SOME BASIC TERMS OF ENGLISH

bl Book esa iz;q fofHkUu Terms dh tkudkjh laf{kIr :i esa bl v;k; esa nh tk jgh gSA
(1) Alphabet : vaxzsth Hkk"kk esa 26 Alphabet gksrs gSa ftUgsa Capital letters ,oa Small letters esa fuEu nks izdkj
ls fy[kk tkrk gSA Small letters ,oa Capital letters dk mPpkj.k leku jgrk gS] ysfdu vkfr fHkUu gksrh gSA Capital
letters dk iz;ksx dc fd;k tk;sxk] ;g tkuuk 'kq) vaxzsth fy[kus gsrq vko';d gS] bldh lEiw.kZ tkudkjh lEcfUkr
v;k; esa nh xbZ gSA
A B C D E F G H I J K LMN O P Q R S T U VWX Y Z
Capital letters
a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z
Small letters
(2) Word 'kCn : Alphabets dks vkil esa feykdj fy[kus ls mudk dksbZ vFkZ fudyrk gS rks mls Word 'kCn
dgk tkrk gSA ,d Word cukus ds fy, de ls de ,d Loj ,oa ,d O;atu dk gksuk vko';d gSA Loj u gksus ij
Loj dh ofu okyk O;atu gksuk vko';d gSA ysfdu ,d gh Alphabet okys 'kCn tSls A, I, O bR;kfn blds viokn
gSaA (A= ,d] I = eSa] O = vks)
(3) Sentence okD; : nks ;k vfkd Words dks ikl&ikl fy[kus ls cuus okys 'kCn lewg dk dksbZ vFkZ fudyrk
gS] rks bl 'kCn lewg dks okD; Sentence dgk tkrk gSA
Sentence ds eq[; :i ls nks Hkkx gksrs gSa : (i) Subject ,oa (ii) Predicate.
(i) Subjectd
k;Z dks djus okyk Subject drkZ dgykrk gSA
(ii) PredicateSubject tks dk;Z djrk gS] mls Predicate dgrs gSaA
Sentences eq[;r;k pkj izdkj ds gksrs gSa : (i) Simple Sentence, (ii) Compound Sentence, (iii) Complex
Sentence, (iv) Mixed Sentence.
(a) Simple Sentence esa ,d gh Finite Verb gksrk gSA
(b) Compound Sentence esa nks ;k vfkd Principal Clauses gksrs gSa] tks ,d&nwljs ls Co-ordinating
Conjunction }kjk tqM+s gksrs gSaA
(c) Complex Sentence esa de ls de ,d Principal Clause rFkk ,d ;k vfkd Subordinate Clause gksrk

gSA
(d) Mixed Sentence ,sls Sentences gSa tks Simple, Compound ;k Complex Sentence ls vyx gSa]
Mixed Sentence dgykrs gSaA
(4) Clause : 'kCnksa dk ,slk lewg tks ,d Sentence dk gh ,d Hkkx gSa ftlesa ,d Finite Verb ,oa ,d Subject
gksrk gS] Clause dgykrk gSA
Clause is such a group of words that forms part of a sentence, and contains a subject and a
finite verb.
Clause rhu izdkj ds gksrs gSa : (i) Principal Clause (ii) Coordinate Clause (iii) Subordinate Clause.
(i) Principal Clause : ,slh Clause gksrh gS] tks Lo;a esa Lora=k gksrh gS ,oa ftldk Lo;a dk iw.kZ vFkZ fudyrk gSA
(ii) Coordinate Clause : ;g Clause Hkh ,d Lora=k Clause gS] ftldk Lo;a dk vFkZ fudyrk gSA ;g

A Complete English Grammar

Simple Sentence dh rjg gksrh gS tks vU; Clause ls Coordinating Conjunction; tSls and, but, for,
or, etc., ls la;q gksrh gSA
(iii) Subordinate Clause : ;g Clause ,d Lora=k Clause ugha gS ftldk Lo;a dk iw.kZ vFkZ ugha fudyrk
gSA ;g vius iw.kZ vFkZ ds fy, vU; Clause ij fuHkZj gksrh gSA ;g Clause vU; Clause ls Subordinating
Conjunction; tSl s as, why, because, since, before, unless, though, although, lest, as soon as,
provided, etc. ls la;
q gksrh gSA Subordinate clause dk] bl Clause }kjk fd;s tkus okys dk;Z ds vuqlkj
rhu Hkkxksa esa oxhZdj.k fd;k tkrk gS : (i) Noun Clause (ii) Adjective Clause (iii) Adverb Clause
(5) Phrase : 'kCnksa dk ,d ,slk lewg ftldk dqN vFkZ rks fudyrk gS] ysfdu iw.kZ vFkZ ugha fudyrk] Phrase

