Professional Documents
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Federal University of Santa Catarina, Department of Production Engineering and Systems, Campus Trindade, 88.040-900, Florianopolis, SC, Brazil
do Sul, SC, Brazil
Federal Institute of Santa Catarina, Getlio Vargas Avenue, 830, Centro, 89.251-000, Jaragua
Universidade do Vale do Itaja, Uruguay Street, 458, Centro, 88.302-202, Itaja, SC, Brazil
a r t i c l e i n f o
a b s t r a c t
Article history:
Received 3 July 2014
Received in revised form
12 December 2014
Accepted 5 March 2015
Available online xxx
Environmental management system has become one of the main tools used by companies to handle the
environmental aspects and the impacts that their activities have on the environment. In this context, this
work aims to demonstrate the results of a survey that identies a set of indicators of environmental
performance to continuously manage and improve the environmental and performance management of
ISO 14001 certied companies in the Southern region of Brazil. This research is descriptive as well as
quantitative and adopted two methods for factor analysis, the analysis of multiple correspondences and
the principal components analysis as well as a method of classication, the cluster analysis. Several
companies monitor the environmental and performance management of the industrial pulp and paper/
furniture/wood and textile sectors using indicators of environmental performance. As expected, organizations from the services sector do not use such indicators. The results from cluster analysis also
showed that legal and other requirements and environmental aspects are the both more representative
requirements. Finally, there is a great concern for companies to meet the legal requirements as well as
the conservation of environmental resources.
2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Keywords:
Environmental performance indicators
Environmental management system
EMS
ISO 14001
Survey research
1. Introduction
Since the beginning of the 1980s, environmental concerns have
been incorporated into the strategic and operational decisions
taken by companies. Pollution caused by operation activities is
viewed as an undesirable consequence that is no longer endorsed
by many organizations. While many businesses have traditionally
resisted changes brought about by government legislation and
pressure from the public, many rms, through reluctant adoption
or willing change, have found that a pro-environment stance can
enhance a number of goals (Inman, 2002).
As a consequence, the importance of managing environmental
activities to prevent negative aspects and impacts on the environment has been highlighted. Among the diverse environmental
management practices that rms have implemented in recent years
* Corresponding author.
E-mail addresses: lucila.campos@ufsc.br (L.M.S. Campos), dheinzen@ifsc.edu.br
(D.A. de Melo Heizen), nupad@univali.br (M.A. Verdinelli), paulo.cauchick@ufsc.br
(P.A. Cauchick Miguel).
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2015.03.019
0959-6526/ 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Please cite this article in press as: Campos, L.M.S., et al., Environmental performance indicators: a study on ISO 14001 certied companies,
Journal of Cleaner Production (2015), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2015.03.019
into how ISO 14001 diffuses at the country level (Casadesus et al.,
2008; Delmas, 2002; Lagodimos et al., 2007; Qi et al., 2011;
Trierweiller et al., 2013), regional level (Delmas, 2002), and global
level (Albuquerque et al., 2007; Corbett and Kirsch, 2001; Nishitani,
2010; Viadiu et al., 2006).
A second phase focused in studies devoted to the development
of frameworks and methods to support EMS decision-making,
namely the evaluation and selection of different EMS alternatives.
To this end, different approaches have been proposed, such as
multicriteria techniques (Hui et al., 2001; Petroni, 2001;
Sambasivan and Fei, 2008), hybrid models combining mathematical programming, and other methods (Tsai and Chou, 2009; Celik,
2009). All of them are based on different sets of technical and
economic criteria in order to support decision-making (GuerreroBaena et al., 2014).
Even though research on EMS has an extensive literature, there
is still lack of in-depth investigation of internal dynamics in
maintaining ISO 14001 environmental management system
(Balzarova and Castka, 2008). The deployment of an EMS does not
assure the effectiveness of environmental management (Rondinelli
and Vastag, 2000; Melnyk et al., 2003; Campos, 2012). The
continuous monitoring of critical points of the system is also
necessary, and these points are generally particular to each type of
organization. Some studies (e.g. Poksinska et al., 2003; Balzarova
and Castka, 2008) advocate that indicators of environmental performance are not directly linked to the maintenance of EMS.
