In the current globalizing economy, increasingly more economists are studying cross-border

region cooperation and integration, trans-boundary governance and international policies, and
their environmental, cultural and economic effects. Of course there are different results and
specialist opinions depending on the main topic of the studies, objectives pursued, the
geographic areas, research instruments etc..
For example, for the African countries, Ulimwengul nd Snyl suggest tht is very importnt to
hve common policy gend in order to improve the smllholder frmers productivity nd their
opportunities of regionl nd interntionl trde. As they state, there re lot of dvntges of
having common agricultural policies: better employment of the natural resources of the
continent, access at the interregional and intraregional trade, improved technology by sustainable
management of the natural resources. After studying the spillovers of market integration,
international cooperation and policy coordination in African countries agricultural policies, they
discovered positive spillovers of the agricultural production.
Partnerships in transboundary conservation in African countries are other important isues that
Environmental isues in African countries are also
Another interesting study about
partnerships in
transboundary conservation

Brunet Jailly has the same opinion, that common policies, free trade and economic integration
have positive impacts on coutries economies. In his article , In the incresingly globl economy,
re borderlnd regions public mngement instruments?, he analyzed and compared the
institutional integration in some cross-border regions from Europe and North America. In
Europe, he states that there are unequal rates of integration in different countries.

Therefore on the Canada US

border, cross-border regions exhibits dense and thick clusters of functional and scalar
linkages of policy parallelism, which helps managers solve problems arising from
economic and trade integration.
Notes

despite weaker regional

economic integration, territorially based multi-functional trans-boundary
government-like-bodies were normalized in the 1990s by federal like policies

Despite the fact that in EU countries there are unequal rates of integration and they need to trade
with each other much more, Brunet Jailly emphassises concluded 9/11; what is remarkable is the
density, the varied
scales and the functional focus of the networks that are spanning the border regions.
These are networks of public and private sector managers that discuss, negotiate and
implement agreements with views to secure trade, improve infrastructures or
environmental standards
transformation of the regional economies of the cross-border regions presented in this

study.
The evidence presented in this paper suggests, first, that continental trade regimes,
and particularly, regional economic integration in North America, lead to progressive
transformation and integration, and to the emergence of two economic cross border
regions. Second, regional cross-border economic integration, in turn, lead to the
emergence of region wide government-like networked institutions that span over these
border regions in a process where trans-boundary governance takes the form of
networks of variable scales[1]. These are not networks of territorially bounded
organizations, such as city or states and provinces only. These cross border networks
form clusters of policy parallelism that link public and private organizations facilitate
trade, and serve public and private managers.

2. Emmnuel Brunet-Jilly, In the incresingly globl economy, re borderlnd regions

public mngement instruments?
This pper ims to question, in comprtive perspective with Europen experiences, whether free
trde, nd prticulrly continentl economic integrtion in North meric, impcts the
economies, nd leds to forms of trnsboundry governnce. It then seeks to complement this
discussion by review of the perceptions public mngers hve of those developments.
Design/methodology/pproch This pper is bsed on review of the literture, public policy
nd individul interviews, nd survey of 700 privte nd public policy decision mkers.
Findings The evidence presented in this pper suggests tht incresed economic
interdependence hs led to the emergence of trns-boundry governnce. Public mngers nd
policy-mkers view those s mechnisms tht ese trde nd public policy reltions.
Originlity/vlue Contrry to brod ssumption, North mericn trns-boundry policy
networks re helping trde reltions nd fcilitte policy mking.
the first section of this pper discusses economic restructuring, economic integrtion, economic
regions nd cross-border economic regions in North meric, nd introduces our two cse study
regions. The second section looks t trns-boundry governnce in these cross-border regions,
nd discusses the perception public mngers hve of those developments in two North
mericn regions
While previous reserch on economic nd politicl integrtion ws bsed on the
Europen experience (Brunet-Jilly, 2000), our comprison highlights the bsence of
government like institutions nd supr-ntionl orgniztions in North meric;
insted, functionl nd policy networks re more typicl forms of North mericn
cross-border links. Indeed, in our North mericn border regions, mngers strive to
rech cross the border: close reding of unpublished nd published dt from the
2006 PRI survey of Cndin nd US leders of the privte nd public sectors suggests
interesting nswers ll in ll, 40 percent of US nd Cndin mngers report tht
21 to 40 percent of their efforts focus on cross-border ctivities; more thn 40 percent of
those orgniztion report spending significnt proportion of their time on

