XI Standard Bio-Botany Syllabus

Unit I PLANT WORLD Scope and Branches Botany Interdisciplinary aspectsContributions of Eminent Botanists
Unit-II PLANT DIVERSITY Systems of Classification Two kingdom- Five Kingdom
Kingdom Monera- Protista-Fungi- Plantae- Animalia Viruses -Prions-Viriods- MycoplasmaLichens
Unit III KINGDOM PLANTAE Algae - General characters Chlorophyceae
Phaeophyceae Rhodophyceae -Bryophyta General characters Liverworts MossesPteridophyta - General characters Clubmosses Horsetails Ferns - Gymnosperms General
characters -Cycads- Conifers Angiosperms Salient features Dicots Monocots Life cycles
in Plants Haplontic Diplontic- Haplodiplontic- Haplodiplobiontic (Triphasic) Phylogeny of
the Plant Kingdom
Unit IV- CELL STRUCTURE AND TISSUE SYSTEM IN PLANTS Cell an
Introduction- Types of cells- Comparison of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells - plant cell - Cell
wall - plasma membrane-cell organelles -Chloroplast mitochondria-Nucleus- structure and
function - Chromosomes- variation in number and structure types of chromosomes-DNA structure and replication Tools in cell biology Microscopy Plant Tissues Meristematic and
Permanent Tissue systems- Epidermal tissue system- Ground or fundamental tissue system
Vascular tissue system
Unit V MORPHOLOGY OF ANGIOSPERMS Vegetative morphology Root, stem and
leaf -types,structure ,modifications and functions Reproductive morphology Inflorescence
types Flower, fruit types and seed structure
Unit VI PLANT PHYSIOLOGY Biological importance of water Absorption of waterImbibition, Osmosis, Diffusion- Plasmolysis- Water potential. Ascent of sap Theories- Vital,
Capillary Rot Pressure, Cohesion tension . Transpiration types significance- guttationmechanism of stomatal movement-Uptake and transport of minerals -Translocation of dissolved
solutes Macro and micro-nutrients- role and deficiency symptoms Special modes of nutrition
in Angiosperms- parasites- saprophytes-insectivores Plant growth and phytohormones
Unit VII REPRODUCTION IN ANGIOSPERMS Methods of reproduction VegetativeNatural and Artificial methods- Conventional and modern methods in plant breeding. Sexual
reproduction anther structure pollen grains- male gametophyte Pollination- kinds- agents
Ovule structure mature embryosac Double fertilisation-triple fusion- Post fertilisation
changes

XI Standard Botany Syllabus

Unit I PLANT WORLD Scope and Branches of Botany Interdisciplinary aspects- of
Contributions of Eminent Botanists
Unit-II PLANT DIVERSITY Systems of Classification Two kingdom- Five Kingdom
Kingdom Monera- Protista- Fungi- Pencillium -PlantaeAnimalia Viruses BacteriophageTMV-Multiplication,Prions-Viriods- Mycoplasma- Lichens.
Unit III KINGDOM PLANTAE Algae - General characters Chlorophyceae Life cycle
of Spirogyra -Phaeophyceae Rhodophyceae -Bryophyta General characters Liverworts
Life cycle of Marchantia - Mosses- Pteridophyta - General characters Clubmosses Life cycle
of Selaginella -Horsetails Ferns - Gymnosperms General characters -Cycads- Conifers Life
cycle of Pinus - Angiosperms Salient features Dicots Monocots Life cycles in Plants
Haplontic Diplontic- Haplodiplontic- Haplodiplobiontic (Triphasic) Phylogeny of the Plant
Kingdom
Unit IV- CELL STRUCTURE AND TISSUE SYSTEM IN PLANTS Cell an
Introduction- Types of cells- Comparison of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells - plant cell Cell
wall - plasma membrane structure fluid mosaic model--cell organelles -Chloroplast
Mitochondria -Golgi complex Endoplasmic reticulum- Ribosomes-Nucleus- structure and
function - Chromosomes- variation in number and structure types of chromosomes-DNA structure and replication Tools in cell biology Microscopy Stains and staining
centrifugation - Plant Tissues Meristematic and Permanent Tissue systems- Epidermal tissue
system stomata strucure and types - Ground or fundamental tissue system Vascular tissue
system
Unit V MORPHOLOGY OF ANGIOSPERMS Vegetative morphology Root, stem and
leaf -types, structure , modifications and function Reproductive morphology Inflorescence
types Flower, fruit types and seed structure - Seed germination types vivipary dispersal of
seeds and fruits
Unit VI PLANT PHYSIOLOGY Biological importance of water Absorption of waterImbibition, Osmosis, Diffusion ,Plasmolysis water potential . Ascent of sap- TheoriesVital,Capillary, Root pressure and Cohesion tension Transpiration types significanceguttation- mechanism of stomatal movement-Uptake and transport of minerals - Mechanism of
mineral absorption Active and Passive methods- Macro and micro-nutrients- role and
deficiency symptoms Special modes of nutrition in Angiosperms- parasites- saprophytesinsectivores Plant growth and phytohormones - Plant movements

