Chapter 2 Force and Motion TEACHER's GUIDE

JPN Pahang
Physics Module Form 4

Chapter 2 : Force and Motion
2.
FORCE AND MOTION
2.1
ANALYSING LINEAR MOTION
Distance and displacement

1.
Types of physical quantity:

has only a magnitude
(i)
Scalar quantity: .
has both magnitude and direction
(ii)
Vector quantity:
2.
The difference between distance and displacement:

length of the path taken
(i)
Distance:
distance of an object from a point in a certain direction
(ii)
Displacement:
3.
Distance always longer than displacement.
4.
Example:
The following diagram shows the location of Johor Bahru and Desaru.
You can travel by car using existing road via Kota Tinggi, or travel by a
small plane along straight path.
Calculate how far it is from Johor Bahru to Desaru if you traveled by:
a. The car
b. The plane
Kota Tinggi
53 km
41 km
Solution:
Johor Bahru
a.
by car
= 41 + 53
= 94 km
b.
by plane = 60 km
60 km
Desaru
The path traveled by the plane is shorter than travelled by the
car.
So, Distance = 94 km
Displacement = 60 km
Hands-on Activity 2.2 pg 10 of the practical book.

Idea of distance and displacement, speed and velocity.
Speed and velocity
1.
2.
3.
4.
the distance traveled per unit time or rate of change of distance

Speed is ..
the speed in a given direction or rate of change of displacement
Velocity is: .....
total distance traveled, s (m) , v = s m s-1
Average of speed:
time taken, t (s)
t
displacement, s (m) , v = s ms-1
Average of velocity: ...
Time taken, t (s)
t
1
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5.

Example:
An aeroplane flies from A to B, which is located 300 km east of A. Upon reaching B, the
aeroplane then flies to C, which is located 400 km north. The total time of flight is 4
hours. Calculate
i.
The speed of the aeroplane
ii.
The velocity of the aeroplane
Solution:
C
400 km
300 km
i. Speed = Distance
Time
= 300 + 400
4
= 175 km h-1
B
C
400 km
ii. velocity = displacement

time
(Determine the displacement denoted by
AC and its direction)
= . 500 .
4 km h-1 (in the direction of 0530)

= 125
300 km
Acceleration and deceleration
1.
Study the phenomenon below;
0 m s-1
2.
3.
20 m s-1
40 m s-1
The velocity of the car increases.

Observation:
the rate of change of velocity
Acceleration is, .
Final velocity initial velocity
Or, a = v u
Then, a =
Time of change
t
Example of acceleration;
t=2s
t=2s
A
0 m s-1
40 m s-1
20 m s-1
2
20 0
2
= 10 m s-2
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Calculate the acceleration of car;

i)
from A to B aAB = 20 0
2
ii)
From B to C aBC
= 10 m s-2
= 10 m s-2
40 20
2

4.
when the velocity of an object decreases, In calculations, a will

Deceleration happens ...
be negative
5.
Example of deceleration;
A lorry is moving at 30 m s-1, when suddenly the driver steps on the brakes and it stop 5
seconds later. Calculate the deceleration of lorry.
Answer : v = 0 m s-1, u = 30 m s-1, t = 5 s
Then ,
a = 0 30
5
= -6 m s-2
Analysing of motion
1.
Linear motion can be studied in the laboratory using a ticker timer and a ticker tape.
Refer text book photo picture 2.4 page 26.
(i)
Determination of time:
the frequency of the ticker timer

= 50 Hz ( 50 ticks in 1 second)
so, 1 tick = 1 second = 0.02 seconds
50
(ii)
Determination of displacement as the length of ticker tape over a period of time.
(iii)
xy = displacement over time t

t = 7 ticks
0.14 s
Determine the type of=motion;
.y
. . . .
. . . .
Uniform velocity
..
. . . . . .
.
.
Acceleration
......
. . .
.
. . . .
Acceleration,
then deceleration
...
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(iv)
Determination of velocity
12.6 cm
displacement =
-1
Velocity, v = 12.6 = 63.0 cm s
0.2
(v)
10 x 0.02 = 0.2 s
time = ..
Determine the acceleration

Length/cm
v
8
7
6
5
4
3
a= vu
t
40.0
15.0 ..
=
5(0.2)
25.0
= 1.0
-2
= 25.0 m s
2
1
0
1.
ticks
s : displacement,
v : final velocity
The important symbols : ..
u : initial velocity,
t : time,
a : acceleration
2.
The list of important formula;
The equation of motion
3.
1
(u v )t
2
1.
3.
v u at
5.
v 2 u 2 2as
vu
t
2.
4.
s ut
1 2
at
2
Example 1 : A car traveling with a velocity of 10 m s-1 accelerates uniformly at a rate of 3

m s-2 for 20 s. Calculate the displacement of the car while it is accelerating.
given : u = 10 m s-1 , a = 3 m s-2 , t = 20 s.
s=?
s = ut + at2
s = (10)(20) + (3)(20)2
s = 800 m
4
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Example 2 : A van that is traveling with velocity 16 m s-1 decelerates until it comes to rest.
If the distance traveled is 8 m, calculate the deceleration of the van.
given : u = 16 m s-1 , v = 0(rest) , s = 8 m
a=?
v2 = u2 + 2 as
02 = 162 + 2 a(8)
a = -16 ms-2
Execise 2.1
1.
Length / cm
Figure 2.1 shows a tape chart
consisting of 5-tick strip. Describe
16
the motion represented by AB and BC.
In each case, determine the ;
12
(a)
displacement
s = 4 + 8 + 12 + 16 + 16 + 16
= 72.0 cm
(b)
average velocity
vaverage =
72.0
6(0.1)
= 120.0 cm s
(c)
0
-1
16.0
= 1.6 cm s-1
0 .1
4.0
u=
= 0.4 cm s-1
0.1
vu
1.6 0.4
=
t
0.5
= 2.4 cm s-2
2.
C Time/s
Note : v =
acceleration
a=
Figure 2.1
A
B
t = 5 (0.1) = 0.5 s
A car moving with constant velocity of 40 ms-1 . The driver saw and obtacle in front and
he immediately stepped on the brake pedal and managed to stop the car in 8 s. The
distance of the obstacle from the car when the driver spotted it was 180 m. How far is the
obstacles from the car has sttoped.
u = 40 ms-1
v=0
t=8s
s initial = 180 m (from car to obstacle when the driver start to step on the brake)
sfinal = ? ( from car to abstacle when the stopped)
obstacle
sinitial
s
sfinal
s=
1
u v t 1 40 08 160m
2
2
sfinal = sinitial s
= 180 160
= 20 m
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2.2
0m
0s

ANALYSING MOTION GRAPHS
100m
10s
200m
20s
300m
400m
500m
displacement
30s
40s
50s
time
The object moves with uniform velocity for t seconds.
in the form of graph called a motion graphs
The data of the motion of the car can be presented.
After t seconds, the object returns to origin (reverse) with
The displacement-time Graph
uniform velocity
Total displacement is zero
a)
displacement (m)
Graph analysis:
Uniform displacement all the time
time (s)
b)
Graphgradient
is quadratic
form = 0
Graph
= velocity
.
Displacement
increasesorwith
time.
The
object is stationary
is not
moving
...
Graph gradient increases uniformly
Graph analysis:
The object moves with increasing velocity with uniform
Displacement
acceleration. increases uniformly
..
displacement (m)
Graph gradient is fixed
time (s)
c)
displacement (m)
The object move with uniform velocity

