Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Future Time
GRAMMAR
IN CONTENT
El Read and listen to the passage below. The words in bold are verb forms expressing future tIme.
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24
LESSON 3
GRAMMAR
n El
IN
CONTENT
Read and listen to the passage below. The words in bold are perfect modals.
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A Lesson In Obedlence
on purpose: intentionally
64
LESSON 7
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GRAMMAR
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IN
CONTENT
Read and listen to the passage below. The words in bold are phrases with gerunds or
infinitives as subjects.
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behavior
86
LESSON 9
Sequentlal Connectors
n
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GRAMMAR
IN
CONTENT
El Read and listen to the passage below. The words in bold in the text are sequential
4
connectors.
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to fret: to wo rry
124
LESSON 12
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Connectors
O, Causallty
GRAMMAR IN CONTENT
El Read and listen to the passage below. The words In bold in the text are connectors of
causality.
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injury
or damage
Celce-Murcia, M. (2009). Grammar Connection:
Structure
Though Content.
Estados Unidos de America: Tomson Heinle.
132
LES SON 13
Elllpals
GRAMMAR IN
CONTENT
El Read and listen to the passage below. The words in bold are phrases in which the author
omitted repetitious words.
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144
LESSON 14
Lesson
History o"
Philosophy o"
Science
CONTENT
VOCABULA R Y
Look up the words below that you do not know and enter them in your voeabulary journal.
Write eaeh word's part of speeeh, a definition, and an example sentenee. Try to inelude them
in your diseussion and writing below.
THINK
an artery
to determine
a hypothesis
a phenomenon
a blood vein
empiricism
to incorporate
to pursue
a breakthrough
a f igure
logic
a sub stance
ABOUT
IT
During the 15005 and 16005, many important inventions enabled seientists to diseover
and understand natural phenomena. Brainstorm 2-3 inventions from these eenturies with a
elassmate.
In your writing journal, write for 5-10 minutes about the questions below. When you are
finished, share your ideas with the elass.
During the 1500s and 1600s, scientist s changed the way tha t people understood the
universe and our world. Sorne ofthese pioneers were Galileo, Isaac Newton , and Linnaeu s.
Do you know what any of these scientist s wer e fa mous for? Wha t wer e sorne irnportant
scientific ideas frorn this period?
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GRAMMAR
n' 4 a
IN
CONTENT
Read and listen to the passage below. The words in bold are nonrestrictive relative
clauses.
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alchemy: a mystical philosophy that sought to understand how materials may be chemically combined
to disseminate: to spread, especially ideas and information
elllptical: in an oval shape
188
LESSON 18
GRAMMAR
n El
IN
CONTENT
Read and listen to the passage below. The words in bold are relative adverbial clauses.
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200
LESSON 19
Partlelples as AdJectlves
n
\
GRAMMAR
IN
CONTENT
El Read and listen to the passage below. The words in bold are participles that function as
adjectives.
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Bounceability
An important property of the balls used in different types of ball games is the amount of energy they retain
after bouncing off a surface such as golf club or tennis racket. In everyday speech people talk about the
"bounce of the ball." A professional golf player can sometimes be observed to check the bounce of his ball by
bouncing it on a smooth surface before starting a golf game. Scientists measure the "bounceability" of a ball by
means of a quantity defined as the coefficient of restitution.
The term restitution comes from two Latin roots: "re" meaning again and "stature," to make, to stand (hence
the word statue). To make restitution then literally means to resto re an object or a situation to its original
condition. We all know from experience how the return height of a bouncing ball decays with repeated bounces
as shown in Figure 1. The fact that the ball fails to reach its original release height is a failure of the system to
achieve restitution of the original height. The coefficient of restitution is a quantitative measure of the loss in
height at each bounce. When released from the same height, a ball made of material with a low coefficient of
restitution would not bounce back to the height achieved by a ball with a higher coefficient of restitution.
