Dasar-dasar Reaksi dan Sifat

Kimia Alam
AF Assomadi
Kuliah Kimia Lingkungan I

Hubungan
antar
sistem
lingkungan
dengan
manusia
dan
kehidupan

Environmental
Chemistry
Is the study of the
sources, reactions,
transport, effects, and
fates of chemical
species in water, soil,
air, and living
environments, and the
effects of technology
thereon

Pertukaran Zat/Materi antar sphere

Siklus Karbon (C-Cycle)

Siklus Nitrogen (N-cycle)

Siklus
Sulfur
(S-cycle)

Siklus Fosfat (P-cycle)

Beberapa impact teknologi pada

lingkungan
Agricultural perubahan lahan, drainase,
irigasi, pestisida
Manufacturing polusi udara, polusi air, byproduk limbah hazard dsb
Extraksi and produksi mineral kerusakan
lingkungan dan polusi
Produksi Energi dan penggunaannya
kerusakan lahan/tanah, polusi air (garam),
emisi polutan udara (hujan asam) dsb
Transportasi Modern automobile, perubahan
struktur tanah (jalan), emisi polusi udara,
peningkatan penambangan minyak dsb

technology can be applied to minimize

environmental impact
maximum energy efficiency, maximum
utilization of raw materials, and minimum
production of pollutant by-products
minimize pollution problems
maximum materials recycling and minimum
waste product production
advanced biotechnologies
catalysts for efficient synthesis
minimize waste production

Steady State
Addition and Removal

Kimia Air

14

Siklus Air
(hydrolo
gic
cycle)
dalam triliun
liter/hari

Sifat
Air

Air
Struktur terdiri atas 2 atom H
dan 1 atom O dalam setiap
molekulnya
Struktur bersudut 105 o
moment dipol tidak nol
(polar)
Kemampuan sangat besar
membentuk ikatan hidrogen
(kelarutan molekul, logam,
suspensi)
Pelarut yang universal
Kapasitas panas tinggi
Densitas terbesar pada 4 oC
(jaminan kelangsungan
hidup)

Ikatan Hidrogen

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Water Chemistry
The polarity of water causes it to be cohesive and
adhesive.
Polarity unequal charge distribution in a molecule resulting in a
region and a + region

cohesion: water molecules stick to other water

molecules by hydrogen bonding
adhesion: water molecules stick to other polar
molecules by hydrogen bonding
19

Water Chemistry

cohesion
20

Water Chemistry

adhesion

21

Stratifikasi Air danau

Major Aquatic Chemical Process

Kesetimbangan CO2-CaCO3 di air

Oksidasi-Reduksi di Air

Oksigen di Air
O2 dibutuhkan terlarut di air untuk menjaga
reaksi oksidasi-reduksi, respirasi, degradasi dst
Kelarutan O2 di air tergantung temperatur, pd
25 oC sekitar 8,5 mg/L; pada 0oC 14,74
mg/L

Dihasilkan dari proses fotosintesis

alga/tumbuhan hijau di air dan proses aerasi

CO2 di Air

Kesetimbangan CO2 di Air

Acids and Bases

Hydrogen ion (H+1) is the basis of the pH scale.
Greater H+1 concentration --- lower pH
(acidic)

Lower H+1 concentration --- higher pH

(basic)

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Acids and Bases

Acid: a chemical that releases H+1 ions.
pH below 7
Base: a chemical that accepts H+1 ions.
pH above 7
Buffer: a chemical that accepts/releases H+1 as
necessary to keep pH constant
30

Acids and Bases

31

Acids and Bases

Most biological buffers consist of a pair of
molecules, one an acid and one a base.
BUFFER SYSTEM IN HUMAN BLOOD

ACID

BASE

32

Acids and Bases

33

Properties of Water
1. Water has a high specific heat.
- A large amount of energy is required to change
the temperature of water.
2. Water has a high heat of vaporization.
- The evaporation of water from a surface causes
cooling of that surface.

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Properties of Water
3. Solid water is less dense than liquid water.
- Bodies of water freeze from the top down.

35

36

Properties of Water
4. Water is a good solvent.
- Water dissolves
polar molecules and
ions.

37

Properties of Water
5. Water organizes nonpolar molecules.
- hydrophilic: water-loving
-hydrophobic: water-fearing
- Water causes hydrophobic molecules to
aggregate or assume specific shapes.
6. Water can form ions.
H2O OH-1
+
H+1
hydroxide ion hydrogen ion

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Ionization; happens spontaneously

Monitoring surface waters chemistry

Concentrations of main ions (Ca2+, Mg2+, K+, Na+, HCO3-, SO42-, Cl-, NO3)

1954-1955, 1990-1991, 20002001 Tebo fishpond basin

1964 - 2007 Stropnice

river

Water Quality Parameters

Temperature - Dissolved Oxygen (DO) - pH
Alkalinity - Hardness
Nitrates and Phosphates - Turbidity
Conductivity
-

Temperature
Affects:
Water density
Gas solubility
Chemical reaction rates
Organism growth rates
Conductivity
pH
Dissolved Oxygen

Q10 rule
cold-blooded aquatic organisms

Predicts that growth rate will double

if temperature increases by 10C
(18F) within their "preferred" range.