.
Graph analysis:
.
time (s)
d)
Displacement (m)
..
Graph analysis:
.
..
time (s)
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e)

displacement (m)
Graph analysis:
Graph is quadratic form.
..
Displacement increases with time.
..
Graph gradient decreases uniformly
..
time (s)
f) displacement (m)
A
The object moves with decreasing velocity, with uniform

..
deceleration.
Graph analysis:
OA = uniform velocity (positive move ahead)
..
AB = velocity is zero (rest)

..
BC = uniform velocity (negative reverse)
C time (s)
The velocity-time Graph

v/ m s-1
a)
Graph analysis:
No
change in velocity
..
Zero
gradient the object moves with a constant velocity or
..
the
acceleration is zero.
t /s
v/ m s-1
b)
The area under the graph is equal to the displacement of the

moving object :
s=vxt
Graph analysis:
Its velocity increases uniformly
....
The graph has a constant gradient
The object moves with a uniform acceleration
c)
The area under the graph is equal to the displacement,
s of the moving object :

s = ( v x t)
t /s
v (m s-1)
t1
t2
t (s)
Graph analysis:
The object moves with a uniform acceleration for t1 s
...
After t1 s, the object decelerates uniformly (negative gradient )
until it comes to rest.
The area under the graph is equal to the displacement of the

moving object :
s = vt2
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v (m s-1)
d)
Graph analysis:
The shape of the graph is a curve
.......
Its velocity increases with time.
..
The gradient of the graph increases.
The object moves with increasing acceleration.
The area under the graph is equal to the total displacement of

....
the
moving object.
t (s)
v (m s-1)
e)
..
t (s)
Examples
1.
s/m
P
Graph analysis:
The shape of graph is a curve
......
Its velocity increases with time.
.
The gradient of the graph decreases uniformly.
The object moves with a decreasing acceleration.
The area under the graph is the total displacement of the
moving
object.
Calculate:(i) Velocity over OP, QR and RS

(ii) Displacement
Given : SOP = 20 m SOQ = 20 m SOR = 0 m
SOS = - 10 m
Solution :
tOP = 2 s
tPQ = 3 s
tQR = 2 s
tRS = 1 s
20
0 20
10ms1 VQR =
10ms1
2
2
-10 0
10ms1
VRS =
1
(i) VOP =
t/s
2.
v/m s-1
Calculate:(i) acceleration,a over OP, PQ and QR

(ii) Displacement
Given : VO = 0 m s-1, VP = 10 m s-1 ,
Q
Solution :
VQ = 10 m s-1 VR = 0 m s-1
tOP = 4 s
tPQ = 4 s
tQR = 2 s
10
P
(ii) S = 20 10 = 10 m
10 0
10 10
2.5ms2 aPQ=
0 ms 2
4
4
0 10
2
5.0 ms
aQR =
2
1
(ii) S = (4 10)(10) 70.0m
2
(i) aOP =
R
10
t/s
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Excercise 2.2
1.
(a) s/m
(b) s/m
(c)
s/m
10
t/s
-5
4 t/s
t/s
-10
Figure 2.21
Describe and interpret the motion of a body which is represented by the displacement
time graphs in Figure 2.21
a) The body remains in rest 5 m at the back of initial point
b) The body start move at 10 m infront of the initial point, then back to initial point
in 2 s. The body continue it motion backward 10 m..
The body move with uniform velocity.
c) The body move with inceresing it velocity.
2.
Describe and interpret the motion of body which is represented by the velocity-time
graphs shown in figure 2.22. In each case, find the distance covered by the body and its
displacement
(a)
v/m s-1
(b)
v/m s-1
10
t/s
-5
(a)
(b)
t/s
-10
Figure 2.22
The body move with uniform velocity , 5 m s-1 backward.
The body start it motion with 10 m s-1 backward and stop at initial point
in 2 s, then continue it motion forward with increasing the velocity until
10 m s-1 in 2 s.
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2.3

UNDERSTANDING INERTIA
Idea of inertia
A pillion rider is hurled backwards when the motorcycle starts to move.
1.
Bus passengers are thrust forward when the bus stop immediately.
2.
Large vehicle are made to move or stopped with greater difficulty.

3.
Hand-on activity 2.5 in page 18 of the practical book to gain an idea of inertia
4.
Meaning of inertia :
The inertia of an object is the tendency of the object to remain at rest or, if moving, to
...
continue its uniform motion in a straight line
Mass and inertia

1.
2.
3.
Refer to figure 2.14 of the text book, the child and an adult are given a push to swing.
An adult
(i)
which one of them will be more difficult to be moved ...
An adult
(ii)
which one of them will be more difficult to stop? .
The relationship between mass and inertia : .
The larger the mass, the larger its inertia.
..
have the tendency to remain its situation either at rest or in
The larger mass .
moving.
Effects of inertia
1.
2.
Application of inertia
Positive effect :
Drying off an umbrella by moving and stopping it quickly.
(i)
Building a floating drilling rig that has a big mass in order to be stable and safe.
(ii)
To tight the loose hammer

(iii)
We should take a precaution to ovoid the effect.

Negative effect : .
During a road accident, passengers are thrust forward when their
(i)
...
car is suddenly stopped.
Passengers are hurled backwards when the vehicle starts to move and are hurled forward
..
it stops immediately.
(ii) when
A person
with a heavier/larger body will find it move difficult to stop his movement.
(iii)
A heavier vehicle will take a long time to stop.

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(iv)
Execise 2.3
1.
What is inertia? Does 2 kg rock have twice the inertia of 1 kg rock?

Inetia is the tendency of the object to remain at rest or, if moving, to continue its uniform
motion in a straight line.
Yes, the inertia increase with the mass increased.
2.
Figure 2,3
A wooden dowel is fitted in a hole through a wooden block as shown in figure 2.31.
Explain what happen when we
2.4
(a)
strike the top of the dowel with a hammer,

A wooden block move up of a wooden dowel.
A wooden block has inertia to remains at rest.
(b)
hit the end of the dowel on the floor.

The wooden block move downward of a wooden dowel.
A wooden block has inertia to continue it motion.
ANALYSING MOMENTUM
Idea of momentum
1.
2.
3.
it has momentum.
When an object ic moving, ...
defends on its mass and velocity.
The amount of momentum ...
as the product of its mass and its velocity, that is
Momentum is defined.
Momentum, p = m x v
Unit= kg m s-1
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Conservation of momentum
mg
mb
vg = 0
vb
Momentum = mbvb
(mb + mg)
Starting position before
she catches the ball
vb&g
Momentum =
(mb+mg)vb&g
Receiving a massive ball
vb
vg
mb
Momentum = mbvb
Throwing a massive ball
mg
Starting position
before she throws
the ball
Momentum = mgvg
The principle of conservation of momentum :

In the absence of an external force, the total momentum of a system remains
unchanged.
The colliding objects move separately after collision.

1.
Elastic collision ...
u1
m1
v2
u2
m2
Momentum :
m1u1 + m2u2
m1
= m1v1 + m2v2
12
m2
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Before collision
2.
after collision
The colliding objects move together after collision.

