TRANSFORMERS

Ideal

Lecture By:
Dr. Walid A. M. Ghoneim,
Associate Professor in Electrical Engineering
Electrical Engineering and Control Department
College of Engineering and Technology
Arab Academy for Science, Technology and Maritime Transport

1 Introduction:
A transformer is a device constructed from magnetically
coupled coils.
Types of Coupling:
Electrical (connected in series, parallel, common point)
Mechanical (flange, belt, gears, ...)
Magnetic (mutual flux between two electrically isolated coils)

A transformer is formed by arranging two electrically isolated

coils in such a way that the time-varying flux (t) due to one of
them induces an (emf) in the other.
According to Faradays law of Induction: E(t) = N . [d(t)/dt]
This is why the transformer operates only with A.C. Voltages
and Currents.
For good coupling and efficient operation, we need to
MAXIMISE the MUTUAL FLUX between the coils.

1 Introduction:
To increase the coupling between the coils, they are wound on a
common core.
Types of Cores:
Nonmagnetic material, the transformer is called an air-core
transformer.
Ferromagnetic material with relatively high permeability, the
transformer is called an iron core transformer.

A highly permeable magnetic core ensures that:

(a) almost all the flux created by one coil links the other
(b) the reluctance of the magnetic path is low.

This results in the most efficient operation of a transformer.

1 Introduction:
A time-varying current in one coil sets up a time-varying flux in
the core. E(t) = N . [d(t)/dt]
Due to core high permeability, most of the flux links the other
coil and induces a time-varying emf (voltage) in that coil:
The frequency of the induced emf in the other coil is the same
as that of the current in the first coil.
If the other coil is connected to a load, the induced emf in the
coil establishes a current in it.
Thus, the power is transferred from one coil to the other via the
magnetic flux in the core.
The coil connected to the source is called the primary winding.
The coil connected to the load is called the secondary winding.
Either winding may be connected to the source and/or the load.

1 Introduction:
Classification according to applications: E is proportional to N
1. Step-up: N2 > N1 so E2 > E1 and I2 < I1
Used in power stations, to transfer power through long distances
by connecting a high-voltage transmission line to a low-voltage
generator.

2. Step-down: N2 < N1 so E2 < E1 and I2 > I1

Distribution Transformers (power in the form of low voltage and
high current)
Welding and Home appliances.

3. Isolation Transformer: N2 = N1 so E2 = E1 and I2 = I1

Galvanic Isolation (protection against faults)
D.C. Blocking: that is, if the input voltage on the primary side
consists of both dc and ac components, the voltage on the
secondary side will be purely ac in nature.

2 Construction of the Transformer:

To minimize core losses, the core of a transformer is built up of
thin laminations of highly permeable ferromagnetic
material such as silicon-sheet steel.
The lamination's thickness varies from 0.014 to 0.024 inch.
A thin coating of varnish is applied to both sides of the
lamination in order to provide high interlamination resistance.

2 Construction of the Transformer:

The process of cutting the laminations to the proper size results
in punching and shearing strains.
These strains cause an increase in the core loss.
In order to remove the punching and shearing strains, the
laminations are subjected to high temperatures in a controlled
environment for some time.
It is known as the annealing process.

2 Construction of the Transformer:

Basically two types of construction are in common use for the
transformers:
Shell-type: the two windings are wound over the same leg of the
magnetic core, as shown in Figure.
Core-type: each winding is evenly split and wound on both legs of
the rectangular core.

2 Construction of the Transformer:

For low power applications with moderate voltage ratings, the
windings may be wound directly on the core of the
transformer.
However, for high-voltage and/or high-power transformers, the
coils are usually form-wound and then assembled over
the core.
Both the core loss (hysteresis and eddy-current loss)
and the copper loss (electrical loss) in a transformer
generate heat, which, in turn, increases the operating
temperature of the transformer and may damage it.
For low-power applications, natural air circulation may be
enough to keep the temperature of the transformer within an
acceptable range.

2 Construction of the Transformer:

If the temperature increase cannot be controlled by natural air
circulation, a transformer may be cooled by continuously
forcing air through its core and windings.
When forced-air circulation is not enough, a transformer may
be immersed in a transformer oil, which carries the heat to
the walls of the containing tank.
In order to increase the radiating surface of the tank, cooling
fins may be welded to the tank or the tank may be built from
corrugated sheet steel.

3 The IDEAL Transformer:

A two-winding transformer with each winding acting as a part
of a separate electric circuit is shown in Figure.
Let N, and N2 be the number of turns in the primary and
secondary windings.
The primary winding is connected to a time varying voltage
source V1, while the secondary winding is loaded.

