

308

0.91

2.5

318

1.22

viscosity (mPa s)

polynomial model does not deal with estimation of the solubility

of N2O in water and pure DEAB. Also, the experimental N2O
solubility in aqueous DEAB solutions appears to be a polynomial
function with respect to the DEAB concentration as shown in
Figure 2. Therefore, the polynomial model was found to provide
a near perfect t between experimental and predicted values.
3.3. N2O Diffusivity in Aqueous DEAB Solutions. The
diffusivity of N2O in aqueous DEAB solutions was measured
by a laminar jet absorber over the temperature range of 298
318 K
and concentration range of 1.0
2.5 M. The experimental values
obtained from this study are shown in Table 4 and plotted in
Figure 4. The results show that the diffusivity increases with
increasing temperature and decreases with increasing DEAB
concentration, which corresponds well with the results of
Tamimi et al.22 and Ko et al.,23 who used water and aqueous
amines solutions of MEA, DEA, DIPA, MDEA, TEA, and AMP.
In order to come up with the predictive model for the
diusivity of N2O at various concentrations and temperatures,
two models that have been used in the literature were applied.
The rst model is the modied Stokes
Einstein model as used
by Versteeg and van Swaaij.18 They found that the modied
Stokes
Einstein model was applicable to estimate the N2O
diusivity into aqueous amine solutions of MEA, DEA, TEA,
MIPA, and DIPA. The second model is the semiempirical model
proposed by Ko et al.23 It has been mentioned that this model
provides a good estimation of the N2O diusivity into aqueous
amine solutions of MEA, DEA, DIPA, MDEA, TEA, and AMP. In
this study, these two models were used to determine which
would provide better predicted results for the N2O diusivity in
aqueous DEAB solutions compared with experimental results.
3.3.1. Modified Stokes
Einstein Model. The N2O diffusivity in
aqueous DEAB solutions depends on both the solvent concentration and the temperature. For the modified Stokes
Einstein

(MIPA), and DIPA. In this study, the polynomial model is defined

as follows
HeN2 O
Solution A0 A1 C A2 C2 A3 C3 A4 C4
17
As mentioned earlier, Ai is the temperature-dependence coefficient
which can be determined for a specific temperature by regression
analysis using the NLREG program. The regression results for Ai
coefficients are shown in Table 3.
The predicted results using the polynomial model are plotted
in Figure 2, where it can be seen that they t perfectly well with
the experimental results. A parity chart that compares the
experimental and predicted results is shown in Figure 3 with
an AAD of 0.1%.
By comparing the three predicting models (the semiempirical
model, Redlich
Kister equation, and polynomial model) for
N2O solubility in aqueous DEAB solutions, it can be concluded
that the polynomial model provides the best t among the three
as shown in Figure 3. It can be seen that all three predicted
models (semiempirical model, Redlich
Kister equation, and
polynomial model) take both concentration and temperature
into account as shown in eqs 14, 16, and 17, respectively. In
addition, both the semiempirical model and the Redlich
Kister
equation consider the N2O solubility in water and pure DEAB in
the models as presented in eqs 14 and 16, respectively. However,
both models do not work very well for aqueous DEAB system.
This is due to the deviation caused by estimation of the solubility of N2O in water and pure DEAB. On the other hand, the
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It is generally accepted that the N2O diusivity in aqueous

DEAB solutions depends on both the solvent concentration and
the temperature. For the semiempirical model, the N2O diusivity correlates directly with both solvent concentration and
temperature, resulting in a good prediction as presented in
Figures 4 and 5. However, the modied Stokes
Einstein model
correlates the N2O diusivity with the concentration and temperature via the viscosity, resulting in the large deviation observed in Figure 5. This could be because the aqueous solution of
DEAB behaves dierently from the Stokes
Einstein relation.

4. CONCLUSIONS
1 The solubility of N2O in pure DEAB solvent decreases as
the temperature is increased. HeN2O
DEAB can be calculated
using a predictive model (eq 13) with an AAD of 3.6%.
2 N2O solubility into aqueous DEAB solution decreases with
increasing temperature and increases with increasing DEAB
concentration. HeN2O
Solution can be estimated using a
polynomial model (eq 17) with an AAD of 0.1%.
3 Diusivity into aqueous DEAB solution increases with
increasing temperature and decreases with increasing
DEAB concentration. Diusivity can be calculated using a
semiempirical model (eq 21) with an AAD of 3.4%.