Inelastic collision :...
u1
m1
u2 = 0
m2
m1 + m2
Before collision
after collision
Momentum :
m1u1 + m2u2 = (m1 + m2) v
3.
The objects involved are in contact with each other before explosion and are
........
separated
after the explosion.
v1
v2
(m1 + m2), u = 0
m2
explosion :
Before
Momentum
: (mexplosion
1 + m2)u = m1 vv - m2 v2
after explosion
Example 1 :
Car A
Car B
Car A of mass 100 kg traveling at 30 m s-1 collides with Car B of mass 90 kg traveling at
m s-1 in front of it. Car A and B move separately after collision. If Car A is still moving at
s-1 after collision,
the velocity
of 30
CarmBs-1after
Given : mdetermine
, uA =
, vA =collision.
25 m s-1, mB = 90 kg,
A = 100 kg
20
25 m
uB = 20 m s-1 , vB = ?
Solution :
mAuA + mBuB
= mAvA + mBvB
(100)(30) + (90)(20) = (100)(25) + (90)(vB)
vB = 25.56 m s-1
Example 2 :
Car A of mass 100 kg traveling at 30 m s-1 collides with Car B of mass 90 kg traveling at
20
-1
m s in front of it. Car A is pulled by Car B after collision. Determine the common velocity of
Car A and B after collision.
Solution :
Given : mA = 100 kg , uA = 30 m s-1, mB = 90 kg,

mAuA + mBuB
= (mA + mB ) v (B+A)
(100)(30) + (90)(20) = (100 + 90) v (B+A)
v(A + B) = 25.26 m13
s-1
uB = 20 m s-1 , v(A+B) = ?
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Example 3 :
A bullet of mass 2 g is shot from a gun of mass 1 kg with a velocity of 150 m s-1 . Calculate the
velocity of the recoil of the gun after firing.
Solution :
Given ; mb = 2 g = 0.002 kg,

vg = ?
0 = mgvg mb vb,
0 = (1)(vg) (0.002)(150),
mg = 1 kg,
u(g+b) = 0 , vb = 150 m s-1
vg = 0.3 m s-1
Exercise 2.4
1.
An arrow of mass 150 g is shot into a wooden block of mass 450 g lying at rest on a
smooth surface. At the moment of impact, the arrow is travelling horizontally at 15 ms-1.
Calculate the common velocity after the impact.
ma = 150 g
mwb = 450 g
m (a+wb) = 600 g
va = 15 m s-1
vwb = 0
v(a+ wb) = ?
Force can make an object;
mava + mwbvwb = m(a+wb)v(a+wb) ,
1. Move
2.
(0.15 x 15) + (0.450 x 0) = 0.6 v(a+ wb)

2.
v(a+ wb) =Stop
3.75the
m moving
s-1
A riffle
of mass the
5.0 shape
kg fires
bullet
of mass 50 g with
m s-1 .Calculate
the
3. Change
of athe
object
4. a velocity
Holdof
the80object
at rest
recoil velocity. Explain why the recoil velocity of a riflle is much less than the velocity of
the bullet.
mr vr = mb vb ,
2.5
mr = 5.0 kg
vr = ?
( 5.0 ) vr = ( 0.05)(80)
vr = 0.8 m s-1
mb = 50 g
vb = 80 m s-1
UNDERSTANDING THE EFFECT OF A FORCE
Idea of force
1.
What will happen when force act to an object?
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Idea of balanced forces

1.
An object is said to be in balance when it is:

1. In a stationary state
2. Moving at uniform velocity
2.
Stationary object
Normal reaction, N
explanation :
Magnitude R = W but R acts in an opposite
direction to the weight.
( object is in equilibrium )
...
Stationary object
weight, w = mg
3.
An object moving with uniform velocity

Normal reaction, N
.. explanation :
Frictional force
Force, F
Force , F = Friction
...
..
Resultant = F Friction
..
weight, w = mg
= 0 (object is in equilibrium)
Examples
:
..
1.A
car move at constant velocity.
...
2.A plane flying at constant velocity.

..
..
when it is moving in acceleration.
Idea of unbalancedResultant
forces force
1.
A body is said to be in unbalanced..

The ball move in acceleration
2.
..
Explanation;
because
the forces act are not balanced. F
> F
F
F
So, the ball move in F direction
..
Relationship between forces, mass and acceleration (F = ma)

Experiment 2.2 page 29.
15
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Aim : To investigate the relationship between acceleration and force applied on a constant mass.
Experiment 2.3 page 31
Aim: To investigate the relationship between mass and acceleration of an object under
constant force.
1.
Refer to the result of experiment 2.2 and 2.3,

it is found that; a F when m is constant and a 1/m when F is constant.
Therefore,
a F/m
From a F/m,
F ma
Therefore, F = kma k =constant
2.
1 newton (F = 1 N) is defined as the force required to produce an acceleration of 1 m s-2

(a=1 m s-2) when its acting on an object of mass 1 kg ( m = 1 kg)
F = ma
So,
3.
Example 1 :
Calculate F, when a = 3 m s-2 dan m = 1000 kg

F = ma
F = (1000)(3)
F = 3000 N
Example 2 :
m = 25 kg
F = 200 N
Calculate the acceleration, a of an object.

F = ma
200 = 25 a
a = 8.0 ms-2
Exercise 2.5
1.
A trolley of mass 30 kg is pulled along the ground by horizontal force of 50 N. The

opposing frictional force is 20 N. Calculate the acceleration of the trolley.
m = 30 kg ,
F Ff = ma ,
2.
F = 50 N ,
Ff = 20 N ,
a =?
50 20 = 30 a
a = 1.0 m s2
A 1000 kg car is travelling at 72 km h-1 when the brakes are applied. It comes to a stop in
a distance of 40 m. What is the average braking force of the car?
m = 1000 kg , u = 72 km h-1, v = 0, s = 40 m, F = ?
F = ma,
16
= 1000 x 5.0
= 5000.0 N
Note : u = 72 km h-1 =20 m s-1

v2 = u2 + 2as
0 = 202 + 2a(40)
a = 5.0 m s2
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2.6

ANALYSING IMPULSE AND IMPULSIVE FORCE
Impulse and impulsive force

The change of momentum
1.
Impulse is .
The large force that acts over a short period of time during collision
2.
Impulsive force is
and explosion.
3.
Formula of impulse and impulsive force:

It is known that
a= (vu)/t
Refer, F = ma
Therefore,
So,
F = m( v u)
t
Ft = mv mu ,
Unit = N s
Ft is defined as impulse, which is the change in momentum.

F = mv mu ,
t
Ft = mv mu
Unit : newton (N)
F is defined as impulsive force which is the rate of change of momentum over the
short period of time
Example 1;
wall
If ; u = 10 m s-1 , v = - 10 m s-1 , m = 5 kg and t = 1 s
Impulse, Ft =5(10) - (- 5(10))
and impulsive force, F = 100 = 100 N
=
100 Ns
Example 2;
1
v
Wall with a soft surface

If ; u = 10 m s-1 , v = - 10 m s-1 , m = 5 kg and t = 2 s
Impulse, Ft = 5(10) - (- 5(10))
and impulsive force, F = 100 = 50 N
=
100 Ns
Impulsive force , F 1 / t
17
Therefore, F decreases when the time of collision
increases ( refer to examples )
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4.