dgykrk gSA
A group of words which make sense but not complete sense, is called a Phrase. tSls :
Red Tapism, Ins and outs , Hand in gloves etc.
(6) Parts of Speech : okD; (Sentence) esa iz;q fofHkUu izdkj ds 'kCnksa dks vkB Hkkxksa esa foHkkftr fd;k x;k
gS % (i) Noun, (ii) Pronoun, (iii) Adjective, (iv) Adverb, (v) Preposition, (vi) Verb, (vii) Conjunction,
(viii) Interjection.
(7) Affirmative Sentence : ,sls okD; tks negative ugha gSa] Affirmative Sentence dgykrs gSaA
(8) Assertive Sentence : ,sls okD; ftlesa dqN dFku fd;k x;k gks Assertive Sentence dgykrs gSaA
I was not present there. I have taken a decision.
(9) Imperative Sentence : ,sls okD; ftuesa vkns'k (order), funs'Z k (direction, command), izkFkZuk (request),
lq>ko (suggestion), lykg (advice) dk Hkko fufgr jgrk gS( tSls :
(a) Shut the door. (b) Consult a good physician.
(10) Optative Sentences : ,sls okD; ftuls Good wishes izkFkZuk] vfHkoknu ;k bPNk O; dh tkrh gS]
Optative Sentences dgykrs gSaA tSls %
(a) God bless you! (b) Long live the queen!
(11) Exclamatory Sentences : ,sls okD; tks vQlksl] ?k`.kk] nq%[k] vk'p;Z] izlUurk] 'kkck'kh nsus dk Hkko O;
djrs gSa] Exclamatory Sentences dgykrs gSaA tSls %
(a) Hurrah! we have won the match. (b) Oh! she died so young.
(12) Colloquial : bldk vFkZ gksrk gS] conversational , informal tks ckrphr esa iz;ksx gksrk gSA
(13) Complement : Complement dk vFkZ gksrk gS] iwjdA Complement okD; dk og Hkkx gS tks okD; esa Subject
;k Object dks Li"V djrk gSA tks Subject dh iwfrZ djrk gS] ;k Subject dks Li"V djrk gS] mls Subjective Complement
rFkk tks Object dh iwfrZ djrk gS] ;k Object dks Li"V djrk gS] mls Objective Complement dgrs gSaA tSls :
(i) Gopesh became a teacher.
(ii) Nisha is a girl.
okD; (i) teacher ,oa (ii) esa girl, subject dks Li"V djrs gSaA ;s Subjective Complements gSaA
(iii) We elected Ram our monitor.
(iv) Her father named her Sheela.
okD; (iii) monitor ,oa (iv) esa Sheela, Objective Complements gSaA
(14) Cognate Object : tc okD; esa verb ds meaning dh similarity esa object dk iz;ksx gksrk gS rks ,slk object
Cognate Object dgykrk gSA tSls :
(i) He fought a fierce fight.
(ii) Rahim sang a sad song.
mijks okD;ksa esa song, fight, e'k% verb; sang ,oa fought ds cognate objects gSaA

Some Basic Terms of English

(15) Syllable : Word 'kCn dk og Hkkx tks ,d ckj esa cksyk tkrk gS Syllable dgykrk gSA ,d Word 'kCn ,d
;k vfkd Syllable dk gks ldrk gSA
A syllable is a part of a word that contains a single vowel sound and that is pronounced as a unit.
So, for example, book has one syllable, and reading has two syllables.
One Syllable Word : Run, sit, come, go, my, he etc.
Two Syllable Words : Mon-day, four- teen, fa - ther, sun -day etc.
Words with more than two syllable : Won-der-ful, beau-ti-ful , de-mo-cra-cy, im-po-ssi-ble.
(16) Vowels : vaxt
sz h Hkk"kk esa A, E, I, O, U dks Vowels Loj ekuk x;k gSA buds vfrfj dbZ O;atu (consonants)