The term coefficient came into use in science when scientists were measuring many properties of materials
and listing these measured properties before theories were known. The word was coined by joining "co,"
which means together, and "efficient," which originally meant capable of doing something. Efficient came from
the Latin root words ex, meaning "out," and facere, meaning "to make." Thus, if we knew the coefficient of
restitution, we would know how things worked together to make the ball bounce (See Figure 1.). Scientists
exploring the properties of different materials would make balls of all sorts of different materials and measure
the bounce of each ball. They would then
a) Figure 1
plot the coefficient of restitution against
The coefficient of restitution (a)
the substance in the ball. For example,
equals
the square root of the
when the early manufacturers of golf
rebound height (h 2 ) divided by the
balls experimented with how tightly they
original height (h 1 ).
wound the elastic thread around the
central core, they found that the tighter
they wound the thread, the higher the
coefficient of restitution of the bouncing
ball. These better bouncing balls are
called high compression balls.
We will meet the coefficient of
restitution in any game where the ball is
hit with a bat or a racket or when the ball
bounces off a wall or other hard surfaces
(See Figure 2.). When we bounce an
ordinary rubber ball off a surface, we
learn through experience that if we wish
to catch the ball at the same height at
which we release the ball from our own
hand, we must give a ball a little bit of
extra energy as we throw it down on the
surface. This means we release the ball
from our hand traveling at the speed
it would have gathered if it had been
released from a greater height. Then the
first bounce will reach the position of our
hand.
222
LESSON 21
Symbolically:
-.
b) Figure 2
Falling
-o
I Rebound
No
Rebound
Perfectly Elastic
e.g., Steel on Steel
Partially Inelastic
e.g., Rubber Ball
Completely Inelastic
e.g., Egg
Participles as Adjectives
Sample Sentences
Notes
an emotion:
After the golfers asked the whispering spectators to
keep quiet, the surprised onlookers left.
a rolling ball
emotion:
Such deformed balls don't fly straight when they're
an injured person
hit.
a disappointed person
disappointment
student,
a never-ending problem)
holes, or dimples.
Professional golfers are not allowed to use balls with
self-correcting action.
alarm
bewilder
disturb
frighten
amaze
bore
embarrass
insult
puzzle
annoy
comfort
encourage
interest
shock
astonish
convince
excite
mislead
tire
Read over your journal entry, and underline at least one sentenee that you can revise to
inelude a partieiple that funetions as an adjeetive. Write your revised sentenee(s) below.
Part One
Participles as Adjectlves
223
GRAMMAR
IN
CONTENT
Il Read and listen to the passage below. The words in bold are clauses with participial
complements.
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Seeing Is Believing
During the last decade, documentaries have done very well
at the box office. Films such as Bowling for Columbine and
March of the Penguins have earned millions of dollars and have
garnered prestigious awards in the film industry. Titles of other
popular documentaries from the big screen or from TV may come
to mind, but the majority of such films rarely match the drawing
power of Hollywood-style movies. That is not to say, however, that
documentary films lack power or influence.
Before filmmaking even began, photographs of historie events
and of nature could capture the attention and imagination of the
public. Through photographs, people could see what their eyes
were not able to otherwise perceive. A famous example is the
galloping horse of Eadweard Muybridge. By the 1880s, he was
A photo-sequence by the filmmaker
able to project photos of the horse on a screen so quickly that
Eadweard Muybridge.
viewers perceived the horse galloping. Of course, on each frame a
viewer could only see the horse step or lift its feet. Since those days, some documentary-makers have explored
our natural world in much more detail and have caught animals hunting, protecting their territory, and taking care
of their young on film.
In the 1920s, American filmmaker Robert Flaherty made the first two documentary films: Nanook of the North
and Moana. Each of these films explored the lives of people in remote areas of the world. While in northeastern
Canada exploring for minerals, Flaherty had come in contact with Eskimos and made friends. On film, Nanook
and other Eskimos were observed fishing, paddling their kayaks, hunting seals through the ice, and building
igloos. In the second film, Flaherty brought the world of Moana and his Polynesian family to American audiences,
who watched these islanders preparing for Moana's initiation rites. Although these documentaries lacked story
lines and portrayed real people quite different from American moviegoers, the films were very well-received.
