Professional Documents
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SYSTEMS
G,OOD
THE
AD T
AND
VRFVRF
SYSTEMS
: THE: T
GHE
OOD
THE, B
AD B
AND
HE T
UHE
GLYUGLY
JUNES2LIDE
2011
1
Logistics
Safety
Restrooms
Recycling
Cell phone etiquette
Lunch
Review forms
Webinar etiquette
PG&E Resources
Rebates
Tool Lending Library
Marlene Vogelsang (mxv6@pge.com)
SLIDE 2
Agenda
Topic
Intro and Overview
Speaker(s)
M Hydeman
BREAK
VRF Manufacturer Perspective
BREAK
VRF Design Perspective
LUNCH
VRF Owner's Perspective
T Rabiah
BREAK
VRF Cx Perspective
D Sellers
BREAK
Discussion and Wrapup
All
SLIDE 3
Handouts
You can get a copy of the handouts in PDF format as
follows:
Type the following link into your web browser:
http://www.taylorengineering.com/ftp/PECClassHandouts.html
SLIDE 4
Speakers
Mark Hydeman, PE, Principal, Taylor Engineering, LLC
mhydeman@taylor-engineering.com
Ruben Willmarth, Mitsubishi Electric HVAC
rwillmarth@HVAC.mea.com
Sherwin Khayatian, Norman S. Wright
skhayatian@norman-wright.com
Hwakong Cheng, Senior Mechanical Designer, Taylor
Engineering, LLC
hcheng@taylor-engineering.com
Tal Rabiah, PE, Sr. Mechanical Engineer, UCSC
trabiah@ucsc.edu
David Sellers, PE, Facility Dynamics
DSellers@FacilityDynamics.com
SLIDE 5
Introduction
Who are you?
Facility Operations or Engineering
Design Consultant
Contractor
Vendor
Other
What brings you here?
SLIDE 6
SYSTEMS
G,OOD
THE
AD T
AND
VRFVRF
SYSTEMS
: THE: T
GHE
OOD
THE, B
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AND
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GLYUGLY
JUNES2LIDE
2011
1
Piping
Controls
SLIDE 2
SLIDE 3
SLIDE 4
SLIDE 5
HEATING
COOLING
SLIDE 6
SLIDE 7
SLIDE 8
COP
VRF SYSTEMS: THE GOOD, THE BAD AND THE UGLY
SLIDE 9
Cubicle Area
Lobby/
Waiting Room
Conference
Room
Elect
Break Room
3000 BTU
6000 BTU
12000 BTU
3000 BTU
Janitor
6000 BTU
Open Work
Room
6000 BTU
3000 BTU
Office #1
3000 BTU
Office #2
3000 BTU
Men
Women
Simultaneous Load:
Cooling: 27000 BTU
Heating: 21000 BTU
SLIDE 10
72,000
BTUH
6.48 KW
7.00
6.00
Power Input KW
5.00
4.00
3.00
27,000
BTUH
2.38 KW
2.00
1.00
0.00
0
12000
24000
36000
48000
60000
72000
84000
SLIDE 11
2.38 KW at
95oF
2.3000
2.2000
P owe r Input K W
2.1000
1.87 KW at
50oF
2.0000
1.9000
1.8000
1.7000
1.6000
1.5000
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
OA Temperature FDB
SLIDE 12
SLIDE 13
SLIDE 14
SLIDE 15
SLIDE 16
SLIDE 17
SLIDE 18
SLIDE 19
SLIDE 20
VRF Controls
Controls are an integral part of all VRF Systems
SLIDE 21
Programmable/ Full-Featured
SLIDE 22
PC w/GUI
TG-2000
LAN
Touch Screen
Hub
Power Supply
Up to 40
Central Controllers
PC-Based
Power Supply
SLIDE 23
SLIDE 24
SLIDE 25
SLIDE 26
SLIDE 27
Combined Conditioning/Ventilation
Separate Conditioning/Ventilation (DOAS)
15% Distributed OSA
Pair of 12 Dia. Ducts
Air
30 Diameter
Ductwork
SLIDE 28
SLIDE 29
SLIDE 30
Questions
SLIDE 31
JUNE 2 2011
North
Zone
3 Ton
Server
Room
4 Ton
1 Ton
2 Ton
South Zone
1.5
Ton
1.5
Ton
1.5
Ton
1.5
Ton
1.5
Ton
1.5
Ton
1.5
Ton
1.5
Ton
*Nominal conditions with no correction factors have been used for example purposes only