Figure 5. Parity chart comparing experimental and predicted results of

N2O diusivity in aqueous DEAB solutions.

model, the dependence of N2O diffusivity on the concentration and

temperature are described in terms of the viscosity (; Pa s). For
various aqueous amine solutions18 the modified Stokes
Einstein
model can be written as
DN2 O 3 0:8 Constant

18

The viscosity of aqueous DEAB solution was calculated based on

the results of Maneeintr et al.21 The viscosities of aqueous DEAB
solution are presented in Table 5. By determining the constant
value in eq 18 using the NLREG program, the modified
Stokes
Einstein model was found to be
DN2 O 3 0:8 1:219  10
11

19

It was found that the predicted results from modied

Stokes
Einstein model do not t well with the experimental
results with an AAD of 10.2%.
3.3.2. Semiempirical Model. The semiempircal model for N2O
diffusivity of aqueous amine solution was proposed by Ko et al.23
The model also takes both concentration and temperature into
account as shown in eq 20


b3 b4 C
20
DN2 O b0 b1 C b2 C2 exp
T
After regression analysis using the NLREG program, the predictive correlation for the diffusivity of N2O in aqueous DEAB
solution can be written as
DN2 O 4:64  10
8 8:74  10
8 C



9:5
3:81C

8
2
2:86  10 C exp
T
21
The predicted results are shown in Figure 4 as solid lines. It can
be seen that the predicted values fit well with the experimental
values. This can also be confirmed by a parity chart as presented
in Figure 5 with an AAD of 3.4%.
After determining the predictive models for N2O diusivity of
aqueous DEAB solutions, the modied Stokes
Einstein model
and semiempirical model, it is clear that the semiempirical model
provides better estimated results. This can also be conrmed by
the parity chart of Figure 5.

AUTHOR INFORMATION
Corresponding Author

*Tel.: 306-585-4470. Fax: 306-585-4855. E-mail: Raphael.idem@

uregina.ca.

ACKNOWLEDGMENT
Financial support from the International Test Centre for CO2
Capture (ITC) at the University of Regina and the Natural Sciences
and Engineering Research Council of Canada (NSERC) is gratefully
acknowledged.
NOMENCLATURE
Ai = temperature-dependence coecient
AMP = 2-amino-2-methyl-1-propanol
C = concentration, mol/L
Ce* = equilibrium concentration of gas at interface, mol/L
CN2O = concentration of N2O at equilibrium, mol/cm3
D = diusivity of gas in liquid, cm2/s
DCO2
amine = diusivity of CO2 in aqueous amine solution,
cm2/s
DN2O
amine = diusivity of N2O in aqueous amine solution,
cm2/s
DCO2
H2O = diusivity of CO2 in water, cm2/s
DN2O
H2O = diusivity of N2O in water, cm2/s
DEA = diethanolamine
DEAB = 4-(diethylamino)-2-butanol
DIPA = diisopropanolamine
DMMEA = dimethylmonoethanolamine
h = jet height, cm
HeN2O = solubility of N2O, kPa m3/kmol
HeCO2
amine = solubility of CO2 in aqueous amine solution, kPa
m3/kmol
HeN2O
amine = solubility of N2O in aqueous amine solution, kPa
m3/kmol
HeN2O
DEAB = solubility of N2O in pure DEAB, kPa m3/kmol
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HeCO2
H2O = solubility of CO2 in water, kPa m3/kmol

HeN2O
H2O = solubility of N2O in water, kPa m3/kmol
L = liquid ow rate, cm3/s
MDEA = methyldiethanolamine
MEA = monethanolamine
MIPA = monoisopropanolamine
nN2O = mole of N2O was fed to the stirred reactor, mol
ngN2O = mole of N2O in gas phase at equilibrium, mol
nlN2O = mole of N2O in liquid phase at equilibrium, mol
P = pressure, kPa
PN2O = partial pressure of N2O, kPa
PV = vapor pressure, kPa
PT = equilibrium pressure, kPa
R = gas constant, kPa L/mol K
RA = rate of CO2 absorption, mol/s
t = temperature, C
T = temperature, K
TEA = triethanolamine
Vg = volume of gas container, L
Vl = volume of liquid in container, L
ZN2O = compressibility factors

(14) Peng, D.; Robinson, D. B. A new two-constant equation of

state. Ind. Eng. Chem. Fundam. 1976, 15, 59.
(15) Al-Ghawas, H. A.; Ruiz-Ibanez, G.; Sandall, O. C. Absorption of
carbonyl sulphide in aqueous methyldiethanolamine. Chem. Eng. Sci.
1989, 44, 631.
(16) Aboudheir, A.; Tontiwachwuthikul, P.; Chakma, A.; Idem, R. A
novel design for the nozzle of laminar jet absorber. Ind. Eng. Chem. Res.
2004, 43, 2568.
(17) Wang, Y. W.; Xu, S.; Otto, F. D.; Mather, A. E. Solubility of N2O
in alkanolamines and in mixed solvents. Chem. Eng. J. 1992, 48, 31.
(18) Versteeg, G. F.; van Swaaij, W. P. M. Solubility and diusivity of
acid gases (CO2, N2O) in aqueous alkanolamine solutions. J. Chem. Eng.
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oxide in aqueous alkanolamine solutions. J. Chem. Eng. Data 2001, 46,
160.

Greek Letters

DEAB = volume fraction of DEAB

H2O = volume fraction of water
= viscosity, Pa s

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