As filmmakers in North America and Europe explored this form of visual expression, many found a new
purpose for their efforts: recording their subjects to elicit reactions or actions among the viewers. From this
point of view, the audience should leave the movie house thinking about their own actions or attitudes. For
example, after seeing Super Size Me, many people have reconsidered the amount of fast food that they should
eat. That 98-minute film did more to change attitudes about eating fast food than all the warnings of doctors
and nutritionists!
Informative and educational, documentaries should, therefore, do more than interest and entertain uso Some
of them are intended to reflect the lives of real people or other living things on our planet so that audience
members can extend their horizons and develop an understanding or sympathy for foreign or exotic things. Other
films function as a "call to arms," in other words, a visual stimulus to change the status quo.
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the box office: the place to buy tickets at a theater or stadium; the total income from ticket sales
a story line: the plot or story
to garner: to get, to win
234
LESSON 22
n
~
GRAMMAR IN
CONTENT
Read and listen to the passage below. The words in bold in the text are infinitive or gerund
phrases used for reporting speech.
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254
LESSON 24
GRAMMAR IN CONTENT
n a
\
Read and listen to the passage below. The sentences in bold in the text are sentences
with if clauses that express an unreal, or counterfactual, condition in the pasto
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High-Tech ID
When Maureen Patterson and her business partner Brenda
O' Nei11 used to head for the airport, they would check to be sure
that their tickets and passports were readily available. Even
though they only traveled to Montreal to meet with clients, the
women knew that after 9/11, American passengers with passports
generally re-ente red the U.S. more easily than those with only their
driver's licenses. They had learned the hard way: one time Ms.
O'Neill had actually missed their return flight to Chicago because
of the delays in her line at the security checkpoint. If she had
taken her passport along, she could probably have avolded that
Inconvenience. Later, the laws were changed, making passports
obligatory for U.S. air travelers to Canada . Now the women always travel with proper ID.
Since 9/11, officials have been searching for ways to ensure the security of U.S. identification documents.
If the 9/ 11 terrorists hadn't obtalned fake lOs, they wouldn't have been able to enter the United Sta tes and
the attack could have been averted. At least that is the rationale for law enforcement and security officials at
the state and federal levels who have been adapting various technologies to protect citizens' identities. The
appropriate government agencies wouldn't have developed new verslons of drivers' IIcenses and passports so
qUlckly if the technology hadn't existed in other forms before this need arose.
In contrast to older forms of ID, new cards or documents have to be machine readable. Most driver's
licenses, for example, have had bar codes or magnetic strips for some time. With either, the license meets
the new, more rigorous standard for IDs. The computer chips that are embedded in these "smart cards" have
to make contact with a scanning device to make the encoded information accessible. A more controversial
method of adding "machine-readability" is to incorporate radio frequency ID (RFID) in a license or passport.
This technology has been used for years in stickers that commuters have on their windshields to pass through
highway tollbooths without stopping to payo Since the sticker, or in this case a passport or license , can be read
from a distance, the identification of vehicles or passengers can be confirmed speedily, and foot or vehicular
traffic flows more smoothly. Had this technology been available in 2001, airport security officers could have
spotted some problems with the biometric data in the IDs of the terrorists and would have used additional
methods to verify their identities or their status.
Critics of the new ID technologies fear that anyone with such RFID cards or documents will be in greater
danger of identity theft. If hackers manage to compromise the system, they could have access not only to a
person's passport number and date of birth, but other private information as well.
292
LES SON 27
PART ONE
Condltionals: ConJunctions
B GRAMMAR
n
~
IN
CONTENT
El Read and listen to the passage below. The words in bold in the text are clauses that are
4
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304
LES SON 28
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Noun Complementa
GRAMMAR IN CONTENT
El Read and listen to the passage below. The words in bold in the text are complements of
I
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LESSON 29
Sociology of Sports