The relationship between time of collision and impulsive force.
Exercise 2.6
1.
A force of 20 N is applied for 0.8 s when a football player throws a ball from the sideline.
What is the impulse given to the ball?
Fimpulse = Ft
= 20 x 0.8
= 16.0 Ns
2.
A stuntman in a movie jumps from a tall building an falls toward the ground. A large
canvas bag filled with air used to break his fall. How is the impulsive force reduced?
1.
2.
A large canvas bag will increase the time of collision.

When the time of collision increase the impulsive force will decrease.
2.7 BEING AWARE OF THE NEED FOR SAFETY FEATURES IN VEHICLES
18
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Safety features in vehicles
Reinforced passenger compartment

Head rest
Crash resistant door

pillars
Windscreen
Crumple zones
Anti-lock brake
system (ABS)
Traction control
bumpers
Air bags
Importance of safety features in vehicles

Safety features
Importance
Padded dashboard
Increases the time interval of collision so the impulsive force

produced during an impact is thereby reduced
Rubber bumper
Absorb impact in minor accidents, thus prevents damage to the car.
Shatter-proof windscreen
Prevents the windscreen from shattering
Acts as a cushion for the head and body in an accident and thus
prevents injuries to the driver and passengers.
Prevents the passengers from being thrown out of the car. Slows
Safety seat belt
down the forward movement of the passengers when the car stops
abruptly.
- The absorber made by the elastic material
Prevents
the collapse
front (hentaman)
and back ofduring
the caritinto
the
: To absorb
the effectofofthe
impact
moving
Side bar- in
doors
passenger
compartment. Also gives good protection from a side-on
Made
by the soft material
of bumper
collision.
: To increase the time during collision, then the impulsive
force will be decreased.
- The passengers space made by the strength materials.
Exercise 2.7
: To decrease the risk trap to the passenger during accident.
- Keep
anphysics
air bagconcepts,
at the in front
of dash
board and infront
passengers
1.
By
using
explain
the midifications
to theofbus
that help to improve that
:
Acts
as
a
cushion
for
the
head
and
body
in an accident and
safety of passengers and will be more comfortable.
thus prevents injuries to the driver and passengers.
- Shatter-proof windscreen
: Prevents the windscreen from shattering.
Air bag
19
JPN Pahang

the object is said to be free

falling
is known as acceleration due to gravity.
on the strength of the gravitational field
.
the gravitational field of the earth.

is on the force of gravity.
as the gravitational force acting on a 1 kg mass.
g=
F .
m
where, F : gravitational force

m : mass of an object
g = 9.8 N kg-1
2.8
UNDERSTANDING GRAVITY
that an object of mass 1 kg will experience a gravitational force of 9.8 N.
Carry out hands-on activity 2.8 on page 35 of the practical book.
Acceleration due to gravity.
1.
2.
3.
It pulled by the force of gravity.

An object will fall to the surface of the earth because...
Solution :
F = mg = (60)
as (9.8)
earths gravitational force.
The force of gravity also known ...
= 588.0 N
When an object falls under the force of gravity only, ...
4.
The acceleration of objects falling freely
5.
The magnitude of the acceleration due to gravity depends ...

Given : m = 600 kg. F = 4800 N, g = ?
g = F = 4800 .
= 8 N kg-1
Gravitational field
m
600
1.
The region around the earth is .
2.
The object in gravitational field
3.
The gravitational field strength is defined ..
4.
The gravitational field strength, g can be calculate as;
5.
At the surface of the earth, .

..
20
JPN Pahang
6.

This means
..
7.
Example 1.
Can you estimate the gravitational force act to your body?
mass = 60 kg, g = 9.8 N kg-1, F = ?
Example 2,
A satellite of mass 600 kg in orbit experiences a gravitational force of 4800 N. Calculate
the gravitational field strength.
Example 3,
A stone is released from rest and falls into a well. After 1.2 s, it hits the bottom of the
well.
(a) What is the velocity of the stone when it hits the bottom?
(b) Calculate the depth
of the well.
Given : u = 0 ms-1, t = 1.2 s, a = g = 9.8 ms-2
(a) v = ?
v = u + at
= 0 + (9.8)(1.2)
= 11.76 ms-1
(b) Depth = s = ?
s = ut + at2
= (0)(1.2) + (9.8)(1.2)2
= 7.1 m
Weight
1.
2.
as the gravitational force acting on the object.

The weight of an object is defined ..
For an object of mass m, the weight can be calculate as :
weight, W = mg
where, g = acceleration due to gravity.
Example :
The mass of a helicopter is 600 kg. What is the weight of the helicopter
when it land on the peak of a mountain where the gravitational field is
= mg
9.78 N kg-1? W
= 6000 x 9.78
= 58 680 N
21
JPN Pahang

Exercise 2.8
1.
Sketch the following graphs for an object that falling freely.

(a)
(b)
(c)
Displacement-time graph,
Velocity-time graph
Acceleration-time graph
(a) s / m
(b) v / m s-1
t/s
2.
(c) a / m s2
t/s
t/s
The following data was obtained from an experiment to measure the acceleration due to
gravity.
Mass of steel bob = 200 g, distance covered = 3.0 m, time of fall = 0.79 s.
Calculate the acceleration due to gravity of steel bob.
Give the explanation why your answer different with the constant of gravitational
acceleration, g = 9.8 m s-2.
It is= in
a stationary
m
200
g
s state
= 3.0 m
t = 0.79 s
u=0
g=?
=
0.2
kg
It is moving with uniform velocity
Normal
R
s = ut
+ greaction,
t2
3.0 = 0 (0.7) + g (0.792)
g = 9.6 m s-2
Normal reaction, R
The answer Weight,

less thanW=mg
the constant because
of theW=mg
air frictional force.
weight,
2.9
IDEA OF EQUILIBRIUM FORCES

Magnitude of R = W
Magnitude of R = mg cos
An object
is
in
equilibrium
when
:
R and W acts in opposite direction. And acts in opposite direction.
Resultant force = W R = 0
So,Resultant force = mg cos R = 0
1. So,
( object in equilibrium )
( object in equilibrium )
2.
normal reaction, R
friction force
force, F
Weight, W
Force , F = Frictional force

Resultant force = F Frictional force
22 in equilibrium)
=0
(object
JPN Pahang

stationary object
An object moving with uniform velocity
Addition of Force
1.
a resultant force is a single force the

Addition of force is defined as .....
represents in magnitude and direction two or more forces acting on an object
F resultant = the total of forces (including the directions of the forces)
Examples : the forces are acting in one direction

F1 = 10 N
F2 = 5 N
Resultant force, F = F1 + F2
= 10 + 5 = 15 N
Example : the forces are acting in opposite directions

F1 = 10 N
F2 = 5 N
Resultant force, F = F1 - F2
= 10 - 5 = 5 N
Example : the forces are acting in different directions