Gases Dissolve in Water

Dissolved Oxygen (DO)

DO is the measurement of oxygen
dissolved in water and available for
fish and other aquatic life.
Indicates health of an aquatic system.

Can range from 0-18 ppm.

Most natural water systems require 56 ppm to support a diverse population.

Varies with time of day, weather, temperature.

Dissolved Oxygen (DO)

Increase in organic waste

Increase in algae/plant vegetation

Decrease in DO available to organisms

Leads to changes in ecosystem as

organisms needing lots of DO are
replaced by organisms needing little.

pH - p(otential of) H(ydrogen)

Determines the solubility of nutrients (PO4-3, NO3-, C)

and heavy metals (Fe, Cu, etc)

Determines availability of these chemicals for use by aquatic life.

In natural water systems, determined largely by geology and soils.

pH of natural waters

Sea water
due to humic acid

Limestone, marble, CO3 rich

Pure rain, snow

Factors that affect pH

Algal blooms
Bacterial activity
Water turbulence
Chemicals flowing into the water body
Sewage overflows
Pollution

How pH affects aquatic life

Decreasing pH
(e.g.: via acid rain)

Liberation of Al, metals

Toxic conditions

Chronic stress

Smaller, weaker fish

Alkalinity refers to the capability of water to neutralize acid.

Alkalinity
Buffering capacity
resistance to pH changes.
Common natural buffer: CO3
(carbonates like
limestone).
Protects aquatic life.

Commonly linked to water

hardness.
Limestone outcrop

In natural systems:
50 150 mg/L as CaCO3.

Hardness
Reflects dissolved
carbonate minerals.
Mostly of concern for
drinking water
standards.
Metals precipitate out
of solution.
Create scale/hard
water deposits
High alkalinity
Hard water

and
Nitrate (NO3-)
naturally-occurring
form of nitrogen
found in soil.
Forms by microbial
decomposition of
fertilizers, plants,
manures or other
organic residues
Plants uptake
nitrates (Spinach a
good source).

Phosphate (PO4-3)
naturally occurs in
rocks and minerals.
Plants uptake
weathered-out
elements and
compounds.
Animals ingest plants.

Water soluble.

Redfield Ratio: 106:16:1

Artificial sources:

Nitrates

Livestock
manure/urine
Failing septic
systems
Synthetic fertilizers

Can lead to:

eutrophication of natural
water systems
(overproduction of
vegetation)
Blue baby syndromne
The U.S. EPA has set a maximum
contaminant level for NO3- in drinking
water of 10 parts per million (ppm)

Phosphates
Artificial sources:
Sewage
Laundry,
cleaning fluids
Synthetic
fertilizers

Can also lead to

eutrophication of
natural water
systems
(overproduction of
vegetation)

Blue green algae

1990 and 1999 comparison

of Nitrates in Great Lakes

From US EPA
http://www.epa.gov/glnpo/monitoring/limnology/SprNOx.html

Solutions??

Wetland restoration

Reduce emissions WWTP/industry

Reduce fertilizers

Reduce soil erosion

Turbidity
Measures how
murky the water is
Estimates:
Mineral fraction
Organics
Inorganics
Soluble organic compounds
Plankton
Microscopic organisms

MODIS Image from NASA

http://rapidfire.sci.gsfc.nasa.gov/

Causes of highly

In open waters, phytoplankton

Closer to shore, particulates
Resuspended bottom sediments
(wind)
Organic from stream and/or
wastewater discharges.
Channelization
Increased flow rates
Too many bottom-feeding fish
(such as carp)

waters

Effects of highly

waters

Modify light penetration

Increase sedimentation rate
Smother benthic habitats
Settling clay particles
Fine particulate material also can
damage sensitive structures
Decrease organism resistance to disease
Prevent proper egg and larval development
Macrophyte growth may be decreased
Reduced photosynthesis can lead to lower daytime release of oxygen

Conductivity
Ability of a substance to conduct an electrical current.
In water, conductivity determined by types and quantities of dissolved
solids. (Commonly called Total Dissolved Solids = TDS)

Cl-

Current carried by ions (negatively or

positively charged particles).
Cl-

Na+

NaCl(aq) = Na + + Cl

Eg:

Cl-

Na+

Cl-

ClClNa+

Na+

Na+

Cl-

Cl-

Cl-

Na+

Cl-

Na+

Cl-

Na+

ClNa+

Cl-

Cl-

Na+

Na+

ClNa+

Na+

Na+

Cl-

Na+

Cl-

Cl-

Cl-

Na+

ClNa+

Na+

Na+

Na+

ClNa+

Conductivity
Conductivity of natural waters depends upon:
Ion characteristics (mobility, valence, concentration)
Water temperature
Geology
Size of watershed
Evaporation
Some artificial factors that can affect conductivity:
Wastewater
Urban runoff (especially road salt)
Agricultural runoff

The Components of Salinity

The most abundant components of a

kilogram of seawater.