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Multiplexing & Demultiplexing

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Multiplexing Principles
Transmitting two or more signals simultaneously
can be accomplished by running multiple cables
or setting up one transmitter-receiver pair for
each channel, but this is an expensive approach.
A single cable or radio link can handle multiple
signals simultaneously using a technique known
as multiplexing.
Multiplexing permits hundreds or even
thousands of signals to be combined and
transmitted over a single medium.
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Multiplexing Principles
Multiplexing is the process of simultaneously
transmitting two or more individual signals
over a single communication channel.
It increases the number of communication
channels so that more information can be
transmitted.
An application may require multiple signals.
Cost savings can be gained by using a single
channel to send multiple information signals.
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Multiplexing Principles
Four communication applications that would
be prohibitively expensive or impossible
without multiplexing are:
1.
2.
3.
4.

Telephone systems
Telemetry
Satellites
Broadcasting (radio and TV)

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Multiplexing Principles

Fig. 10-1: Concept of multiplexing.

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Multiplexing Principles
The two most common types of multiplexing
are
1. Frequency-division multiplexing (FDM)

Generally used for analog information.

Individual signals to be transmitted are assigned a
different frequency within a common bandwidth.

2. Time-division multiplexing (TDM)

Generally used for digital information.

Multiple signals are transmitted in different time
slots on a single channel.

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Multiplexing Principles
Another form of multiple access is known as
code-division multiple access (CDMA).
Widely used in cell phone systems to allow many
subscribers to use a common bandwidth
simultaneously.
Uses special codes assigned to each user that can
be identified.

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10-3: Time-Division Multiplexing

Figure 10-12: The basic TDM concept.

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Time-Division Multiplexing
PAM Multiplexer
The simplest time multiplexer operates like a singlepole multiple-position mechanical or electronic
switch.
It rapidly, sequentially samples multiple analog inputs.
The switch arm dwells momentarily on each contact.
This allows the input signal to be passed to the
output.
It then switches quickly to the next channel, allowing
that channel to pass for a fixed duration.
The remaining channels are sampled in the same way.

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Time-Division Multiplexing

Figure 10-14: Simple rotary-switch multiplexer.

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Time-Division Multiplexing
PAM Multiplexer
Four different analog signals can be sampled by a
PAM multiplexer. In the following slide of Figure
10-15:
Signals A and C are continuously varying analog signals.
Signal B is a positive-going linear ramp.
Signal D is a constant DC voltage.

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Time-Division Multiplexing

Figure 10-15: Four-channel PAM

time-division multiplexer.

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Time-Division Multiplexing
PAM Multiplexer: Commutator Switches
Multiplexers in early TDM/PAM telemetry systems
used a form of rotary switch known as a commutator.
One complete revolution of the commutator switch is
referred to as a frame. During one frame, each input
channel is sampled one time.
The number of frames completed in 1 second is called
the frame rate.
Multiplying the frame rate by the number of samples
per frame yields the commutation rate or multiplex
rate, which is the basic frequency of the composite
signal transmitted over the communication channel.

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Time-Division Multiplexing
PAM Multiplexer: Electronic Multiplexers
In practical TDM/PAM systems, electronic circuits
are used instead of mechanical switches or
commutators.
The multiplexer itself is usually implemented with
FETs.
FETs are nearly ideal on/off switches and can turn
off and on at very high speeds.
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Time-Division Multiplexing

Figure 10-16: A time-division multiplexer used to produce pulse-amplitude modulation.

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Time-Division Multiplexing
Demultiplexer Circuits
Once the composite signal is received, it must be
demodulated and demultiplexed.
The signal is picked up by the receiver.
The signal is sent to an FM demodulator that
recovers the original PAM data.
The PAM signal is then demultiplexed into the
original analog signals.

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Time-Division Multiplexing

Figure 10-18: A PAM demultiplexer.

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Time-Division Multiplexing
Demultiplexer Circuits

The main problem encountered in demultiplexing

is synchronization.
For the PAM signal to be accurately
demultiplexed, the clock frequencies at the
receiver demultiplexer and the transmitting
multiplexer must be identical.
The sequence of the demultiplexer must also be
identical to that of the multiplexer.
Such synchronization is usually carried out by a
special synchronizing pulse included as a part of
each frame.

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Time-Division Multiplexing
Demultiplexer Circuits: Clock Recovery and Frame
Synchronization
The clock for a demultiplexer is typically derived from
the received PAM signal through a clock recovery
circuit.
After clock pulses of the proper frequency have been
obtained, the multiplexed channels must be
synchronized.
This synchronization is achieved by using a special
synchronizing (sync) pulse applied to one of the input
channels at the transmitter.
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Time-Division Multiplexing

Figure 10-20: Frame sync pulse and comparator detector.

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Time-Division Multiplexing

Figure 10-21: Complete PAM demultiplexer.