As the customer is looking for temperature control per zone this would mean
a fan coil & branch selector box per indoor unit
FXMQ48
BSVQ
36
BSVQ
60
FXMQ12
BSVQ
36
BSVQ
36
FXMQ36
BSVQ
36
BSVQ
36
BSVQ
36
FXMQ18
FXMQ18
BSVQ
36
FXMQ18
FXMQ18
BSVQ
36
FXMQ18
BSVQ
36
FXMQ18
BSVQ
36
FXMQ18
BSVQ
36
FXMQ18
FXMQ36
BSVQ
36
South Zone
20 Ton System
North Zone
FXMQ36
FXMQ48
FXMQ12
BSVQ
96
20 Ton System
FXMQ36
FXMQ36
BSVQ
96
BS
South Zone
FXMQ72
FXMQ18
BSVQ
96
FXMQ18
FXMQ18
FXMQ18
FXMQ18
FXMQ18
BSVQ
96
FXMQ18
North Zone
FXMQ36
FXMQ48
BSVQ
36
BSVQ
60
FXMQ12
BSVQ
36
FXMQ72
South Zone
BSVQ
96
FXMQ72
BSVQ
96
FXMQ72
20 Ton System
BSVQ
96
o
o
o
Comfort Cooling
Is the Makeup Air Tempered or does the Design incorporate
Heat Reclaim Ventilation? If so, ventilation loads are fully or
partially handled elsewhere and only internal loads are
present for certain occupied zones.
Design can eliminate BSVQ Box and save costs, reduce units
The most cost effective way is to design around heat pumps, right?
This project consists of 4 main heat cool changeover zones
This would mean 3 VRV heat pump outdoor units & a Split System
Approximate VRV Installed Cost = 100% (this will be used as the baseline cost)
A heat recovery system best suits this project as one outdoor unit can be utilized to match the loads
Does this mean we can now connect the server room to the VRV system?
No, this should be connected to a single split system (this is true of all VRV/VRF systems!)
o
North Zone
3FXMQ36
Ton
12
FXMQ12
Ton
48
FXMQ48
Ton
Server
Room
FXAQ24
2 Ton
6 Ton
FXMQ36
South Zone
FXMQ12
FXMQ12
FXMQ12
FXMQ12
FXMQ12
FXMQ12
FXMQ12
FXMQ12
*Nominal conditions with no correction factors have been used for example purposes only
North Zone
FXMQ36
FXMQ48
BSVQ
36
BSVQ
60
FXMQ12
BSVQ
36
FXMQ72
South Zone
BSVQ
96
FXMQ72
BSVQ
96
FXMQ72
20 Ton System
Questions
Hwakong Cheng
Senior Mechanical Designer
Taylor Engineering, LLC
SYSTEMS
G,OOD
THE
AD T
AND
VRFVRF
SYSTEMS
: THE: T
GHE
OOD
THE, B
AD B
AND
HE T
UHE
GLYUGLY
JUNES2LIDE
2011
1
Designer Perspective
Agenda
System Selection
Zoning and system layout
Pipe Sizing and Layout
Refrigerant Management
Coordination with other trades
Code Compliance
Controls Integration
Limitations
Photos
SLIDE 2
System Selection
Ducted vs Ductless
(but still need ventilation)
Air vs Water-cooled
condensing units
SLIDE 3
SLIDE 4
SLIDE 5
SLIDE 6
SLIDE 7
Soft tubing
Brazed joints
Higher PD
Higher installation
cost
Tidy installation
with straight runs
and 90s
Not available for
small diameters
Flared fittings
Lower PD
Lower installation
cost
Consistent
insulation from
linesets
SLIDE 8
SLIDE 9
Refrigerant Management
VRF lots of refrigerant
ASHRAE Stds 15/34, CMC Ch 11
R-410A: Safety group A1
25 lb / 1000 cubic feet
R-410A
SLIDE 10
Refrigerant Management
Example:
Ductless fan coils operable
windows
System charge: 48.3 lb R410A
Normal room: 16x15x10 = 2400 cf
Smallest room: 16x10x10 = 1600 cf
Catastrophic discharge into
smallest room:
48.3 lb / 1600 cf = 30.1 lb / 1000 cf
Above limit of 25 lb / 1000 cf!