Hkh Loj dh ofu gsrq iz;q gksrs gSaA

(17) Consonants : A, E, I, O, U ds vfrfj 'ks"k lHkh Alphabets O;atu (consonant) dgykrs gSAa vaxt
sz h Hkk"kk
esa 21 O;atu ,oa 5 Loj gksrs gSaA
(18) Prefix : ewy 'kCn ds lkFk igys tqM+s dqN v{kj( tSls % Im, In, un, en, dis, em bR;kfn( Prefix dgykrs gSaA
Prefix }kjk u;s 'kCn dk fuekZ.k fd;k tkrk gSA tSls : Impossible, impure, incompetent, enroute, encourage,
dislike, embark, empower, defame.
(19) Suffix : ewy 'kCn ds ckn yxs gq, v{kj tSls : age, ed, ist, ing, em, ish, en, ship bR;kfn Suffix dgykrs
gSAa Suffix }kjk Hkh u;s 'kCn dk fuekZ.k fd;k tkrk gSA tSls : leakage, breakage, gifted, talented, rightist, socialist,
friendship, hardship etc.
(20) Premodifier : og 'kCn tks noun ls igys vkrk gS ,oa mlds vFkZ esa o`f) djrk gS] Premodifier dgykrk
gSA tSls :
He misbehaved with an invited friend.
They sold the cursed house.
mijks okD;ksa esa Invited ,oa Cursed, Premodifier gSaA
(21) Slang : Slang consists of words, expressions and meanings that are informal and are used by the
people who know each other very well and quite familiar with one-another. (Generally abusive language)
iw.kZ ifjfpr O;fDr;ksa }kjk iz;q vukSipkfjd fo'ks"k 'kCn] expressions, lkekU; :i ls xkyh tSls 'kCn bR;kfnA
(22) Tense : Tense is that form of a verb which shows not only the time of an action but also the state
of an action or event.
(23) Sequence of Tense dky e : os fu;e tks ;g fukkZfjr djrs gSa fd fdlh okD; esa Subordinate Clause
dh f;k (Verb) dk Tense D;k gksxk vFkkZr~ ;fn Principal Clause esa verb dk Tense Present, Past ;k Future gS
rks Subordinate Clause esa dkSu&lk Tense iz;
q gksuk pkfg;s ftlls okD; lajpuk lgh gksA bldk fukkZj.k ftu fl)kUrks]a
fu;eksa ds vUrxZr fd;k tkrk gS mUgsa Sequence of Tense ds vUrxZr lfEefyr fd;k x;k gSA
(24) Noun : fdlh O;fDr] oLrq] LFkku] xq.k] dk;Z ;k voLFkk ds uke dks Noun laKk dgk tkrk gSA
A noun is a word used as name of a person, place or thing.
Thing 'kCn cgqr foLr`r gS] blesa lHkh phtksa dk lekos'k gks tkrk gSA
Noun ikp izdkj ds gksrs gSa :
(i) Proper Noun O;fokpd
(ii) Common Noun tkfrokpd
(iii) Collective Noun lewgokpd
(iv) Material Noun inkFkZokpd
(v) Abstract Noun Hkkookpd
(i) Proper Noun : A Proper Noun refers the name of a person, place or thing. tSlsRam, Alwar,
Table etc.

A Complete English Grammar

(ii) Common Noun : A Common Noun refers the name given to persons, things or places of the
same kind or class. tSls : King, boy, girl, city etc.
(iii) Collective Noun : A Collective Noun is the name of a group of persons or things taken together
and spoken of as a whole, as unit. tSls : Team, Committee, Army etc. lkekU;r;k Collective noun
dk iz;ksx Singular esa gksrk gS ;fn bldk iz;ksx Plural esa fd;k tkrk gS rks og Common noun cu tkrk gSA
(iv) Material Noun : A Material Noun is the name of metal or substance of which things are made
of. tSls : Silver, Iron, Wood etc. Material Nouns, Countable ugha gksrs gSa vFkkZr~ budh fxurh ugha
dh tk ldrh gSA bUgsa ekik ;k rkSyk tk ldrk gSA buds lkFk lkekU;r;k singular verb dk iz;ksx fd;k
tkrk gS ,oa buds igys Article dk iz;ksx ugha fd;k tkrk gSA
(v) Abstract Noun : Abstract noun in general refers the name of quality, action or state. tSls :
Honesty, Bravery ( quality), Hatred, Laughter ( action ), Poverty, Young (state). Art ,oa Science
tSls : Physics, Chemistry, Music, Grammar bR;kfn Hkh Noun esa 'kkfey fd, tkrs gSaA
(a) Abstract Noun, ,sls xq.k] Hkko] f;k ,oa voLFkk dks O; djrk gS ftUgsa Physically Touch ugha