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TDM STANDARD
Digital Carrier Systems
The most widespread use of TDM is in the
telephone system.
Years ago, the telephone companies developed a
complete digital transmission system called the Tcarrier system.
The T-carrier system defines a range of PCM TDM
systems with progressively faster data rates.
The physical implementations of these systems
are referred to as T-1, T-2, T-3, and T-4.
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Transmission Carrier System

T-Carrier Systems, and T-2, T-3, and T-4 Systems
T-1 systems transmit each voice signal at a 64-kbp/s
rate. They are also used to transmit fewer than 24
inputs at a faster rate.
T-2 systems are not widely used except as a stepping
stone to form DS3 signals.
T-1 and T-3 lines are widely used by business and
industry for telephone service as well as for digital
data transmission.
T-2 and T-4 lines are rarely used by subscribers, but
they are used within the telephone system itself.
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DS-1 Digital Type Channel Bank

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DS-1 Digital Type Channel Bank

companding of =100
an eighth bit called signalling bit is added to each
PCM code that serves as a supervision signals and
perform interoffice signalling making the signalling rate
up to 8 kbps
framing bit occurs one per frame (8000 bps rate) and
is recovered at the receiver to maintain frame
synchronization between the transmitter and receiver,
it usually occurs as alternating 1/0 pattern
PCM codes used can be magnitude code but earlier
system uses sign magnitude code which is much better
in terms of performance with less error
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Transmission 1 (T-1) STANDARD

T-1 Systems
- can be referred to a system that is line encoded
and placed on special condition table
The most commonly used PCM system is the T-1
system for transmitting telephone conversations by
high-speed digital links.
The T-1 system multiplexes 24 voice channels onto a
single line using TDM techniques.
Each serial digital word (8-bit words, 7 bits of
magnitude, and 1 bit representing polarity) from the
24 channels is transmitted sequentially.
Each frame is sampled at an 8-kHz rate, producing a
125-s sampling interval.

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Transmission 1 (T-1) STANDARD

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Transmission 1 (T-1) STANDARD

Combine PCM and TDM technique for short haul transmission of 24
channels at 64 kbps capable of carrying digitally coded voice-band
telephone signal or data.
North America digital multiplexing standard recognized as
Recommendation G.733 by the ITU-T
The bandwidth for each channel is 300-3000 Hz
The line speed for a T1 carrier is 1.544 Mbps including the 8 bit framing
bit.
The length typically range from about 1 mile to over 50 mile
Use BPRZ-AMI encoding with regenerative repeaters placed every 3000,
6000 or 9000 feet.
The transmission medium used is generally 19- to 22-gauge twisted-pair
metallic cable
In order to be considered as T1 carrier system, the DS1 output from the
multiplexer called DS1 (first level digital signal) should be line coded and
be placed on a special conditioned cables called T1 carrier.

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T-2 Carrier System (Super Frame TDM)

Time division multiplexed 96 voice or date

channels at 64kbps into a single 6.312-Mbps
data signal transmission
uses a twisted-pair copper wire up to 500
miles over a special LOCAP (low capacitance)
metallic cable
uses BPRZ-AMI encoding with a more critical
clock synchronization
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T-2 Carrier System (Super Frame TDM)

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T-2 Carrier System (Super Frame TDM)

Applied to modern channel bank wherein the a signalling bit is substituted
only into the least significant bit of the sixth frame
This makes the five of every six frames have an 8-bit resolution, while
making the sixth frame (signalling frame) have a 7-bit resolution
Signalling rate per channel becomes 1.333kbps (8000bps/6) and the bits
per sample is 75/6.
The frames should be numbered in order for the receiver to knows when
to extract the signalling bit
The most and least significant bit of the signalling word should also be
identified
The signalling bit is found is substituted in the most significant bit into
frame 6 and the least significant bit into the frame 12
The odd numbered frames are used for frame and sample synchronization
The even numbered frames are used to identify the A- and B- channel
signalling frames where: frame 6 is identified by a 0/1 transition in the
framing bit between frames 4 and 6 and frame 12 is identified by a 1/0
transition in the framing bit between 10 and 12.
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Extended Super Frame Format

Consists of 24 193-bit frames for a total of 4623

bits of which 24 are framing bits
Frame sync bits ; 4, 8, 12, 16, 20, 24 with bit
sequence of 001011
CRC-6 Error detection bits ; 1, 5, 9, 13, 17, 21
Management channel called facilities data link
(fdl); 2,3,6,7,10,11,14,1518,19,22,23
Signaling bits is on the 2nd least significant bit of
each channel every 6th frame
Signaling bit A for frame 6, signaling bit B for
frame 12, signaling bit C for frame 18, signaling
bit D for frame 24
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Extended Super Frame Format

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Fractional T-Carriers

- distributes the channels in a standard T1 system among

other user, allowing several subscriber to share one T1 line Bits offered are :a] 64 kbps (1 Cha) b] 128 kbps (2 cha)
c] 256 kbps (4 cha) d] 384 kbps (6 cha)
e] 512 kbps (8 cha) f] 768 kbps (12cha)
most common are: a] 384 kbps ( T1)
b] 768 ( T1)
The minimum data rate needed to propagate video
information is 384 kbps
DSU/CSU ( Data Service Unit/Channel Service Unit)
A digital interface that provides the physical connection to a
digital carrier network
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Fractional T-Carriers

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FREQUENCY DIVISION MULTIPLEXING