Smallest volume
VRF SYSTEMS: THE GOOD, THE BAD AND THE UGLY
SLIDE 11
Refrigerant Management
Possible solutions:
Permanent openings
Door louver/undercuts
Transfer air grilles
Transfer fan
Connected duct systems
SLIDE 12
Refrigerant Management
LEED EAc4 Enhanced Refrigerant Management
R-410 high global warming potential GWP =1890
(GWP of CO2 = 1)
SLIDE 13
SLIDE 14
Code Compliance
Title 24 (Part 6)
Prescriptive Path
Performance Path
EnergyPro
DOE/CEC waivers
SLIDE 15
Controls Integration
Stand-alone controls
Scheduling
Setpoint control
Monitoring / Feedback
Web access
BMS system integration
BACnet/LonWorks
SLIDE 16
Limitations
Humidity control
Fan pressure
Limited control of airside pressure drop
Watch PD for ducted systems
Standard filters ~ MERV 4
Sound
SLIDE 17
Limitations
Airside Economizer
45
45
40
40
Weather Hours
Weather
0 to 1 Hours
0 to117
1 to 105
0 to104
1 to 92
0 to911 to 79
0 to781 to 66
0 to651 to 53
0 to521 to 40
0 to391 to 27
0 to261 to 14
13 to 1
NO
YES
San Francisco
Weather
30
30
25
25
Return Air
Return Air
10
10
00
55
70
70
60
60
20
20
15
15
80
80
50
50
Supply Air
35
35
170
170
160
160
150
150
140
140
130
130
120
120
110
110
100
100
90
90
40
40
30
30
YES
NO
20
20
10
10
-10
-5-5 00 55 10
-10
10 15
15 20
20 25
25 30
30 35
35 40
40 45
45 50
50 55
55 60
60 65
65 70
70 75
75 80
80 85
85 90
90 95
95 100
100 105
105 110
110
Chart by: HANDS
DOWN SOFTWARE, www.handsdownsoftware.com
Chart by: HANDS DOWN SOFTWARE, www.handsdownsoftware.com
Dry-Bulb Temperature, F
Dry-Bulb Temperature, F
SLIDE 18
Limitations
Airside Economizer
aftermarket option for
ducted systemsL
SLIDE 19
Photos
SLIDE 20
Photos
SLIDE 21
Questions
SLIDE 22
Tal Rabiah, PE
Physical Planning & Construction
UC Santa Cruz
SYSTEMS
G,OOD
THE
AD T
AND
VRFVRF
SYSTEMS
: THE: T
GHE
OOD
THE, B
AD B
AND
HE T
UHE
GLYUGLY
JUNES2LIDE
2011
1
Overview
1. Existing Installations
2. Pros and Cons
3. Outdoor
4. Indoor
5. Recommendations
Plumbing
HVAC
Maintenance
Design
SLIDE 2
SLIDE 3
Communication Building
o
SLIDE 4
VRF is possibly the best option for systems with fewer than
100 tons of cooling capacity.
SLIDE 5
SLIDE 6
SLIDE 7
SLIDE 8
SLIDE 9
SLIDE 10
SLIDE 11
3. Outdoor Installation
For roof installation provide spring-type vibration isolators
with lateral restraints. Bolt isolators onto a 4 thick
concrete pad and onto bottom of condensing unit.
Do not use wooden or sheet metal roof curbs under
units.
On grade, install unit on a 4 concrete curb with
neoprene or cork isolators bolted to bottom of unit and to
concrete curb.
SLIDE 12
SLIDE 13
SLIDE 14
SLIDE 15
Flexible Connection
SLIDE 16
SLIDE 17
SLIDE 18
SLIDE 19
SLIDE 20
SLIDE 21
SLIDE 22
Labeling
SLIDE 23
SLIDE 24
Indoor Installation
SLIDE 25
SLIDE 26
Seismic Supports
See manufacturer instructions
See local codes
SLIDE 27
Condensate Waste
Prefer gravity flow
Use a trap
Provide secondary
drainpipe
SLIDE 28
SLIDE 29
SLIDE 30
SLIDE 31
SLIDE 32
Recommendations
Plumbing
HVAC
Maintenance
Design
SLIDE 33
Plumbing Recommendations
Read the fine print with regard to limitations of piping
length. The length specified is the total equivalent pipe
length.