fd;k tk ldrk gS] ns[kk ugha tk ldrk gS] dsoy eglwl fd;k tk ldrk gSA
(b) Abstract Noun dk iz;ksx lkekU;r;k Singular esa fd;k tkrk gSA
(25) The Noun case : okD; esa Noun dk vU; 'kCnksa ds lkFk lEcUk Noun case }kjk O; gksrk gSA
(i) Nominative Case : tc noun dk iz;ksx okD; esa subject dh rjg gksrk gS rks og noun-nominative
Case esa gksrk gS vFkkZr~ okD; esa noun tc verb ds lkFk subject dk dk;Z djrk gS rks og noun,
nominative case esa iz;q gksrk gSA When a noun is used as subject of the verb in a sentence
it is in nominative case.
(ii) Possessive Case : ,d okD; esa ,d noun dk nwljs noun ij gd ;k Relation LFkkfir djus ds fy;s
iz;ksx gksrk gS rks noun ds lkFk apostrophe dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA ftl noun ds lkFk apostrophe dk
iz;ksx gksrk gS og noun, possessive case esa iz;q gksrh gSA
(iii) Objective Case : tc noun dk iz;ksx okD; esa verb ds object dh rjg gksrk gS rks og noun, objective
case esa iz;q gksrk gSA
When a noun is used as an object of the verb in a sentence it is in objective case.
(iv) Nominative of Address : tks noun fdlh O;f ;k oLrq dks lEcksfkr djus ds fy;s iz;q gks og
nominative of address dh rjg iz;q gksrk gSA
Read the following sentences :
(1) Boys, dont make a noise.
(2) Harish, wait for me.
mijks okD;ksa esa Boys, Harish dks lEcksfkr (Addressed) fd;k x;k gS] Nouns ds bl izdkj
ds iz;ksx dks Nominative of address dgk tkrk gSA
(v) Case in Apposition : If two nouns referring to the same person or thing are in apposition,
one is placed immediately after the other, with no conjunction joining them, asHer father,
Naresh Chandra, left home three months ago.
tc nks nouns ,d gh O;f ;k oLrq dks crkrs gSa vFkkZr~ nksuksa Noun ,d gh O;f ds ckjs esa Li"V djrs
gSa rks ckn okyk Noun igys okys Noun dk Case in apposition dgykrk gSA
(26) Object and Complement : fdlh okD; esa Verb ds ckn vkus okyk Noun ;k Pronoun ;fn mlh okD; esa vk;s
vU; Noun ;k Pronoun ls dksbZ le:irk (Sameness) j[krk gS] rks og Verb dk complement dgykrk gS( tSl:s
Ramesh plays football. ;gk footballObject gS D;ksafd bldh Ramesh ls dksbZ le:irk ugha gSA

Some Basic Terms of English

Active voice ls Passive voice cukrs le; Object, dks gh subject cuk;k tk ldrk gS] complement
dks ughaA bldk vFkZ ;g gqvk fd ftl okD; esa Object ugha gS mldk Passive ugha cu ldrk gSA
Ramesh writes a letter. ;gk letter ,d Object gS bldk Passive cu ldrk gS %
A letter is written by Ramesh.
ysfdu Ramesh is my friend. ;gk my friend , Complement gSA vr% bldk Passive ugha cu ldrk gS D;ksafd
bl okD; esa dksbZ Object ugha gSA
(27) Determiners &Adjectives : Traditional Grammar esa Determiners dks Adjective ls vyx ugha fd;k
x;k gSA Determiners, Adjectives dk gh Hkkx gSA Determiners ds :i esa ifjorZu ugha gksrk gS( tSls : A, an, the,
some, all, much, both, few, whole, etc. buesa dksbZ Suffix ;k Prefix tksM+dj] dksbZ ifjorZu ugha fd;k tk ldrk gS
tcfd Adjectives ds :i esa ifjorZu lEHko gS( tSls : Black ls Blackish, Blackness; Good ls Goodness, Fast dks
Faster, Fastest cuk;k tk ldrk gSA
(28) Synthesis : Synthesis ,d ,slh izf;k gS ftlds }kjk cgqr ls okD;ksa dks tksM+dj ,d okD; cuk;k tkrk
gS vFkkZr~ nks ;k vfkd okD;ksa dks la;qDr dj] ,d Simple, Compound, Complex ;k Mixed Sentence cukus dh
izf;k dks Synthesis of Sentence dgk tkrk gSA
(29) Analysis : Analysis dk vFkZ gS] okD; esa fo|eku clauses dh igpku djuk ,oa okD; fdl izdkj dk gS]
bldh tkp djuk vFkkZr~ okD; esa ;g tkuuk fd dkSu&lh clause; principal , coordinate, subordinate clause gS\
fQj ;g tkuuk fd okD; simple/compound /complex /mixed fdl izdkj dk gS\
(30) Conjunction : Conjunction ,slk 'kCn gS tks 'kCnksa ;k okD;ksa dks vkil esa tksMr
+ k gSA bls Sentence Linker