However, companies that do not use a set of EMS performance
indicators may not be managing their own environmental system
(Henri and Journeault, 2008; Nawrocka and Parker, 2009). Thus,
they must continuously assess the environmental performance to
assure success either in developed or developing nations.
The academic community has witnessed a strong interest in the
BRICS - Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa context. This
justies Brazil as focused of the present study. The country is
considered one of the most promising developing nations,
responsible for approximately 30% of Latin America's gross domestic product (GDP). BRICS0 countries in general have been
improving the number of companies certied by ISO 14001 from
1999 until 2010 (ISO, 2010) an, Brazil is the country with the most
companies under the environmental management system ISO
14001 (2004) in Latin America. According to the same database
(ISO, 2010), the number of certications has grown year by year in
the country (from 1999 to 2010). Likewise, the interested in
research related to ISO 14001 diffusion in Brazil has also been
disseminated (Silva and Medeiros, 2004; Oliveira et al., 2010;
Jabbour, 2010, 2013b; Trierweiller et al., 2013; Ferenhof et al.,
2014). By examining the Brazilian scenario, a study conducted by
Silva and Medeiros (2004) also shows that the number of companies adopting environmental practices has increased each year.
Nevertheless, most of these companies have insufcient knowledge
about environmental management systems and do not evaluate
their environmental performance.
In this context, this work aims to demonstrate a set of EMS indicators of performance used by companies certied by ISO 14001
in the Southern region of Brazil. This region was choose because is
one of the most important and industrialized region of this country.
A question is this sense is then proposed: what are the key environmental performance indicators used by companies to manage
their EMS certication according to ISO 14001? To address this
question, this work is organized as follows. Firstly, it provides a
short literature review of environmental management systems and
performance indicators. Secondly, research methods are described.
Thirdly, survey results are presented and discussed and, nally,
some conclusions are drawn and recommendations for future
studies are offered.
2. Theoretical framework
Certied EMS have been highlighted in the literature among the
various practices of environmental management adopted by major
companies over the last years, such as (Link and Naveh, 2006;
Viadiu et al., 2006; Albuquerque et al., 2007): cleaner production,
eco-efciency, and the evaluation of the life cycle of products,
among others. An EMS is part of the management system of an
organization that aims to manage the environmental aspects
related to its activities, products and services (Perotto et al., 2008;
Campos and Melo, 2008). From the normative point of view, ISO
14001 (ISO, 2004) denes an EMS as a set of inter-related elements,
a part of an organization's management system, used to develop
and implement its environmental policy and manage its environmental aspects. Standards and procedures can be used by the organization to put an EMS into operation. The three best-known
standards are the EMAS, the BS 7750 and the ISO 14001 (ISO, 2004).
The BS 7750 was developed in the United Kingdom and published in 1994. It is a certication of British Standard Institute that
presents specications for the development, implementation, and
maintenance of an EMS to ensure and demonstrate conformity
with the statements of the company with regards to its environmental policy, objectives and goals. The BS 7750 served as a basis
for the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) to
launch the ISO 14001 in 1996. According to British Standard Institute website, since 2004 the BS 7750 was replaced by BS EN ISO
14001: 2004.
The European Eco-Management and Audit Scheme System
(EMAS) was adopted by the European Union Council (EC) in June,
1993. It has been opened to volunteer participation by companies
since April 1995. A new version of this standard was published in
November, 2009 (EC e N 1221/2009 of the European Parliament
and Council). The primary objective of EMAS is to promote the
continuous improvement of the environmental performance of
industrial activities. It also aims to: (i) establish and implement
environmental policies, management programs and organizational
systems; (ii) conduct a periodical evaluation of performance of the
elements that are part of the regulations; and (iii) to inform the
community about the organization's environmental performance.
