1. Describe the cellular adaptations to injury.

Hyperplasia
An increase in the number of cells in an organ or tissue, which may then
have increased volume. Adaptation to cell injury maybe compensatory in
response to deficiency, for example tissue removed via surgical procedures
could lead to hyperplasia of that specific cell or tissue. Also response may
be pathologic due to hormones secreted from a tumor which stimulates
hyperplasia of a specific cell or tissue.
Hypertrophy
An increase in the size of cells, and with such change, an increase
in the size of the organ due to increased workload, hormonal
stimulation.
2. Atrophy
Acquired loss of size due to reduction of cell size or number of parenchyma
cells in an organ
Metaplasia
is a reversible change in which one adult cell type is replaced by another
adult cell type
Atrophy Causes
Decreased workload Disuse atrophy of muscles
Loss of innervation Denervation atrophy
Decreased blood supply Brain atrophy
Malnutrition Marasmus.
Loss of endocrine support endocrine glands.
3.Hypertrophy
increased workload, hormonal stimulation and growth factors
stimulation.
Two factors contribute to hypertrophy: sarcoplasmic hypertrophy, which
focuses more on increased muscle glycogen storage; and myofibrillar
hypertrophy, which focuses more on increased myofibril size
sarcoplasmic hypertrophy, the volume of sarcoplasmic fluid in the muscle
cell increases with no accompanying increase in muscular strength,
whereas during myofibrillar hypertrophy, actin and myosin contractile
proteins increase in number and add to muscular strength as well as a
small increase in the size of the muscle

hypertrophy of heart the most common stimulus is chronic

hemodynamic overload, due either to hypertension or to faulty
valves.
It eventually reaches a limit beyond which enlargement of muscle
mass is no longer able to compensate for the increased burden,
and cardiac failure ensues
4. Factors of wound healing.
Wound Type
Depending on whether the wound is the result of surgery or an injury (chronic
wounds), patients may experience different problems during the recovery time. Issues
these two types if wounds may include:
Chronic wounds: swelling, abnormal smell, unexpected pain and
tenderness, wound breakdown, lengthy healing times or an increase in
fragility
Acute wounds: delayed healing, wound separating, local swelling and
tenderness or pyrexia
Hygiene
Personal hygiene of both the patient and anyone else who is in contact with the wound
could have an affect on the healing process. Any time that the wound dressing is
changed, the person doing so should wash his or her hands with soap and water first.
Additionally, this best practice should be done in a sterile environment using clean
wound care products to help prevent infection. Overall and oral health can also play a
role in the time it takes area to heal.
Nutrition
What patients eat can help speed up the progress of healing wounds. For instance,
foods that are high in protein, iron, a variety of minerals (zinc and copper) and vitamins
(A, B and C) will all help move things along. On top of that, carbohydrates and fats are
necessary for providing the body with energy, and fatty acids promote wound healing
as well. And what patients eat is equally important as what they drink. It is especially
vital for those in need of burn wound care to keep hydrated as the skin works to
recover from the injury.
Age
As with many things related to health, age plays a factor in the time it takes a wound to
heal properly. Seniors are likely to experience lengthier recovery times, as their skin
suffers from reduced elasticity. The older we get, the more likely we are to need wound
infection treatment, as our immune systems weaken with age. A variety of chronic
medical conditions can also make it more difficult for the body to quickly progress
through the wound healing stages due to issues such as a lack of oxygen or
decreased circulation.

5. Scar formation

Primaryintention healing
Wound healing by primary intention is typical for noncomplicated surgical
wounds.
Wound edges are approximated and kept together with sutures or staples
and healing occurs by wound epithelialisation and connective tissue
deposition. These wounds usually heal quickly provided there is no
infection.
Secondary-intention healing
Wound healing by secondary intention is typical for chronic wounds such as
venous leg ulcers. The wound is left open and healing occurs by granulation
tissue formation, contraction of the wound edges and subsequently

epithelialisation. These wounds show delayed healing due to the volume of

connective tissue required to fill the defect. Since there is no epidermal
barrier, the risk of an infection is significantly higher in these wounds.