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Frequency Division Multiplexing

Multiple sources that originally occupied the
same frequency spectrum are each converted
to a different frequency band and transmitted
simultaneously over a single transmission
medium
An analog multiplexing scheme; information
entering the FDM system is analog and
remains analog

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Frequency Division Multiplexing

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AT&T FDM HIERARCHY

Subdivided into two classification:
A. Short Haul (short distances) example T-1
carrier
B. Long Haul (long distances) -

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AT&T FDM HIERARCHY

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The Message Channel

basic building block of the FDM hierarchy
Utilize voice band frequencies of 0-4kHz
Called the 3002 channel bandlimited to
approx 300Hz 3kHz
Can be subdivided into 24 narrower band
called 3001 (telegraph) channels

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The Basic Group

First multiplexing steps in combining message
channel
Consists of 12 VB channel multiplexed
together
Occupies a bandwith of (4kHz x 12 channels)
48kHz
Called an A-type channel bank that becomes a
standard building block in long haul
broadband communication channel
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The Basic Supergroup

Formed by frequency-division multiplexing
five groups
each group containing 12 channels each for a
combined bandwidth of 240 kHz

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The Basic Mastergroup

Formed by frequency-division multiplexing 10
supergroups together
Forming a capacity of 600 voice-band message
channel and occupying a bandwith of 2.4MHz
Three mastergroup are frequency-division
multiplex together and placed in a microwave
satelite or radio channel with a capacity of
1800VB channels and a combined bandwidth
of 7.2MHz
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Larger Groupings
Jumbogroups = 3600 VB channels
Multijumbogroups = 7200 VB channels
Superjumbogroups = 10,800 VB channels

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Formation of a Group
Each voice channel is bandlimited with an
anti-aliasing fliter prior to modulating the
channel carrier
Uses a single sideband suppressed carrier
(SSBSC) modulation using the combination of
balance modulator and bandpass filter
Tuned to the difference between the carrier
frequency and the input voice band frequency
(LSB)
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Formation of a Group
The carrier frequency of the channel bank is
determined from:
Fc = 112 4n ; kHz where; N=channel number

The output of the channel bandpass filter is

F(out) = (Fc 4kHz) to Fc

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Formation of a Group

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Formation of a Supergroup
Formed by combining five groups with a
frequency spectrum 60 kHz to 108 kHz for
each group
Mixed with different carrier frequency in a
balance modulator and bandlimited by with a
bandpass filter tuned to the difference in
frequency

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Formation of a Supergroup

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Formation of a Supergroup

The group Carrier is determined by:

Fc = 372 + 48n ; khz
The output of the bandpass filter is :
F(out) = ( fc 108kHz) to (fc 60kHz)

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Formation of a Master Group

There are two types of Master Group:
(a) L600 used for low capacity microwave
system
(b) U600 may be further multiplexed and used
for higher capacity microwave radio system

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U600 Mastergroup
formed with a super group bank by combining ten
super group
The frequency spectrum for each supergroup is
312kHz to 552 kHz
The output is bandlimited to the difference
frequency band (LSB) to form Single Sideband
Suppressed Carrier (SSBSC)
Mathematically, the output frequency is
F(out) = fc fs Where :
fc= carrier frequency
fs= 312 kHz to 552 kHz
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U600 Carrier Frequencies

Supergroup

Carrier Frequency (kHz)

13

1116

14

1364

15

1612

16

1860

17

2108

18

2356

D25

2652

D26

2900

D27

3148

D28

3396

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U600 Mastergroup
A. Block Diagram

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U600 Mastergroup
B. Output Spectrum

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U600 Guardband
void band of frequencies that is not included within any
supergroup band
Necessary because the demultiplexing process is
accomplished through filtering and down-converting
Without guardband, it would be difficult to separate
one supergroup from adjacent supergroup
8 kHz of Guardband between all supergroups except 18
and D25
56 kHz between 18 and D25
Reduce the quality factor, bandwidth increases from
(600x4kHz) = 2400kHz to 2520kHz (564 kHz-3084kHz
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Channel Guardband

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L600 Mastergroup
10 supergroup are combined
The composite baseband spectrum occupies a
lower-frequency band than U-type mastergroup
Cannot be further multiplexed with a maximum
channel capacity of 600 VB channel
Mathematically, the output frequency is
F(out) = fc fs Where :
fc= carrier frequency
fs= 312 kHz to 552 kHz

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L600 Carrier Frequencies

Supergroup

Carrier Frequency (kHz)

612

Direct

1116

1384

1612

1860

2108

2356

2724

10

3100

60

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L600 Mastergroup
B. Output Spectrum

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Formation of a Radio Channel

Comprises either a single L600 Mastergroup or up to three
U600 Mastergroup or (1800 voice-band channels)
For transmission over a single microwave radio channel
Mastergroup 1 is transmitted directly
Mastergroup 2 and Mastergroup 3 undergo a multiplexing
step
Additional 312-kHz to 552-kHz supergroup extends the
composite output spectrum from 312 kHz to 8284kHz
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Radio Channel
A. Block Diagram

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Radio Channel
B. Bandwidth Spectrum

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