Confirm pressure testing of pipes at 600 psig for 24
hours.
3. The VRF system typically operates in the 300-400 psig
range, making leak protection essential.
SLIDE 34
HVAC Recommendations
A BacNet or Lonworks device is required to connect the
VRF controls to the rest of your building or campus
control system. This device will allow you to monitor the
VRF system, but not control it.
If there are many confined spaces served by the VRF
system, there is a possibility that refrigerant detection
alarms may be required in order to meet ASHRAE
standards 15 and 34.
SLIDE 35
Maintenance Recommendations
The VRF system is a complete proprietary packaged
system, including its own related controls, except for the
refrigerant piping.
You cannot intermix parts from the different
manufacturers of the VRF system.
System maintenance requires an experienced refrigerant
technician who is familiar with applicable codes related to
refrigerants, leak detection, and ventilation requirements.
SLIDE 36
Maintenance Recommendations
When selecting a VRF system for your building, select
contractors that are trained and qualified to install this
system. Select a contractor who has experience
pressure testing refrigerant piping which has been
pressurized up to 600 psig.
Keep in mind that the VRF system is all site-connected,
therefore quality of brazing, evacuating, and pressure
testing can affect the VRF system performance
SLIDE 37
Maintenance Recommendations
Provide easy access to units on roof (not through an
access hatch or a catwalk).
For the maintenance program, allow inspection of units
every three (3) months.
SLIDE 38
Design Recommendations
When comparing a VRF system to other air conditioning
systems, compare it to the 4-pipe fan coil system, or to a
water source heat pump system. Keep in mind the
systems lifetime and maintenance costs.
If outdoor installation is within a mile of the ocean, or if
the air is otherwise salty, specify salt air resistant
coatings on unit exterior finish and on condenser copper
tubing and fans.
Coordinate unit color selection with the architect.
Aesthetics can be especially important at some
installations.
SLIDE 39
Questions
SLIDE 40
The Commissioning
Perspective
JUNE 2 2011
Retrocommissioning* (MBCx
program context)
Verify:
Installed performance
Design intent achieved
Enable persistence
o
Documentation
Commissioning record
System Manual
Have fun
Have Fun
A.K.A. Existing Building Commissioning, EBCx, RCx,
Recommissioning, Monitoring Based Commissioning,
Building Tune-up, and, when I first started, operating the
building properly
VRF SYSTEMS: THE GOOD, THE BAD AND THE UGLY; THE COMMISSIONING PERSPECTIVE
Typical Issues
Cx/EBCx
Access/Serviceability
Access/Serviceability
Occupant satisfaction
Occupant satisfaction
Implementation of complex
technology difficult to achieve in
real world environments
Implementation of complex
technology difficult to achieve in
real world environments
Integration
Integration
Control systems
Control systems
Persistence
Persistence
VRF SYSTEMS: THE GOOD, THE BAD AND THE UGLY; THE COMMISSIONING PERSPECTIVE
VRF SYSTEMS: THE GOOD, THE BAD AND THE UGLY; THE COMMISSIONING PERSPECTIVE
VRF SYSTEMS: THE GOOD, THE BAD AND THE UGLY; THE COMMISSIONING PERSPECTIVE
VRF SYSTEMS: THE GOOD, THE BAD AND THE UGLY; THE COMMISSIONING PERSPECTIVE