Hkh dgk tkrk gSA

Definition : A Conjunction is a word that joins words or sentences together.
A conjunction is a joiner, a word that connects (conjoins) parts of a sentence.
(A) Coordinating Conjunctions : ;s Conjunctions nks leku Rank ds Sentences ;k Words dks tksMr+ s
gSaA bl rjg ds eq[; Conjunctions gSa : For, And, Nor, But, Or, Yet, So.
(B) Subordinating Conjunctions : bu Conjunctions }kjk ,d Subordinating Clause dks vU;
Clause ls tksMk+ tkrk gSA (Subordinating Clause og Clause gS tks vius iw.kZ vFkZ ds fy;s vU; Clause
ij fuHkZj gksrk gSA bl rjg ds eq[; Conjunctions gSa : after, although, as, as if, as long as, as though,
because, before, even if, even though, if, if only, in order that, now that, once, rather than,
since, so that, than, that, though, till, unless, until, when, whenever, where, whereas, wherever,
while, once, rather than.
(C) Correlative Conjunctions : tks Conjunctions pairs esa iz;ksx fd, tkrs gSa mUgsa Correlative
Conjunctions dgrs gSaA tSls : Either......or, Neither......nor, Both......and, Whether......or, Not
only......but also.

REMEMBER
Correlative conjunctions are always used in pairs. They join similar elements.When joining singular
and plural subjects, the subject closest to the verb determines whether the verb is singular or plural.

(31) Adverb : Adverb okD; esa ,slk 'kCn gS tks Verb ;k Adjective ;k vU; Adverb ;k Adverbial phrase dks

fo'ks"krk iznku djrk gS@la'kksfkr djrk gS@mlds vFkZ esa dqN o`f)@ifjorZu djrk gSA

A Complete English Grammar

An adverb is that word in a sentence which modifies the meaning of verb or adjective or another adverb or
adverbial phrase.
(32) Pronoun : tks 'kCn Noun dh txg iz;Dq r gksrk gS] mls Pronoun dgrs gSAa
Generally (but not always) pronouns stand for (pro + noun) or refer to a noun, an individual or individuals or thing
or things (the pronoun's antecedent) whose identity is made clear earlier in the text.
(33) Preposition okD; esa ,slk 'kCn gS] tks lkekU;r;k noun /pronoun ds iwoZ iz;
q gksrk gS ,oa noun /pronoun dk lEcU/k] okD;

esa iz;Dq r vU; 'kCnksa ls O;Dr djrk gSA

Preposition is a word placed before a Noun or Pronoun, denotes the relation, the person or thing referred by it, has
with something else.
A preposition is followed by a noun. It is never followed by a verb.
(34) Subject-Verb Agreement : ,d okD; esa Verb ,oa Subject ds e; ,d Agreement gksrk gS tc Subject singular gS rks verb
Hkh singular yxsxhA The verb must agree with its subject in number and person. Nesfield
(35) Weak Verbs : Verbs which require - ed, - d or - t to be added to the Present Tense to form the
Past, indefinite, are called Weak Verbs; as :
Present
Past
Past Participle
Sell
Sold
Sold
Burn
Burnt
Burnt
Think
Thought
Thought
Lend
Lent
Lent
(36) Strong Verbs : Verbs that form their past Tense by merely changing the vowel in their Present
form, without adding an ending are called Strong Verbs; as :
Present
Past
Past Participle
Abide
Abode
Abode
Bear
Bore
Borne
Become
Became
Become
Find
Found
Found
Now-a-days, Verbs are being classified as Regular and Irregular Verbs.
(37) Regular Verbs : os Verbs ftuds ewy :i esa t, d ;k ed yxkus ij mldk Past Tense curk gSA tSls :
Present
Past
Past Participle
Talk
Talked
Talked
Live
Lived
Lived
(38) Irregular Verbs : ftu Verbs dh Past Form, Verb ds ewy :i esa d, ed, t, yxkus ls ugha curh mUgsa
Irregular verbs dgk tkrk gSA ,slh Verbs dh Past Form cukus gsrq dksbZ fu;e fukkZfjr ugha gSA tSls :
Present
Past
Past Participle
See
Saw
Seen
Go
Went
Gone
Come
Came
Come
(39) Stative Verbs : dqN Verbs dk iz;ksx lkekU; fLFkfr esa Continuous form esa ugha fd;k tkrk gSA bl rjg
dh Verbs dks Stative Verbs dgk tkrk gSA Stative dk vFkZ gS fixed, vFkkZr~ LFkk;hA bl rjg dh Verb ,d Permanent
dk;Z dks fcuk iz;kl ds LFkk;h :i ls gksus okys dk;Z dks O; djrh gSA bl rjg dh Verbs dk iz;ksx Continuous form
esa ugha fd;k tkrk gSA bu Verbs dks Non-Conclusive Verbs Hkh dgrs gSa( tSlsSee, hear, smell, taste, feel, look,
know, have, understand etc.

