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Lecture By:
Dr. Walid A. M. Ghoneim,
Associate Professor in Electrical Engineering
Electrical Engineering and Control Department
College of Engineering and Technology
Arab Academy for Science, Technology and Maritime Transport
1 Introduction:
A transformer is a device constructed from magnetically
coupled coils.
Types of Coupling:
Electrical (connected in series, parallel, common point)
Mechanical (flange, belt, gears, ...)
Magnetic (mutual flux between two electrically isolated coils)
1 Introduction:
To increase the coupling between the coils, they are wound on a
common core.
Types of Cores:
Nonmagnetic material, the transformer is called an air-core
transformer.
Ferromagnetic material with relatively high permeability, the
transformer is called an iron core transformer.
1 Introduction:
A time-varying current in one coil sets up a time-varying flux in
the core. E(t) = N . [d(t)/dt]
Due to core high permeability, most of the flux links the other
coil and induces a time-varying emf (voltage) in that coil:
The frequency of the induced emf in the other coil is the same
as that of the current in the first coil.
If the other coil is connected to a load, the induced emf in the
coil establishes a current in it.
Thus, the power is transferred from one coil to the other via the
magnetic flux in the core.
The coil connected to the source is called the primary winding.
The coil connected to the load is called the secondary winding.
Either winding may be connected to the source and/or the load.
1 Introduction:
Classification according to applications: E is proportional to N
1. Step-up: N2 > N1 so E2 > E1 and I2 < I1
Used in power stations, to transfer power through long distances
by connecting a high-voltage transmission line to a low-voltage
generator.
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
Thus,
V1 / V2 = N1 / N2 = a (6)
(7)
(8)
(9)
5 Transformer Ratings:
The nameplate of a transformer provides information on the
apparent power S and the voltages of windings V1 and V2.
From the nameplate data of a 5-kVA, 500/250-V, step-down
transformer, we conclude the following:
1. The full-load, continuously delivered power or nominal power
rating of the transformer is 5 kVA.
2. The (nominal) primary voltage is V1 = 500 V and the (nominal)
secondary voltage is V2 = 250 V.
3. The nominal magnitudes of the primary and the secondary
currents at full load are:
I1 = S / V1 = 5000 / 500 = 10 A
I2 = S / V2 = 5000 / 250 = 20 A