VRF SYSTEMS: THE GOOD, THE BAD AND THE UGLY; THE COMMISSIONING PERSPECTIVE
To existing constant
volume reheat
zones
10
Filter Access
VRF SYSTEMS: THE GOOD, THE BAD AND THE UGLY; THE COMMISSIONING PERSPECTIVE
11
Filter Access
DDC Panel:
Typical rewire and/or
recommission interval
Once every 6 to
12 months if
mounted on filter
access door
Once every 6 to
12 years if
mounted
somewhere else
VRF SYSTEMS: THE GOOD, THE BAD AND THE UGLY; THE COMMISSIONING PERSPECTIVE
12
13
14
Recommended
access opening
nominally 18 x
18
Small to medium
technical person - 20
Image courtesy
Mitsubishi
PRUY Service
Instruction;
Used with
Permission
15
VRF SYSTEMS: THE GOOD, THE BAD AND THE UGLY; THE COMMISSIONING PERSPECTIVE
16
VRF SYSTEMS: THE GOOD, THE BAD AND THE UGLY; THE COMMISSIONING PERSPECTIVE
17
VRF SYSTEMS: THE GOOD, THE BAD AND THE UGLY; THE COMMISSIONING PERSPECTIVE
18
19
20
21
22
24
Image
courtesy
Mitsubishi
PRUY
Service
Instruction;
Used with
Permission
25
Image
courtesy
Mitsubishi
PRUY
Service
Instruction;
Used with
Permission
26
Installation Practices
Refrigerant piping installation practice critical to short and
long term system integrity
General requirements no different from those employed
with any built up refrigeration system
VRF SYSTEMS: THE GOOD, THE BAD AND THE UGLY; THE COMMISSIONING PERSPECTIVE
27
Cleanliness Is Essential
Cleaned and Capped
Used to be Cleaned
and Capped
Cleaned to an ASTM
established limit for residue
Purged with dry nitrogen
Sealed with rubber plugs with
positive nitrogen pressure
inside the tuber
VRF SYSTEMS: THE GOOD, THE BAD AND THE UGLY; THE COMMISSIONING PERSPECTIVE
28
Cleanliness Is Essential
29
Cleanliness Is Essential
30
Field Joints
Field joints are made using a frustum of right circular
cone
Image
courtesy
Mitsubishi
PRUY
Service
Instruction;
Used with
Permission
31
Field Joints
Field joints are made using a 45SAE Flare joint
Operating Pressures
Refrigerant
Low Side
R22
55-70 psig
R410
95 - 135 psig
High Side
180 - 260 psig
305 - 410 psig
Image
courtesy
Mitsubishi
PRUY
Service
Instruction;
Used with
Permission
32
Field Joints
VRF SYSTEMS: THE GOOD, THE BAD AND THE UGLY; THE COMMISSIONING PERSPECTIVE
33
Field Joints
VRF SYSTEMS: THE GOOD, THE BAD AND THE UGLY; THE COMMISSIONING PERSPECTIVE
34
Either way:
Metal to metal sealing mechanism
Lubricate flare before tightening
Images courtesy www.ridgid.com/; Used with Permission
VRF SYSTEMS: THE GOOD, THE BAD AND THE UGLY; THE COMMISSIONING PERSPECTIVE
35
VRF SYSTEMS: THE GOOD, THE BAD AND THE UGLY; THE COMMISSIONING PERSPECTIVE
36
VRF SYSTEMS: THE GOOD, THE BAD AND THE UGLY; THE COMMISSIONING PERSPECTIVE
37
38
Flare
Flare
39
VRF SYSTEMS: THE GOOD, THE BAD AND THE UGLY; THE COMMISSIONING PERSPECTIVE
40
Refrigerant Oil
R22 systems use mineral oil as a lubricant
R410A systems use an ester oil, either ether oil or
alkylbenzene
Using the wrong oil can cause sludge and other problems
leading to failure
VRF SYSTEMS: THE GOOD, THE BAD AND THE UGLY; THE COMMISSIONING PERSPECTIVE
41
VRF SYSTEMS: THE GOOD, THE BAD AND THE UGLY; THE COMMISSIONING PERSPECTIVE
42
Azeotrope
A mixture made up of two or more refrigerants with
similar boiling points that act as a single fluid. The
components of azeotropic mixtures will not separate
under normal operating conditions and can be charged
as a vapor or liquid
VRF SYSTEMS: THE GOOD, THE BAD AND THE UGLY; THE COMMISSIONING PERSPECTIVE