Some Basic Terms of English

(40) Dynamic Verbs : Dynamic dk vFkZ gksrk gS f;k'khy] xfr'khyA ;g Stative dk foijhrkFkZd 'kCn gSA tc
dksbZ Verb; Temporary, Momentary ;k Dynamic dk;Z gsrq iz;qDr gksrh gS rks og Dynamic Verb dgykrh gSA
tSls : He is swimming; She is going; Ram is coming.
(41) Inchoative Verbs : Verbs tks fdlh dk;Z ls izkjEHk gksus dks O; djrh gSa] Inchoative verbs dgykrh

gSAa
The term Inchoative verb is used for a verb that denotes the beginning ,development or final stage,
of a change of condition.
Guide to patterns and usage in English by A. S. Hornby
bl rjg dh eq[; verbs gSa : Get, Become, Grow etc.
My father is getting weaker.
It is getting dark.
(42) Transitive Verbs ldeZd f;k, : ,slh verbs ftuds lkFk object iz;
q gks Transitive Verbs dgykrh
gSaA Transitive dk vFkZ gS passing over vFkkZr~ ftu verbs esa action, drkZ rd gh lhfer ugha jgdj] Object fdlh
vU; oLrq ij pass over gksrk gSA
tSls : Ramesh hits a ball.
;gk hits ,d transitive verb dh rjg iz;q gqvk gS] ftuesa action, drkZ rd gh lhfer ugha jgk gS cfYd
Object; ball ij pass over gqvk gSA
lkekU;r;k verb ls ;fn ^D;k* ;k ^fdldks* iz'u djus ij ;fn gesa mkj izkIr gksrk gS rks og verb, Transitive
gSA tSls mijks okD; esa verb ls ^D;k* iz'u djus ij gesa a ball mkj feykA vr% hits ,d Transitive Verb gSA
(43) Intransitive Verbs : Intransitive Verbs esa action object drkZ rd gh lhfer jgrk gS] object ij pass
over ugha gksrk gSA tSls :
(a) He sleeps in the bed.
(b) Shyam speaks loudly.
bu okD;ksa esa verb; sleeps ,oa speaks, Intransitive Verbs gSa] buesa action drkZ rd gh lhfer jg x;k gSA
fdlh object ij pass over ugha gqvk gSA bu verbs ls ^D;k* ^fdldks* iz'u djus ij dksbZ mkj izkIr ugha gksrk gSA

IMPORTANT
vf/kdka'k verbs dk iz;ksx] Transitively ,oa Intransitively, nksuksa izdkj gks ldrk gSA
(44) Auxiliary Verbs : bUgsa lgk;d f;k, Hkh dgk tkrk gSA Do, does, did, is, am, are, was, were, have,
has, had, bR;kfn Primary Auxiliary Verbs rFkk will, shall, may, can, should, would, could, might, must, ought,
dare, need, used to; Modal Verbs dgykrh gSaA
(45) Linking Verbs or Notional Verbs : tc Auxiliary (helping) verbs fdlh okD; esa eq[; verb dks
support ugha djrh gSa cfYd eq[; verb dh rjg iz;q gksrh gSa rks ml fLFkfr esa bUgsa Linking Verbs ;k Notional
Verbs dgk tkrk gSA tSls :
(a) I have a book and a pencil. (b) She is a beautiful girl.
mijks okD;ksa esa underlined verbs; have rFkk isLinking verbs ;k Notional Verbs gSAa
(46) Modals : Modals Hkh Auxiliary Verbs gksrs gS]a ;s verbs ds mood voLFkk@Hkko dks O; djrs gSAa Mood
;k Modes ,d gh ckr gSA pwfd ;s verbs ds Hkko] f;kfofk dks O; djrs gaSA vr% bUgsa Modals dgk tkrk gSA
(47) Finite Verbs : ftu verbs esa subject ds Number, Person ,oa Tense ds vuqlkj ifjorZu gksrk gS] Finite
Verbs dgykrh gSaA
(48) Non Finites Verbs: Non Finite Verbs ,slh verbs gksrh gS]a ftu ij okD; ds tense ,oa subject ds person
,oa number dk dksbZ izHkko ugha iM+rk gSA