F2 = 5 N
23
JPN Pahang

500
F
F1 = 10 N
Parallelogram method:
1.
Draw to scale.
2.
Draw the line parallel with F1 to the edge of F2, and the line parallel with F2 to the
edge of F1
3.
Connect the diagonal of the parallelogram starting from the initial point.
4.
Measure the length of the diagonal from the initial point as the value of the
resultant force.
F2
F
F1
Triangle method
Solution :
Resultant force, F = 6000 5300
1.
Draw to scale.
=700 N
They
mere
not
in
2.
Displace one of the forces to theequilibrium
edge of another force.
3.
Complete the triangle and measure the resultant force from the initial
point.
Example 1:
During Sport Day two teams in tug of war competition pull with forces of
6000 N and 5300 N respectively. What is the value of the resultant force?
Are the two team in equilibrium?
Resultant force, F = 10.5 x 50
= 525 N
24
JPN Pahang

Example 2:
A boat in a river is pulled horizontally by two workmen. Workmen A

pulls with a force of 200 N while workmen while workmen B pulls with a
Fxmake an angle 250 with each other. Draw a
force of 300 N. The ropes used
Cos = F
, therefore Fx = F cos
parallelogram and label the resultant force using scale of 1 cm : 50 N.
Fy
Sin =of resultant
, therefore
Determine the magnitude
force. Fy = F sin
250
10.5 cm
Fx = F cos = 50 cos 60
= 50 (0.5)
= 25 N
Fx
Fy = F Sin = 50 sin 600

= 50 (0.8660)
= 43.3 N
Fy
Resolution of a force
1.
reverse process of finding the resultant force

Resolution of a force is
Fy
F is the resultant force of Fx and Fy

Therefore, F can be resolved
= mg
into FxFand
Fy sin 400 + 200
= 800(0.6427) + 200
= 514.2 + 200
= 714.2 N
F
Vertical
Component
Fx
horizontal component
mg = 800 N
Refer to trigonometric formula:
Example :
The figure below shows Ali mopping the floor with a force 50 N
at an angle of 600 to the floor.
F = 50 N
600
25
JPN Pahang

Example of resolution and combination of forces

F=?
200 N
400
400
Problem solving
1.
the resultant force is equal to zero.

When a system is in equilibrium, .
2.
If all forces acting at one point are resolved into horizontal and vertical
the sum of each component is equal to zero.
components,
3.
Example 1; Show on a figure;
a) the direction of tension force, T of string

b) the resultant force act to lamp
700
700
c) in
calculate
the magnitude of tension force, T
Fmaximum when both of forces act
same direction;
T
b)
T
T
(c
)
T = 2T sin 700
a)
Fmaximum
= 18 + 6
18 N
24 N
Therefore, mlampg = 2T sin 700
= 24 N
6N
mlamp g
T
=
mlamp
= 1.5
Fminimum when the
forces
actkgin opposite direction ;
2sin70 0
Fminimum = 18 6Wlamp = 14.7 N
18 N
12 N
= 12 N
6 N 1.5(9.8)
=
= 7.82 N
2sin70 0
Exercise 2.9
1.
Two force with magnitude 18 N and 6 N act along a straight line. With the aid of
diagrams, determine the maximun possible value and the minimum possible value of the
resultant force.
F = Resultant of Force
F2 = 2202 + 2002
F = 297.32 N
F
26
JPN Pahang
2.

A football is kicked simultaneously by two players with force 220 N and 200 N
respectively, as shown in Figure 2.9. Calculate the magnitude of the resultant force.
220 N
900
200 N
2.10
UNDERSTANDING WORK, ENERGY AND EFFICIENCY
Work
1.
2.
3.
When a force that acts on an object moves the object through a

Work is done, ..
distance in the direction of the force.
of a force and the distance traveled in the direction of

WORK is the product..
the force.
WORK = FORCE X DISPLACEMENT

The formulae of work;
W =Fxs
W : work in Joule/J
F : force in Newton/N
s : displacement in meter/m
4.
Example 1;
Force, F
W = Fs
If, F = 40 N and s = 2 m
Hence, W = 40 x 2
= 80 J
Example 2;
27
JPN Pahang

80 N
600
s= 5m
W = Fs
= 80 cos 600 (5)
= 80 (0.5) (5)
= 200 J
Example 3;
T
F = 30 N
h = 1.5 m
W=Fs=Fh
= 30 (1.5)
= 45.0 J
Example 4;
F = 600 N
W=Fs
= 600 x 0.8
= 480 J
S = 0.8 m
Energy
1.
It is the potential to do work.

Energy is .................................................................................................................
created nor be destroyed.
potential energy, kinetic energy, electrical

28
energy, sound energy, nuclear energy and chemical energy.
JPN Pahang

2.
Energy cannot be ....................................................................................................
3.
Exist in various forms such as ...
4.
5.
Example of the energy transformation;

When we are running up a staircase the work done consists of energy change from
Chemical Energy Kinetic Energy Potential Energy
The energy quantity consumed is equal to the work done.
Example :
If 100 J of work is done, it means 100 J of energy is consumed.
Work done and the change in kinetic energy

Force, F
s
1.
2.
energy of an object due to its motion.

Kinetic energy is
Refer to the figure above,
Work = Fs
= mas
= m ( v2)
Through, v2 = u2 +2as
u=0
and, as = v2
The formulae of Kinetic energy, Ek = mv2

3.
Example 1;
Solution :
A small car of mass 100 kg is moving along a flat road. The

resultant force on the car is 200 N.
a) What is its kinetic energy of the car after moving through 10 m?
b) What is its velocity after moving through 10 m?
Given : m = 100 kg , F = 200 N
a. Kinetic energy,
Ek = Fs
= 200 x 10= 2000 J
b. Velocity, v mv2 = 2000

v = 6.32 m s-1
29
JPN Pahang

Work done and gravitational potential energy
1.
2.
h = 1.5 m
created or destroyed but can be changed from one form to
another form. energy of an object due to its position.
Gravitational potential energy is...
(possessed by an object due to its position in a gravitational field)
Refer to the figure above;
energy
W = Fs Maximum
= mg h Potential
where,
F = mg
So, Gravitational energy, Ep = mgh
W = 10 (10) 1.5potential energy decrease

energy decrease
3.Kinetic
Example;
If m = 10 kg
= 1500 J
and potential energy
and kinetic energy
Therefore
Work
done
= 1500J
Increase
increase
Ep = 1500 J
Principle of conservation of energy And,
Carry out hands-on activity 2.10 on page 38 of the practical book.
Maximum kinetic energy
To show the principle of conservation of energy.
1.
EnergyGiven
cannot
: hbe
=
20 m, u = 0 , g = 9.8 ms-2 , v = ?
Ep = Ek
2.
Example : a thrown ball

mghupwards
= mv2will achieve a maximum height before changing its
direction and falls
m(9.8)(20) = mv2
v2 = 392,
v = 19.8 m s-1
the rate of doing work.