It allows European Union companies that develop industrial activities to obtain registrations of their units with an EC commission.
An ofcial European Union document containing a list of all
registered units is published annually. A registration is considered a
certicate of good environmental performance for those companies that obtain it.
The ISO 14001 is an international environmental standard that
species requirements related to an EMS to allow the organization
to devise its policy and objectives while considering the legal requirements and information concerning signicant environmental
impacts. A rst version was launched in 1996, and a second one was
launched in 2004 after some changes. Since the launch of the rst
version of the ISO 14001, the number of certied companies in the
world has continuously grown (Bansal and Hunter, 2003; Balzarova
and Castka, 2008).
Despite the EMAS have arisen before, undoubtedly the ISO
14001 gained more notoriety and has become the EMS standard
most worldwide applied. Regarding environmental performance
and different standards (EMAS or ISO 14001), Testa et al. (2014), for
instance, investigated the impacts of EMAS and ISO 14001 on the
reduction of carbonic anhydride emissions on 229 energy intensive
plants in Italy. The results suggested that the implementation of an
environmental management system in energy intensive industries
has a clear inuence on environmental performance both in the
short and in the long term, but a different effect of ISO 14001 and
EMAS on environmental performance occurs.
Please cite this article in press as: Campos, L.M.S., et al., Environmental performance indicators: a study on ISO 14001 certied companies,
Journal of Cleaner Production (2015), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2015.03.019
Please cite this article in press as: Campos, L.M.S., et al., Environmental performance indicators: a study on ISO 14001 certied companies,
Journal of Cleaner Production (2015), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2015.03.019
Respondents
19%
13%
10%
10%
10%
10%
10%
8%
5%
5%
Please cite this article in press as: Campos, L.M.S., et al., Environmental performance indicators: a study on ISO 14001 certied companies,
Journal of Cleaner Production (2015), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2015.03.019
Respondents
18%
59%
23%
Table 3
ISO 14001 certication per year (n 62
companies).
Year
Percentage
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
5%
10%
13%
20%
18%
15%
10%
3%
5%
Table 4
Main performance indicators of requirement 4.3.2.
Environmental-managerial performance indicators
How to assess
Table 5
Main performance indicators of requirement 4.4.2.
Managerial environmental performance indicators
How to assess
Please cite this article in press as: Campos, L.M.S., et al., Environmental performance indicators: a study on ISO 14001 certied companies,
Journal of Cleaner Production (2015), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2015.03.019
How to assess
Total
Total
Total
Total
Total
of
of
of
of
of
Table 7
Main performance indicators of requirement 4.5.2.
Managerial environmental performance indicators
How to assess
Table 8
Main performance indicators of requirement 4.5.3.
Managerial environmental performance indicators
How to assess
Number of identied corrective actions that have ended or those that have not yet
ended (ISO 14031)
Number and type of non-compliance incidences with national or international
standards in force
Number of non-conformities detected during internal audits
Number of corrective and preventive actions started
Percentage of effectiveness of non-conformities, corrective and preventive actions started
Industrial sectors: Paper and Cellulose/Furniture; Electric/Electric-Electronic;
Petrochemical and Tobacco.
Table 9
Main performance indicators of requirement 4.5.1.
Operational environmental performance Indicators
How to assess
Table 10
Main performance indicators of requirement 4.3.1.