A Complete English Grammar

(49) Infinitive : Infinitive dks lkekU;rk to + verb ds :i esa tkuk ,oa igpkuk tkrk gSA tSls : to play, to go,
to walk, etc.ysfdu dHkh&dHkh to ugha Hkh vkrk gSA bl izdkj dh Infinitive dks Bare Infinitive (Infinitive without
to) dgk tkrk gSA
tSls : I saw him go, I bade him go etc. ;gk go, bare infinitive gSA
(50) Split Infinitives : Infinitive ds chp esa (to ,oa infinitive) dksbZ Hkh adverb ;k 'kCn fy[kuk traditional
grammar esa xyr ekuk tkrk gS] ysfdu vktdy cgqr ls ys[kd Split of Infinitives dks lgh ekuus yxs gSaA
Split of Infinitives dks avoid djuk gh mfpr gSA
As per modern grammarians one adverb may be inserted between the infinitive.
I ask you to kindly grant me one day leave only.
Here insertion of adverb kindly is well accepted now-a-days.
(51) Gerund : Verb dh ,d ,slh form gS] tks verb esa ng ( Verb + ing ) yxkus ls curh gS ,oa noun dk dk;Z
djrh gSA Gerund dks Verbal Noun Hkh dgrs gSaA
Gerund is such a form of verb that ends in ingand has the force of a noun and a verb.
(52) Participle : Verb dk ,slk :i gS] ftlesa verb ds lkFk&lkFk Adjective ds xq.k ik;s tkrs gSaA Participle dks
blhfy, Verbal Adjective Hkh dgk tkrk gSA
(53) Unattached or Dangling Participle : Participle okD;ksa esa Adjective dk dk;Z djrs gSAa vr% Participle
ds lkFk ,d noun ;k pronoun dk lEcfkr (related) gksuk vko';d gSA ;fn Participle ds lkFk dksbZ noun ;k pronoun
lEcfUkr ugha gS rks og Participle, Unattached or Dangling Participle gSA tSls %
(1) Being a cold morning, I didnt go to office.
(2) Being a rainy day, the school remained closed.
mijks nksuksa okD;ksa esa iz;q Participle Being Unattached Participle gS] ;gk Being ds lkFk dksbZ noun
;k Pronoun yxkuk vko';d gSA vr% bu okD;ksa dks fuEu izdkj fy[kk tkuk pkfg, %
(1) It, being a cold morning, I didnt go to office.
Or
The morning being cold, I didnt go to office.
(2) It, being a rainy day, the school remained closed.
Or
The day being rainy, the school remained closed.
(54) Inversion : Affirmative okD;ksa dk Structure lkekU;r;k fuEu izdkj dk gksrk gS %
Subject + Verb + .......
Verb dk iz;ksx Subject ds ckn fd;k tkrk gSA
Interrogative okD;ksa esa lkekU;rk Verb dk iz;ksx Subject ls iwoZ fuEu izdkj gksrk gS %
Verb + Subject + ........
Interrogative okD;ksa ds vfrfj cgqr ls Adverbs ,oa Adverbial expressions dk iz;ksx tc clause ds izkjEHk
esa gksrk gS rks Verb, Subject ds igys vkrh gSA okD;ksa esa Verb dk Subject ds igys vkuk Inversion dgykrk gSA
Inversion of the Verb : Certain adverbs and adverb phrases, most with a restrictive or negative
sense, can for emphasis be placed first in a sentence or clause and are then followed by the inverted (i.e.
interrogative) form of the verb.
Thomson and Martinet.
(55) Synonym : A synonym is a word or expression which means the same as another word or
expression.
The term industrial democracy is often used as a synonym for worker participation.
(56) Antonym : The antonym of a word is a word which means the opposite.
Day and Night are antonyms
(57) Heteronym : A Heteronym is a word that has the same spelling as another word but with a
different pronunciation and meaning. These words are sometimes also called homographs.