43
Near Azeotrope
A mixture made up of two or more refrigerants with
different boiling points that, when in a totally liquid or
vapor state, act as one component. However, when
changing from vapor to liquid or liquid to vapor, the
individual refrigerants evaporate or condense at different
temperatures. Near-azeotropic mixtures have a
temperature glide of less than 10 F and should be
charged in the liquid state to assure proper mixture (nonazeotropic) composition
VRF SYSTEMS: THE GOOD, THE BAD AND THE UGLY; THE COMMISSIONING PERSPECTIVE
44
Zeotrope
A mixture made up of two or more refrigerants with
different boiling points. Zeotropic mixtures are similar to
near-azeotropic mixtures with the exception of having a
temperature glide greater than 10 F. Zeotropic mixtures
should be charged in the liquid state
VRF SYSTEMS: THE GOOD, THE BAD AND THE UGLY; THE COMMISSIONING PERSPECTIVE
45
Outdoor
Air
Dampers
VRF SYSTEMS: THE GOOD, THE BAD AND THE UGLY; THE COMMISSIONING PERSPECTIVE
Return
Air
46
VRF SYSTEMS: THE GOOD, THE BAD AND THE UGLY; THE COMMISSIONING PERSPECTIVE
47
VRF SYSTEMS: THE GOOD, THE BAD AND THE UGLY; THE COMMISSIONING PERSPECTIVE
48
VRF SYSTEMS: THE GOOD, THE BAD AND THE UGLY; THE COMMISSIONING PERSPECTIVE
49
VRF SYSTEMS: THE GOOD, THE BAD AND THE UGLY; THE COMMISSIONING PERSPECTIVE
50
51
52
53
VRF SYSTEMS: THE GOOD, THE BAD AND THE UGLY; THE COMMISSIONING PERSPECTIVE
54
VRF SYSTEMS: THE GOOD, THE BAD AND THE UGLY; THE COMMISSIONING PERSPECTIVE
55
VRF SYSTEMS: THE GOOD, THE BAD AND THE UGLY; THE COMMISSIONING PERSPECTIVE
56
Economizer Procurement
VRF Fan coil unit provided by
1st party
Includes wiring harness for
economizer interface
Capable of a number of
change over strategies
57
58
59
60
61
To existing constant
volume reheat
zones
63
VRF SYSTEMS: THE GOOD, THE BAD AND THE UGLY; THE COMMISSIONING PERSPECTIVE
64
65
VRF SYSTEMS: THE GOOD, THE BAD AND THE UGLY; THE COMMISSIONING PERSPECTIVE
66
To existing constant
volume reheat
zones
67
Occupant Satisfaction
Space temperature
drifts up 2F in about 1
hour and 30 minutes
then is
driven
back down
2F below
set point
in about
20
minutes
VRF SYSTEMS: THE GOOD, THE BAD AND THE UGLY; THE COMMISSIONING PERSPECTIVE
68
Occupant Satisfaction
Throttling Range
VRF SYSTEMS: THE GOOD, THE BAD AND THE UGLY; THE COMMISSIONING PERSPECTIVE
69
70
Occupant Satisfaction
VRF SYSTEMS: THE GOOD, THE BAD AND THE UGLY; THE COMMISSIONING PERSPECTIVE
71
VRF SYSTEMS: THE GOOD, THE BAD AND THE UGLY; THE COMMISSIONING PERSPECTIVE
72
VRF SYSTEMS: THE GOOD, THE BAD AND THE UGLY; THE COMMISSIONING PERSPECTIVE
73
VRF SYSTEMS: THE GOOD, THE BAD AND THE UGLY; THE COMMISSIONING PERSPECTIVE
74
VRF SYSTEMS: THE GOOD, THE BAD AND THE UGLY; THE COMMISSIONING PERSPECTIVE
75
National Refrigerants
www.refrigerants.com
76
VRF SYSTEMS: THE GOOD, THE BAD AND THE UGLY; THE COMMISSIONING PERSPECTIVE
77
Other Resources
Trane Refrigeration Manual
http://www.trane.com/Commercial/Dna/View.aspx?i=492
Sporlan Valve
http://www.sporlanonline.com/literature.shtml
Mueller Brass
http://www.muellerindustries.com/
ASHRAE Journal
Variable Refrigerant Flow Systems by William Goetzler, April 2007;
www.ashrae.org
VRF SYSTEMS: THE GOOD, THE BAD AND THE UGLY; THE COMMISSIONING PERSPECTIVE
78
Questions
VRF SYSTEMS: THE GOOD, THE BAD AND THE UGLY; THE COMMISSIONING PERSPECTIVE
79