Operational environmental performance Indicators
Amount of energy used per year or per product unit (ISO 14031)
Amount of waste for disposal (ISO 14031)
Amount of waste stored on-site (ISO 14031)
Noise measured at a location (ISO 14031)
Recycling of waste
Consumption of raw materials
Production of solid waste
Physical and chemical qualities of efuents
Amount of acquired electricity
Total energy consumption
Industrial sectors: Paper and Cellulose/Furniture; Electric/Electric-Electronic; Petrochemical and
How to assess
Total energy used per year or per product unit
Total of waste for monthly disposal
Total of waste stored on-site monthly
Total of noise measured per location
Total waste recycled monthly
Total of raw materials used monthly
Total of solid waste produced monthly
Verify compliance with legislation (administrative rule SSMA 05/89)
Total amount of electricity acquired monthly
Total of monthly energy
Textile.
Please cite this article in press as: Campos, L.M.S., et al., Environmental performance indicators: a study on ISO 14001 certied companies,
Journal of Cleaner Production (2015), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2015.03.019
know, this is a highly impactful sector due to the nature of its operations, as the pulp and paper/furniture/wood, textile, electrical/
electronics and tobacco industries.
4.3. Analysis of principal components (ACP) and groups of
companies
The analysis veried that the rst two factors regained 78.81% of
the inertia of the system, which was sufcient to be included in the
study. When predicting the variables shown in Fig. 1, the main plan
(performance indicators by requirement of the standard) indicated
positive correlations between the majorities of indicators, as
demonstrated by the acute angles between the vectors that
represent the variable. An angle of approximately 90 between the
indicators Non-conformances, Corrective Action and Preventive
Action (NCACP), Emergency Preparedness and Response (PRAE)
and Legal and other requirements (RLEO) denotes a lack of association among these indicators. In other words, the uctuations
in the number of indicators that a company uses for NCACP, for
example, does not depend on the number of indicators used for
PRAE and RLEO, which are interrelated. The indicators Non-conformances, Corrective Action and Preventive Action (NCACP) were
also veried to have higher correlation with the indicator Monitoring and Measurement (MOME), followed by Operational
Control (COPE).
A cluster analysis was then conducted from factorial scores of
companies, including the rst ve factors that accounted for 93.43%
of the variance. The group constitution was obtained by the combined Ward method, and the Euclidian distance measure of similarity or likeness was chosen to generate the dendrogram showed
in Fig. 2.
Using the distance of combination 8 as the cutting line for the
interpretation, the grouping of six companies was veried (highlighted with colors (in the web version) in Fig. 2). This result shows
that the rst group consisted of twelve companies (E24 to E6) and,
thus, it was the most homogeneous compared to the remaining.
Fig. 1. Projection of the variables. Environmental Policy (PAMB); Legal and other requirements (RLEO); Objectives, Targets and Programs (OMEP); Resources, Functions,
Responsibility and Authority (RFRA); Competence, training and awareness (CTEC);
Communication (COMU); Emergence, preparedness and response (PRAE); Evaluation
of compliance (ARLO); Non-conformances, corrective and preventive action (NCACP);
Environmental aspects (AAMB); Operational Control (COPE); Monitoring and measurement (MOME).
Source: Research data.
Please cite this article in press as: Campos, L.M.S., et al., Environmental performance indicators: a study on ISO 14001 certied companies,
Journal of Cleaner Production (2015), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2015.03.019
Fig. 2. Dendrogram of companies from factorial scores of ACP. The numbers after the letter E represent the companies' respondents (from 1 to 39) and sector (from 1 to 10). The
following industries were included: 1 paper and cellulose/furniture/wood; 2 food; 3 civil construction; 4 Electricity/electric-electronic/electronic; 5 metallurgy;
6 provision of services; 7 textile; 8 transport; 9 tobacco; 10 petrochemical.
Source: Research data.
5. Conclusions
This work presented the results of a survey that sought to
determine the set of environmental performance indicators that
have been used by companies certied by ISO 14001 in Southern of
Brazil. This work intended to contribute to the environment community that addresses this subject and companies that want to
manage and continually improve their EMS.