Some Basic Terms of English

(58) Autogram : A self-referencing sentence is a sentence that describes itself. For example, This
sentence has five words. An autogram is a self-referencing sentence that describes its letter content.
(59) Contronym : The word contronym (also the synonym antagonym) is used to refer to words thatby,
some freak of language evolution, are their own antonyms. Both contronym and antagonym are relatively
recent neologisms; however, there is no alternative term that is more established in the English language.
As :
(a) fastquick, unmoving
(b) fixrestore, castrate
(60) Malapropism : A malapropism is the use of an incorrect word in place of a similarly sounding
correct word. As :
(a) Parents try to install these virtues in their children.
(b) "He became affluent in French, Italian, Latin and Greek.
(61) Palindrome : A palindrome is a word or sentence that reads the same forward as it does backward.
The words a and I are perhaps the simplest and least interesting palindromes; the word racecar and the
name Hannah are more interesting and illustrative.
(62) Palingram : A palingram is a sentence in which the letters, syllables, or words read the same
backward as they do forward. The sentence, "He was, was he?" is a word palingram, because the words can
be placed in reverse order and still read the same. The sentence, "I did, did I?" is not only a word palingram
but a letter palingram (or palindrome) as well.
(63) Pangram : A pangram is a sentence that contains all letters of the alphabet. Less frequently, such
sentences are called holalphabetic sentences. As :
The quick brown fox jumps over a little lazy dog.
In this sentence there are all 26 English alphabets.
(64) Eponym : An eponym is someone or something whose name is or is thought to be the source of
something's name (such as a city, country, era, or product); Xerox is a brand of photocopy machine; that
word, too, has been since adopted to refer to any brand of photocopy machine and, moreover, also employed
as a verb to describe the act of photocopying.
(65) Adjunct : An adjunct is a word or group of words which indicates the circumstances of an action,
event, or situation. An adjunct is usually a prepositional phrase or an adverb group.
(66) Contraction : A contraction is a shortened form of a word or words.
Its (with an apostrophe) should be used only as a contraction for it is.
cant is the contraction form of cannot.
(67) Positive Degree : The Positive Degree of an Adjective is the Adjective in its general form. It
denotes the mere existence of some quality.
(68) Comparative Degree : The comparative degree denotes a higher degree of the quality than the
positive. The comparative is used when two things are compared.
(69) Superlative Degree : The Superlative degree denotes the highest degree of the quality. It is used
when more than two things are compared.
Positive
Comparative
Superlative
Good
Better
Best
Strong
Stronger
Strongest
Tall
Taller
Tallest
(70) Mood : Mood is the mode or manner is which the action denoted by the verb is presented. There
are three types of mood : (i) Indicative (ii) Imperative (iii) Subjunctive.
(a) Indicative Mood : A verb which makes a statement or asks a question or expresses a
supposition which is assumed as a fact, is in the Indicative Mood. Wren and Martin
(i) He goes to college daily.
Statement
(ii) She writes legibly.
Statement

10

A Complete English Grammar

(iii) Are you fine?
Question
(iv) Have you found your pen?
Question
(v) If it rains, we shall go for a picnic.
Supposition
(vi) If she wants it, I shall give it to her.
Supposition
(b) Imperative Mood : A verb which expresses a command, an exhortation, an entreaty or a
prayer, is in Imperative Mood.
(i) Open the door.
Command
(ii) Wait here.
Command
(iii) Take care of your health.
Exhortation
(iv) Dont worry, try again.
Exhortation
(v) Please help me.
Entreaty
(vi) Have mercy upon the poor.
Entreaty
(c) Subjunctive Mood : (I) Present Subjunctive and (II) Past Subjunctive.
(I) Present Subjunctive :
(i) Where a wish or hope in expressed by the verb, it is in Present subjunctive Mood.
As :
(i) God bless you.
(ii) May God grant you success!
(ii) If the verb expresses desire, intention, resolution etc. it is in subjunctive mood. As :
(i) We recommended that the monthly rent be increased to two thousand rupees.
(ii) It is suggested that a subway be built to relieve the congestion.
(iii) I move that Mr. Sharma be appointed Executive Director.
(II) Past Subjunctive : Past subjunctive is used : (I) After the verb wish, to denote an unreal
situation or a situation contrary to fact.