Unit VII REPRODUCTION IN ANGIOSPERMS Methods of reproduction VegetativeNatural and Artificial methods- Conventional and modern methods in plant breeding.Sexual
reproduction anther structure pollen grains- male gametophyte Development - Pollinationkinds- agents Ovule structure and types mature embryosac Development of monosporic
embryosac -Double fertilisation - triple fusion- Post fertilisation changes development of dicot
embryo

XII Standard Bio-Botany Syllabus

Unit I PLANT SYSTEMATICS History of classification Types of classification artificial(Linnaeus) Phylogenetic (Engler and Prantl) Natural (Bentham and Hooker) Principles of
Nomenclature ICBN- author citation type concept Taxon- taxonomic hierarchy Tools in
taxonomy herbaria- uses monographs- flora keys catalogues Modern methods in
Taxonomy Chemotaxonomy Serotaxonomy Biosystematics Numerical taxonomy Study of
salient features and economic importance of the following families : Fabaceae Apocynaceae
Euphorbiaceae-Arecaceae
Unit II PLANT ANATOMY Study of the internal structure and comparison - Dicot and
monocot root - Dicot and Monocot stem Leaf anatomy -Monocot leaf Secondary growth in
Dicot stem formation of Vascular cambium and cork cambium Periderm- Bark
dendrochronology
Unit III PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY- Photosynthesis radiant energy
Photosystems- red drop Light reaction- photophosphorylation -cyclic and non-cyclic- Dark
reaction variants - Calvin cycle - C4 cycle - CAM pathway photorespiration -Blackmanns
Law Respiration - respiratory substrates - R.Q - anaerobic and aerobic-GlycolysisKrebs
cycle- oxidative phosphorylation-interrelationship of respiration with other metabolic pathways
factors affecting respiration Photomorphogenesis- photoperiodism- vernalisation
Biomolecules- primary metabolites- carbohydrates proteins and enzymes- lipids secondary
metabolites alkaloids flavonoids- carotenoids Stress physiology concept of stress and strain
Abiotic stresses - water salt temperature methods of stress tolerance in plants
Unit IV PRINCIPLES OF INHERITANCE- Mendelian Principles Laws of MendelMonohybrid-Dihybrid cross. Incomplete dominance- Interaction of factors- Complementary
genes-molecular basis of inheritance- cell division and types-linkage and crossing over - Types
of RNA- comparison between DNA and RNA Gene structure and function- Lac operon - Gene
mutation Bioinformatics an introductory approach
Unit V- PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY Definition- scope- Principles of r-DNA technology
Tools of genetic engineering Restriction enzymes- ligases- plasmid vectors- host- markers
Methods of gene transfer in plants- Transgenic plants and microbes. Principles and applications
of Tissue culture anther and meristem culture- Protoplast fusion cell suspension culture
artificial seeds Single cell proteins production and uses Bioprospecting, Biofortification,
Biowar, Nanobiotechnology-Biopiracy- IPR and patents.

Unit- VI -ECOLOGY AND CONSERVATION Ecology definition- scope- typesEcosystem structure - function- abiotic factors biotic factors- Energy flow- food chain- food
web- Trophic level-ecological pyramids. Study of Pond ecosystem Classification of plants in
relation to water Plant succession types. Biogeochemical cycles- Sedimentary cyclesgaseous cycle Nitrogen cycle- Biodiversity definition and types- Loss of BiodiversityMethods of conservation- in situ ex situ Red data book- IUCN categories- HotspotsEnvironmental issues- air and water pollution- waste management Sources of energy
conventional and non-conventional sources - carbon foot print- carbon tax
Unit VII PLANTS IN HUMAN WELFARE Food - cereals- pulses- oilseeds spices and
condiments- Agriculture- biofertilisers- biopesticides Horticulture- cut flowers- topiarynursery and landscaping- Bonsai - Industries- Timber- Rubber - sugar Fibre- paper- enzymes
Medicinal plants and Pharmacognsy- Bioenergy Bioremediation- paper- tannery- heavy metal
pollution.