The data analysis indicated three different sets of requirements
for the standard. The rst group is characterized by a higher
number of companies and/or sectors that always or often use
most of the indicators (standard requirements: 4.3.2 Legal and
other requirements; 4.3.3 Objectives, goals and programs; 4.4.7
Emergency preparedness and response; 4.5.3 Nonconformity,
corrective action and preventive action, and 4.3.1.environmental
aspects). Companies most frequently use performance indicators
that are directly associated with legal requirements, possibly
because companies are forced to meet the environmental
regulations.
The second group is characterized by a higher number of companies that do not or rarely use most of the performance indicators (standard requirements: 4.4.3 Communication, and 4.4.6
Control operational). Apparently, these requirements are more
qualitatively monitored while considering that the standard does
not require the company to systematically monitor or measure all
of the requisites of the standard. Nevertheless, this requires more
in-depth studies.
The third group was formed exclusively by the requirement
4.5.1 Monitoring and Measurement. This group was characterized
by an apparent uncertainty regarding the use of operational indicators. Four of the 10 industrial sectors claimed they always or
often use most of the indicators listed. Likewise, four of the 10
industrial sectors stated they rarely or never use the same indicators. Nevertheless, the analysis of the sectors themselves has
not shown a discrepancy. The set of sectors that checked always
or often used consists of paper and pulp companies as well as the
furniture/wood, textile, electrical/electronic and tobacco industries,
which have greater control of their activities because they are under more pressure from society. The transport, services and construction sectors suffer less pressure.
The data also indicate that the pulp and paper/furniture/wood
and textiles sectors of the Southern of Brazil generally consist of
companies that encompass some sort of monitoring of their EMS
using environmental performance indicators. This trend can be
attributed to the fact that these two sectors were pioneers in
seeking to certify their EMS. The companies in the services sectors
are the least likely to use indicators, probably because its features
are less polluting.
From cluster analysis, groups of companies related to the industrial sectors, the standard requirements and a summary of the
key performance indicators used more frequently were also identied. Legal and other requirements (RLEO) and Environmental
Aspects (AAMB) are the requirements most representative. In
addition, there should be a concern for companies to meet the legal
Please cite this article in press as: Campos, L.M.S., et al., Environmental performance indicators: a study on ISO 14001 certied companies,
Journal of Cleaner Production (2015), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2015.03.019
Table 11
Main groups of companies by sectors, standard requirements, and performance indicators most frequently used.
Groups of
companies
Priority sectors
G1
1 Paper and
cellulose/furniture/wood
2 Metallurgy
3 Textile
4 Food
4 Tobacco
1 Tobacco
2 Provision of services
2 Food
RLEO
G3
1 Transport
RLEO/CTEC
G4
1 Electricity/electric-electronic/
electronic
2 Paper and cellulose/furniture/
wood
2 Provision of services
2 Civil construction
3 Textile
3 Food
1 Petrochemical
AAMB/MOME
G2
G5
G6
1
2
2
2
Provision of services
Metallurgy;
Food
Textile
RLEO/CTEC/NCACP/AAMB
RLEO/ARLO/AAMB
CTEC/PRAE/NCACP/AAMB
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
1
2
3
4
Requirements of the standard: Legal and other requirements (RLEO); Competence, training and awareness (CTEC); Non-conformances, corrective and preventive action
(NCACP); Environmental aspects (AAMB); Monitoring and measurement (MOME); Evaluation of compliance (ARLO); Emergence, preparedness and response (PRAE).
requirements as well as the conservation of environmental resources, which is, in fact, a conrmatory result.
Finally, this work does suffer from limitations when conducting
this research. A limited number of companies answered the questionnaire, primarily because it was long to some extent. Moreover,
the application includes one state (Santa Catarina) in a developing
country, although it is relevant in the in the Southern of Brazil. This
limitation does not invalidate the present study, since the results
can be added to previous studies on ISO 14000. Future studies
Please cite this article in press as: Campos, L.M.S., et al., Environmental performance indicators: a study on ISO 14001 certied companies,
Journal of Cleaner Production (2015), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2015.03.019
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