Therefore,
power, P =
workdone
, so,
timetaken
P=
W
t
Where, P : power in watt/W

W : work in joule/J
t : time to do work in seconds/s
3.
Example in calculation : A coconut falls from a tree from a height of 20 m. What is the
velocity of coconut just before hitting the earth?
30
JPN Pahang

Power
1.
Power is
2.
A weightlifter lifts 180 kg of weights from the floor to a height of 2 m above his head in a
time of 0.8 s. What is the power generated by the weightlifter during this time?-2
g = 9.8 ms-2) Solution : Given : m = 180 kg, h = 2 m, t = 0.8 s and g = 9.8 ms . P = ?
W
mgh
P=
=
t
Efficiency
180 9.8 2
0.8
= 4 410 W
1.
as the percentage of the energy input that is transformed into useful energy.
Defined...
2.
Formulae of efficiency :
Efficiency
3.
Useful energy output

100%
Energy input
Analogy of efficiency;unwanted energy

Energy input, Einput
Useful energy, Eoutput
Energy transformation
4.
Example;Solution
An electric
motor: m
in =a toy
lift m,
a 0.12
: Given
0.12crane
kg, can
s= 0.4
t = kg
5 s,weight
Einputthrough
= 0.8 Ja height of
0.4 m in 5 s. During this time, the batteries supply 0.8 J of energy to the motor. Calculate
(a) Eoutput
= ? of the motor.
(a) The useful
of output
Eoutput of
= the
F x motor
s
(b) The efficiency
= (0.12 x 10) x 0.4
= 0.48 J
(b) Efficiency = ?
E
output
x 100%
Efficiency E
input
0.48
x 100% 60%
0.80
31
JPN Pahang

Carry out hands-on activity 2.11 on page 39 of the practical book to measure the power.
Exercise 2.10
1.
What is the work done by a man when he pushes a box with a force of 90 N through a
distance of 10 m? State the amount of energy transferred from the man to the force.
W=Fs
The energy transferred to the force = 900 J
= 90 x 10
= 900 J
2.
A sales assistant at a shop transfers 50 tins of milk powder from the floor to the top shelf.
Each tin has a mass of 3.0 kg and the height of thee top shelf is 1.5 m.
(a)
Calculate the total work done by the sales assistant.
m = 3.0 x 50 = 150 kg
h = 1.5 m
W = mhg = 150 x 9.8 x 1.5
= 2205 J
(b)
What is his power if he completes this work in 250 s?
W
t
2205
=
= 8.82 w
250
P=
2.11
APPRECIATING THE IMPORTANCE OF MAXIMISING THE EFFICIENCY OF

DEVICES
32
JPN Pahang
1.
2.
3.

During the process of transformation the input energy to the useful output energy,
some of energy transformed into unwanted forms of energy.
..
The efficiency of energy converters is always less than 100%.
...
The unwanted energy produced in the device goes to waste.
Example of wasting the energy;

Kinetic energy
..
Input enegy
from the petrol
output
energy
Energy loss due to

Energy loss Energy loss
Energy loss due to friction at
. .
friction in
as heat
as sound
other parts in the
.... .. .. .
moving parts
engine
.... . . .
4.
The world we are living in face acute shortage of energy.
5.
It is very important that a device makes

the best possible use of the input energy.
Ways of increasing the efficiency of devices

Engine must be designed with the capability to produce greater amount of
1.
Heat engines ..
mechanical work.
2.
Electrical devices. ......

Light Fittings
- replace filament light bulb with fluorescent lamps which have higher efficiency.
- use a lamp with a reflector so that the illumination can be directed to specific areas
of the user.
Air-conditioners.
- choose a model with a high efficiency.
- accommodate the power of air-conditioner and the size of the room

Refrigerators
- Ensure that the room totally close so that the temperature in the room can be
- choose the capacity according to the size of the family.
maintained.
- installed away from source of heat and direct sunlight.
- the door must always be shut tight.
- more economical use a large capacity refrigerator.
- use manual defrost consumption.
Washing machines
- use a front loading as such more economical on water and electricity
33
- front loading use less detergent as compared to a top loading machine.
JPN Pahang

Operation of electrical devices

1.
2.
3.
2.12
when they are in good operating

The electrical devices increase the efficiency.
condition.will increase the life span of device.
Proper management .....
Example :
-the filter in an air-conditioner and fins of the cooling coil of a refrigerator
..
must be periodically cleaned.
UNDERSTANDING ELASTICITY
Carry out Hands-on activity 2.12 page 40 of the practical book.

the property of an object that enables it to return its original shape and
1.
Elasticity is ...
dimensions after an applied external force is removed.
The property of elasticity is caused by the existence of forces of

2.
Forces between atoms ..
repulsion and attraction between molecules in the solid material.
3.
Forces between atoms in equilibrium condition

Force of attraction
Force of repulsion
Force of repulsion
Explanation :
1. The atoms are separated by a distance called the equilibrium distance and vibrate at
it position.
2. Force of repulsion = Force of attraction
4.
Forces between atoms in compression

compressive force
Force of repulsion
compressive force
Force of repulsion
Explanation ;
1. Force of repulsion takes effect.
2. When the compressive force is removed, force of repulsion between the atoms
34
pushes
the atom back to their equilibrium positions.
JPN Pahang

5.
Forces between atoms in tension

force of attraction
stretching force
stretching force
Explanation ;
1. Force of attraction takes effect.
2. When the compressive force is removed, force of repulsion between the
atoms pushes the atom back to their equilibrium positions.
Carry out Experiment 2.4 on page 41 of the practical book

To investigate the relationship between force and extension of a spring
Hookes Law
that the extension of a spring is directly proportional to the applied force
1.
Hookes Law states
provided that the elastic limit is not exceeded.
as the maximum force that can be applied to

2.
Elastic limit of a spring is defined.
spring such that the spring will return to its original length when the force released.
when the length of the

3.
The spring is said to have a permanent extension,...
spring longer than the original length even though the force acts was released and the
elastic limit is exceeded.
When the spring obey Hookes Law.

4.
The
limit is not
exceeded,.
Theelastic
mathematical
expression
for Hookes Law is :
F x
F = kx,
k = Force constant of the spring
Force constant, k =
5.
F
x
with unit N m-1, N cm-1 or N mm-1
Graf F against x
F/ N
Q
F = kx
E
Spring obeying
Hookes Law
Spring not obeying Hookes law
(exceeded the elastic limit)
35
0 R
x (cm)
JPN Pahang

Force constant,
6.
k =
with unit N m-1, N cm-1 or N mm-1
F
x
k is the gradient of the F - x graph
Spring Constant, k
F/N
k=
0.8
F
x
= 0.8
8
= 0.01 N cm-1
0
Example 1;
x/cm
A spring has an original length of 15 cm. With a load of mass 200 g

attached, the length of the spring is extend to 20 cm.
a.
Calculate the spring constant.
b.
What is the length of the spring when the load is in increased
by 150 g? [assume that g = 10 N kg-1]
Given : lo = 15 cm,
a.
b.
m = 200 g , F = 2.0 N, l = 20 cm x = 5 cm
k = ?,
F 2.0 0.4Ncm1
x
5
k=
l = ? , when m = 150 g, F = 1.5 N

x=
From a, k = 4.0 N cm-1
F 1.5
3.75cm
k
0.4
= 18.75 cm
The graph shows the relationship between the
stretching force, F and the spring extension, x.
Graph F against x of
(a) Calculate the spring constant of P and Q.
F (N)
spring P and spring Q
(b) Using the graph, determine the
stretching force acts to spring P and
8
P
spring Q, when their extension are 0.5 cm
7
Solution
6
a. Spring constant, k = gradient of graph
Example 2;
l = 15 + 3.75
6
15.79N cm1
0.38
3
6.0 N cm1
kQ =
0.5
kP =
4
3
2
1
0
0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5
x (cm)
b. When x = 0.5, FP = 8.0 N