XII Standard Botany (Long Version) Syllabus

Unit I PLANT SYSTEMATICS History of classification Types of classification artificial(Linnaeus) Phylogenetic (Engler and Prantl) Natural (Bentham and Hooker) Principles of
Nomenclature ICBN- author citation type concept Taxon- taxonomic hierarchy Tools in
taxonomy herbaria- Herbarium techniques - uses monographs- flora keys catalogues
Modern methods in Taxonomy Chemotaxonomy Serotaxonomy Biosystematics Numerical
taxonomy Study of salient features and economic importance of the following families :
Fabaceae Malvaceae - Rubiaceae -Apocynaceae -Euphorbiaceae-Musaceae-Arecaceae
Unit II PLANT ANATOMY Study of the internal structure and comparison of Dicot and
monocot root - Dicot and Monocot stem - Leaf anatomy-Dicot leaf Monocot leaf Secondary
growth in Dicot stem formation of Vascular cambium and cork cambium Secondary growth
in Dicot root- Periderm- Bark dendrochronology
Unit III PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY- Photosynthesis radiant energy
Photosystems- red drop Light reaction- photophosphorylation -cyclic and non-cyclic- Dark
reaction Calvin cycle- C4 cycle- CAM pathway photorespiration Factors affecting
photosynthesis-Blackmanns Law -Respiration- respiratory substrates - R.Q - anaerobic and
aerobic-GlycolysisKrebs cycle- oxidative phosphorylation-interrelationship of respiration with
other metabolic pathways factors affecting respiration Photomorphogenesis- photoperiodismvernalisation Seed dormancy senescence and abscission - Biomolecules- primary metabolitescarbohydrates proteins and enzymes- lipids secondary metabolites alkaloids flavonoidscarotenoids Stress physiology concept of stress and strain Abiotic stresses- water salt
temperature methods of stress tolerance in plants
Unit IV PRINCIPLES OF INHERITANCE- Mendelian Principles- Laws of MendelMonohybrid and Dihybrid cross- Incomplete dominance. Interaction of factors- Complementary
genes-Epistasis (Dominant and Recessive) Sex determination in plants -Molecular basis of
inheritance- cell division and types-linkage and crossing over - Types of RNA- comparison
between DNA and RNA Gene structure and function- Lac operon - Gene mutation
Bioinformatics an introductory approach
Unit V- PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY Definition- scope- Principles of r-DNA technology
Tools of genetic engineering Restriction enzymes- ligases- plasmid vectors- host- markers
Methods of gene transfer in plants- Transgenic plants and microbes. Principles and applications
of Tissue culture anther and meristem culture- Protoplast fusion cell suspension culture
artificial seeds Single cell proteins production and uses Bioprospecting, Biofortification,
Biowar, Nanobiotechnology- Biopiracy- IPR and patents.

Unit- VI -ECOLOGY AND CONSERVATION Ecology definition- scope- types- Ecosystem

structure - function- abiotic factors biotic factors- Energy flow- food chain- food webTrophic level-ecological pyramids Study of Pond ecosystem .Classification of plants in relation
to water Hydrophytes Mesophytes Xerophytes- Halophytes- Adaptations Plant succession
types- Hydrosere. Biogeochemical cycles- Sedimentary cycles- gaseous cycle Nitrogen cycleBiodiversity definition and types- Loss of Biodiversity- Methods of conservation- in situ ex
situ Red data book- IUCN categories- Hotspots- Environmental issues- air and water pollutionwaste management Sources of energy-conventional - non-conventional sources - carbon foot
print- carbon tax

Unit VII PLANTS IN HUMAN WELFARE Food - cereals- pulses- oilseeds spices and
condiments- Cultivation of Paddy. Agriculture- biofertilisers- biopesticides Horticulture- cut
flowers- topiary- nursery and landscaping- Bonsai - Industries- Timber- Rubber - sugar Fibrepaper-enzymes Cultivation of Sugarcane.Medicinal plants and Pharmacognsy- Bioenergy
Bioremediation- sewage disposal- paper- tannery- heavy metal pollution.

XII Standard Bio-Botany Syllabus (Total Period= 75 )

Unit I
Unit II
Unit III
Unit IV
Unit V
Unit VI
Unit VII

Unit I
Unit II
Unit III
Unit IV
Unit V
Unit VI
Unit VII

UNITS
PLANT SYSTEMATICS
PLANT ANATOMY
PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY
PRINCIPLES OF INHERITANCE
PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY
ECOLOGY AND CONSERVATION
PLANTS IN HUMAN WELFARE

10
09
20
10
10
08
08

XII Standard Botany Syllabus (Total Period= 140

UNITS
PLANT SYSTEMATICS
PLANT ANATOMY
PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY
PRINCIPLES OF INHERITANCE
PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY
ECOLOGY AND CONSERVATION
PLANTS IN HUMAN WELFARE

PERIOD

PERIOD
20
15
35
20
20
15
15

XI Standard Bio-Botany Syllabus (Total Period= 75 )

Unit I
Unit II
Unit III
Unit IV
Unit V
Unit VI
Unit VII

UNITS
PLANT WORLD
PLANT DIVERSITY
KINGDOM PLANTAE
CELL STRUCTURE AND TISSUE SYSTEMS IN PLANTS
MORPHOLOGY OF ANGIOSPERMS
PLANT PHYSIOLOGY
REPRODUCTION IN ANGIOSPERMS

PERIOD
3
10
12
12
8
20
10

XI Standard Botany Syllabus (Total Period= 140)

Unit I
Unit II
Unit III
Unit IV
Unit V

UNITS
PLANT WORLD
PLANT DIVERSITY
KINGDOM PLANTAE
CELL STRUCTURE AND TISSUE SYSTEMS IN PLANTS
MORPHOLOGY OF ANGIOSPERMS

Unit VI
Unit VII

PLANT PHYSIOLOGY
REPRODUCTION IN ANGIOSPERMS

PERIOD
5
20
35
25
10
30
15