3 The IDEAL Transformer:

The idealized transformer characteristics:
1. The core of the transformer is highly permeable in a sense
that it requires vanishingly small magneto-motive force (mmf)
to set up the flux .
2. The core does not exhibit any eddy-current or hysteresis loss.
3. All the flux is confined to circulate within the core (No leakage
flux).
4. The resistance of each winding is negligible.
5. 100% efficient.

3 The IDEAL Transformer:

According to Faradays law of induction, the magnetic flux , in
the core induces an emf E1 in the primary winding that opposes
the applied voltage V1.
E1 = N1 . d(t)/dt

(1)

Similarly, the induced emf in the secondary winding E2 is

E2 = N2 . d(t)/dt

(2)

Dividing (1) / (2), we get:

E1 / E2 = N1 / N2 = a (Turns Ratio)

(3)

In the idealized case there are no copper losses, so:

E1 = V1
V2 = E2

(4)
(5)

Thus,
V1 / V2 = N1 / N2 = a (6)

3 The IDEAL Transformer:

Let I1 and I2 be the currents in the primary and the secondary
winding respectively.
For an idealized transformer, the efficiency is 100%, that is:
The complex power supplied to the primary winding
by the source is equal to the complex power delivered
to the load by the secondary winding
S i/p = S o/p
E1 * I1 = E2 * I2
Thus, I1 / I2 = E2 / E1 = N2 / N1 = 1/a

(7)
(8)

The primary and the secondary currents are transformed in the

inverse ratio of turns.

3 The IDEAL Transformer:

The magnitude of I2 depends on the load impedance.
I2 = V2 / ZL

(9)

However, its direction tends to weaken the core flux, and to

decrease the induced emf in the primary E1.
For an idealized transformer, E1 must always be equal to V1.
In other words, the flux in the core must always be
equal to its original no-load value.
In order to restore the flux in the core to its original no-load
value, the source V1, forces a current I1 in the primary
winding, to compensate.
In accordance with our assumptions, the mmf of the primary
current N1*I1, must be equal and opposite to the mmf of the
secondary N2*I2.
That is, N1*I1 = N2*I2 ,thus, I1 / I2 = N2 / N1.

3 The IDEAL Transformer:

Impedance Referring:
Let ZL be the load impedance on the secondary side, then,
ZL = V2 / I2 = (V1/a) / (a.I1)
= (V1/I1) / a2
= ZL / a2
(9)
and ZL = a2 . ZL
(10)

where ZL = V1 / I1 is the load impedance as referred to the

primary side.
Equation (10) states that the load impedance as seen by
the source on the primary side is equal to a2 times the
actual load impedance on the secondary side.
This is the case with any other impedance in the
secondary circuit.

4 The Transformer Polarity :

A transformer may have multiple windings that may be
connected either in series to increase the voltage rating or in
parallel to increase the current rating.
Before the connections are made, it is necessary that we know
the polarity (the direction of the induced emf) of each winding.
Let us examine the transformer shown in Figure.

4 The Transformer Polarity :

Let the polarity of V1 be as indicated in the figure.
The induced emf E1 in the primary of an idealized transformer
must be equal and opposite to the applied voltage V1,
terminal 1 of the primary is positive with respect to terminal 2.
The wound direction of primary winding is responsible for the
clockwise direction of the flux , in the core of the transformer.
The direction of I2, is such that it produces a flux that
opposes the change in the original flux .

4 The Transformer Polarity :

Since the secondary winding represents a power source to the
load, its voltage E2 and current I2 must have the SAME
direction.
For the wound direction of the secondary winding, terminal 3
must be positive with respect to terminal 4.
Since terminal 3 has the same polarity as terminal 1, they are
said to follow each other.
In other words, terminals 1 and 3 are like-polarity
terminals.
To indicate the like-polarity relationship, we have placed dots
at these terminals.

5 Transformer Ratings:
The nameplate of a transformer provides information on the
apparent power S and the voltages of windings V1 and V2.
From the nameplate data of a 5-kVA, 500/250-V, step-down
transformer, we conclude the following:
1. The full-load, continuously delivered power or nominal power
rating of the transformer is 5 kVA.
2. The (nominal) primary voltage is V1 = 500 V and the (nominal)
secondary voltage is V2 = 250 V.
3. The nominal magnitudes of the primary and the secondary
currents at full load are:

I1 = S / V1 = 5000 / 500 = 10 A
I2 = S / V2 = 5000 / 250 = 20 A

4. Since the information on the number of turns is not given by the

manufacturer, we can determine the a-ratio from the terminal
voltages as:
a = 500 / 250 = 2