( extrapolation of graph P)
FQ = 3.0 N
36
JPN Pahang

Elastic potential energy

1.
the energy stored in a spring when it is extended or compressed

Elastic potential energy ..
spring with the original length
F compression
x
spring compressed
F
x = compression
x
x
spring extended
x = extension
F, extension
Other situation where the spring extended

and compressed
Relationship between work and elastic potential energy
F/N
Graph F against x
F
x
Area under the graph
= work done
= Fx
So, Elastic potential energy = Fx
x / cm
Example ;
5 kg
15 cm
8 cm
x = 15 8
= 7 cm
= 0.07 m
Force act to the spring,
F = 5 x 10 = 50 N
Elastic potential energy = Fx
= 50 (0.07)
= 1.75 J
Factors that effect elasticity

Hands-on activity 2.13 on page 42 the practical book to investigate the factors that affect
elasticity.
Type of material
different
Diameter of spring wire
same
Diameter of spring
same
Length of spring
same
Summarise the four factors that affect elasticity
37
same
different
same
Same
same
same
different
same
same
same
same
different
JPN Pahang

Factor
Length
Diameter of spring
Diameter of spring wire
Type of material
Change in factor
Effect on elasticity
Shorter spring
Less elastic
Longer spring
More elastic
Smaller diameter
Less elastic
Larger diameter
More elastic
Smaller diameter
More elastic
Larger diameter
Less elastic
the elasticity changes with the type of materials
Exercise 2.12
1.
A 6 N force on a spring produces an extension of 2 cm. What is the extension when the
force is increased to 18 N? State any assumption you made in calculating your answer.
To solve the problem, determine the spring constant to use the formula F = k x
F = 6 N , x = 2 cm
F = kx
When, F = 18 N, x = ?
6 = k (2)
18 = 3 x
-1
k = 3 N cm
x = 6 cm
2.
If a 20 N force extends a spring from 5 cm to 9 cm,

(a)
what is the force constant of the spring?
F = 20 N,
x = 9 5 = 4 cm,
k = ? F = kx
20 = k (4)
k = 5 N cm-1
(b)
Calculate the elastic potential energy stored in the spring.

E = Fx
= (20)(4)
= 40 J
Reinforcement Chapter 2
Part A : Objective Questions
1.
When a coconut is falling to the

ground, which of the following
quantities is constant?
A.
B.
C.
D.
2.
Velocity
Momentum
Acceleration
Kinetic energy
In an inelastic collision, which of the

following quantities remains
constant before and after the
collision?
A.
B.
38
Total acceleration
Total velocity
JPN Pahang

C.
Total momentum
D.
Total kinetic energy
Calculate the weight of a stone with
mass 60 g on the surface of the
moon.
(The gravitational acceleration of the
moon is 1/6 that of the Earth.)
3.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
4.
B.
C.
D.
E.
7.
0.1 N 60 g = 0.06 kg
W = 0.06 (1/6)(10)
0.2 N
= 0.1 N
0.4 N
0.6 N
0.8 N
6.
2N
2N
B.
12 N
7N
C.
12 N
14 N
D.
20 N
17 N
A.
B.
C.
D.
8.
Lift Weight
Thrust Lift
Lift Air friction
Thrust Air friction
m = 0.3 kg
5m
What is the momentum of the stone

just before it hits the ground?
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
The graph below shows the motion

of a trolley with mass 1.5 kg.
0.15 kg m s-1
0.3 kg m s-1
1.5 kg m s-1
3.0 kg m s-1
15.0 kg m s-1
Solution :
P = mv (find v first to calculate the P)

Ep = Ek mgh = mv2
(0.3)(10)(5) = (0.3) v2
v = 10 m s-1
P = (0.3)(10)
= 3.0 kg m s-1
Velocity / ms-1
4
9.
0
2
4
6 Time / s
Calculate the momentum of the
trolley from t = 2s to t = 4s.
A.
Air friction
Weight
The aircraft above accelerates if
A.
mass and acceleration
B.
weight and force
C.
mass and velocity
Which of the following diagrams
shows a body moving at constant
velocity?
A.
This figure shows an aircraft flying

Lift
in the air.
Thrust
The momentum of a particle is

dependent on
5.
3.0 kg m s-1
4.0 kg m s-1
6.0 kg m s-1
7.5 kg m s-1
1.5 kg m s-1 P = mv
= 1.5 x 4
= 6.0 kg ms-1
39
A big ship will keep moving for some

distance when its engine is turned off.
This situation happens because the ship
has
JPN Pahang
A.
B.
C.
D.
10.

great inertia
great acceleration
great momentum
great kinetic energy
(Gravitational acceleration of the

moon is 1/6 that of the Earth and
g = 9.8 N kg-2)
An iron ball is dropped at a height of

10 m from the surface of the moon.
Calculate the time needed for the
iron ball to land.
A
B
C
D
E
2
0.6 s s = ut + gt
= (0)t + (9.8/6)t2
1.4 s
1.7 s t = 3.5 s
3.5 s
12.0 s
Part B : Structure Questions

1.
(i) Car A
Method (a)
Diagram 1.1
(ii) Car B
Diagram 1.1(i) and (ii) show two methods used by the mechanic to move a breakdown
The forces given parallel with the surface of motion,
car. A constant force, F = 500 N is used to push and pull the car in method A and B.
So,
all the
forcesisgiven
to move
(a)
(i)
Which
method
easierused
to move
the the
car?car.
(ii)
(b)
State a reason for your answer in (a)(i).
F = Fgiven - Ffriction
= 500 200
The frictional force acting between the car and track surface in both methods is
= 300 N the
200 N. Calculate,
(i)
horizontal resultant force in method A.
F = Fgiven Cos 500 Ffriction
= 500 cos 600 200
(ii)
= 50.0 N
horizontal resultant force in method B.
F=ma
50.0 = 1000 a
(iii)
a = 0.05 m s-2
acceleration of the car in method B.
The acceleration of Car A = 0.3 m s-2
To move Car B with the same acceleration

of Car A, increase the force given to
40
1000 N
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(c)
Suggest a method to move Car B so that the acceleration produced is equal to that
of method A.
....
2.
ceiling
Tin
water
P
hand
Diagram 2.1
(ii)
Diagram 2.1(i) shows tin P that is empty and tin Q that is filled with water. A
student find difficult to pushed tin Q. Write the inference about the observation.
The difficulty to move the tin depends to its mass.
Diagram 2.1(ii) shows a tin being released from the different positions M and N.
The hand of a student at position R needs greater force to stop the motion of the
tin falling from position M. Explain this observation.
From position M the velocity of tin is more than the velocity compare when it is
from N. Ek increase then the force to stop it will be increased.
Based on the observation (i) and (ii), state two factors that affect the magnitude of
the momentum of the object.
b)
c)
d)
Q
(i)
a)
mass and velocity
If water flows out from a hole at the bottom of the tin Q, how would the inertia of
Tin Q depends on time ?
inertia of tin Q will decrease because the mass of tin decreased.
2 ms-1
3.
P
iron ball ( 2 kg )
S
3.0 m
smooth surface
1.0 m
41
2.0 m
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Q
Diagram 3
R
Rough surface
The figure shows a iron ball that is rolled through PQRST. The rough surface of QR has
frictional force of 4 N.
a)
Calculate
(i)
the kinetic energy of the iron ball at P.
Ek = mv2
= (2)(22) = 4.0 J
b)
c)
(ii)
the potential energy of the iron ball at P.

Ep = mgh
= (2) (10) (3.0)
= 60.0 J
(iii)
the total of energy of the iron ball at P.

E = Ek + Ep
= 4.0 + 60.0
= 64.0 J
Calculate the total of energy of the iron ball when it reaches at Q ?
64.0 J ( the conservation of energy )
(i)
(ii)
Calculate the work done against friction along QR.

W = Ff x s
= 4 x 1.0
= 4.0 J
d)
Calculate the total kinetic energy of the iron ball at S.

Es = E Ef
Ek at S = Es - Ep at s
= 64.0 4.0
= 60.0 (2)(10)(2.0)
= 60.0 J
= 20.0 J
e)
Calculate the speed of the ball at position T.

v2 = 20
v = 4.5 m s-1
Ek at T = 20.0 J
= m v2
= (2)(v2)
Part C : Essay Questions
1.
42
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(i)
(ii)
Diagram 1.1
Diagram 1.1(i) shows the condition of a car moving at high velocity when it suddenly
crashes into a wall.
Diagram 1.1(ii) shows a tennis ball hit with racquet by a player.
a)
(i)
What is the meaning of momentum?
(ii)
b)
Based on the observations of Diagram (i) and (ii), compare the

characteristics of car when it crashes into the wall and the tennis ball when
it is hit with a racquet. Hence, relate these characteristics to clarify a
physics concept, and name this concept.
Explain why a tennis player uses a taut racquet when playing.
c)
In launching a rocket, a few technical problems have to be overcome before the

rocket can move upright to the sky. By using appropriate physics concepts,
describe the design of a rocket and the launch techniques that can launch the
rocket upright.
a)
(i)
momentum is product of mass and velocity
(ii)
- The shape of car changed but the shape of wall remained.

- The shape of ball remained but the shape of the racquet string was
changed. (The racquet string is elastic but the wall is harder)
- The time taken of collision between the ball and racquet string more
than
the time taken when the car hit the wall.
- The impulsive force will decrease when the time of collision increased.
- The concept is the impulsive force.
Answer
b)
- To decrease the time of collision between the ball and the racquet string.
- Impulsive force will be increased.
- The force act to the ball will be increased.
- The velocity of ball will be increased.
c)
- Make a gradually narrower at the front shape (tapering)

: To decrease air friction
- Made by the high strength and high rigidity of materials
: To decrease the probability to become dented (kemik).
- Made by the low density of material.
: To reduce the mass/weight
- The structure is fractional engine
: The mass will be decreased and the velocity will increase.
- Made by the high of heat capacity of materials
: It will be high heat resistance.
43
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2.

Properties
Brand
A
B
C
D
Reaction time / s
Mass / kg
0.3
0.5
0.2
0.6
1.5
1.8
0.9
2.5
Engine thrust
force / N
10.0
12.5
6.5
16.0
Resistance
force / N
4.0
2.4
2.2
6.5
In a radio-controlled car racing competition, 4 mini-cars branded A, B, C and D took part.

The information of the 4 cars is given in the table above. Details of the above information
are given as below;
Reaction time - Duration between the moment the radio-controlled is switched on and
the moment the car starts moving.
Resistance
- Average value of opposing forces includes the friction between
wheels and track, and air resistance.
(a)
What is the meaning of acceleration?
(b)
Draw a graph of velocity against time that shows a car moving initially with
constant acceleration, then moving with constant velocity and followed by
constant deceleration until it stops.
(c)
Explain the suitability of the properties in the above table in constructing a radiocontrolled car racing purpose. Hence, determine which brand of car will win the
50-metre race.
(c)
If Car B in the above table is moved up the plane at the angle of 30o to the
horizon,
(i)
Show that the car is able to move up the plane.
(ii)
Determine the acceleration of the car.
Answer :
(a)
Increase the velocity
(b)
v / ms-1
displacement = area under the graph
(c)
t/s
- time reaction mast be short : fast to detect the signal to start its move
44
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(d)
(50Sin300)

- has a small of mass : to decrease the inertia, then easier to start move and to
stop its moving.
- thrust force is high : has more power during its moving / increase the
acceleration
- friction force is low : decrease the lost of force
- the best car is A : because it has short of time reaction, small of mass, high of
thrust force and low friction of force.
(i)
EB = (12.5 2.4 ) (50) = 505.0 J
0
50 m0
50Sin30
E (suitable to move up) = 1.8 (10)
30
= 450 .0 J
EB> E ( car B can move up the plane)
(ii) F = ma , 12.5 2.4 = 1.8 a,
a = 5.61 ms-1
45

Chapter 2 Force and Motion TEACHER's GUIDE

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Chapter 2 Force and Motion TEACHER's GUIDE

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JPN Pahang

Physics Module Form 4

FORCE AND MOTION

ANALYSING LINEAR MOTION

Distance and displacement

Types of physical quantity:

The difference between distance and displacement:

Distance always longer than displacement.

Hands-on Activity 2.2 pg 10 of the practical book.

the distance traveled per unit time or rate of change of distance

Physics Module Form 4

ii. velocity = displacement

4 km h-1 (in the direction of 0530)

Study the phenomenon below;

The velocity of the car increases.

Calculate the acceleration of car;

Physics Module Form 4

when the velocity of an object decreases, In calculations, a will

the frequency of the ticker timer

Determination of displacement as the length of ticker tape over a period of time.

xy = displacement over time t

Physics Module Form 4

Determine the acceleration

The list of important formula;

The equation of motion

Example 1 : A car traveling with a velocity of 10 m s-1 accelerates uniformly at a rate of 3

Physics Module Form 4

Physics Module Form 4

ANALYSING MOTION GRAPHS

Graph gradient is fixed

The object move with uniform velocity

Physics Module Form 4

The object moves with decreasing velocity, with uniform

AB = velocity is zero (rest)

The velocity-time Graph

The area under the graph is equal to the displacement of the

The object moves with a uniform acceleration

The area under the graph is equal to the displacement,

s of the moving object :

until it comes to rest.

The area under the graph is equal to the displacement of the

Physics Module Form 4

The object moves with increasing acceleration.

The area under the graph is equal to the total displacement of

The area under the graph is the total displacement of the

Calculate:(i) Velocity over OP, QR and RS

Calculate:(i) acceleration,a over OP, PQ and QR

Physics Module Form 4

Physics Module Form 4

Large vehicle are made to move or stopped with greater difficulty.

Mass and inertia

To tight the loose hammer

We should take a precaution to ovoid the effect.

A heavier vehicle will take a long time to stop.

Physics Module Form 4

What is inertia? Does 2 kg rock have twice the inertia of 1 kg rock?

motion in a straight line.

Yes, the inertia increase with the mass increased.

strike the top of the dowel with a hammer,

A wooden block has inertia to remains at rest.

hit the end of the dowel on the floor.

A wooden block has inertia to continue it motion.

Physics Module Form 4