cross-border ctivities: Cnd (14 percent), US (18 percent), West (19 percent),
Gret Lkes (10 percent). lso, Provincil/Stte government mngers (Cnd
61 percent) (US 63 percent), Cities/Chmbers of Commerce officils (Cnd 19 percent)
(US 59 percent), Reserch communities/think tnks (Cnd 37 percent) (US 53 percent),
Federl gencies (Cnd 49 percent) (US 65 percent), ll re engged in cross border
linkges. Mngers gree tht CBRs strengthen economic integrtion without thretening
ntionl identity. In North mericn, networks re the typicl forms of cross-border links;
mngers
believe tht CBRs contribute to expnd locl nd regionl cpcity to rech cross
without excessive bureucrtiztion. Indeed, mngers re wre of the wide vriety
of instruments t their disposl: regulr fce-to-fce interction in support of projects
nd specific inititives. These include conferences/roundtbles, bi-ntionl
committees/working groups/tsk forces. They lso declre relying on memorndums
of understnding, trde missions, officil visits, joint reserch ctivity, nd joint
dvoccy/lobbying efforts, nd winning/sister greement (lest used). ll in ll, these
findings underline functionl linkges nd ctivities crried out by mid-level
representtives. These re discrete dministrtive linkges where multitude of
orgniztions form networks to engge ech other in trns-ntionl prllel policy
mking. For 59 percent of respondents brriers to CBR coopertion re identified s being
(to some extent nd to gret extent): Poor Infrstructures. Decision mkers believe tht
cross border regions support Cnd-US reltions
without chllenging historicl prtnership ptterns (61 percent believe CBRs hve
strong influence on Cnd/US reltionship). CBRs re perceived s providing new
politicl/policy role without competing with Federl governments

Conclusion: Free trde, nd prticulrly continentl economic integrtion, leds to progressive

trnsformtion of the regionl economies of the cross-border regions presented in this
study. Does this men tht economic integrtion, in turn, ffects trns-boundry
governnce? The known Europen exmples indicte tht, despite weker regionl
economic integrtion, territorilly bsed multi-functionl trns-boundry
government-like-bodies were normlized in the 1990s by federl like policies
(Brunet-Jilly, 2000).
cross the Cnd-US border, given the sustined increse in trde, interctions
spnning the border re likely to expnd. Cross border regions re mngeril
instruments of coopertion they re remrkble in density, their scles vry with function but
ll strddle the border. They re networks of coopertion tht mobilize
ctors to identify common grounds for policy coopertion, collbortion, nd policy
prllelism but prllels do not meet; they do not integrte. They llow functionl
linkges but they do not reflect structurl integrtion. Therefore on the Cnd US
border, cross-border regions exhibits dense nd thick clusters of functionl nd sclr
linkges of policy prllelism, which helps mngers solve problems rising from
economic nd trde integrtion.
3. Holding the Line: Borders in Globl World, Konrd, Victor
4. Governnce in Trnsboundry Conservtion:How Institutionl Structure nd Pth
Dependence Mtter
Michel Schoon

Trnsboundry protected res (TBPs) hve gined currency over the pst decde becuse of
their perceived(nd highly disputed) effectiveness t chieving wide rry of gols rnging
from improved biodiversity conservtion to regionl economic development to the promotion of
pece between countries. However, fewstudies hve nlysed how institutionl structures
influence cross-border coordintion cross rnge of issues in trnsboundry prk. This study
uses two TBPs in southern fricthe Kglgdi Trnsfrontier Prk nd the
Gret Limpopo Trnsfrontier Prkto look t issues of interntionl governnce in
trnsboundry conservtion. The bottom-up institutionl development in the Kglgdi hs
llowed ground-level officils to lern how to work
together to dpt nd respond to the dy-to-dy chllenges they confront. By contrst, locl-level
collbortionin the Gret Limpopo hs emerged slowly due to the top-down imposition of the
prk on locl-level communities nd officils. The centrl premise is tht the institutionl
beginnings to the two TBPs result in differing cpcitiesfor effective collbortion. Initil
institutionl design lso cretes pth dependencies, which my be difficult toovercome lter.
These findings cn help prctitioners in designing more robust, long-enduring institutions to
better chieve their gols in future trnsboundry conservtion projects.
With this new understnding bout scling up nd down, gret del of literture is now devoted
to the incresingly globl scle of mny environmentl issues.
This rticle explores the strengths nd weknesses of top-down nd bottom-up institutionl
rrngements on the response to environmentl dilemms, looking t how institutionl
rrngements cope with different chllenges with vrying degrees of effectiveness. It
rgues tht s institutions re designed to respond to certin types of issues, institutionl history
nd pth dependency ffect the robustness of the institutionl rrngements. criticl
understnding of the role of institutionl history goes beyond the stndrd policy literture nd
cn help cdemics nd prctitioners like in two wysin the ongoing governnce
of current conservtion efforts nd in the more pproprite design of new conservtion plns s
opposed to contextully free pnces. s result, conservtion prctitioners cn drw on
theoreticl insights from the resilience nd robustness literture to work towrds crfting more
robust, long-enduring institutionl rrngements.
This study exmines the governnce of trnsboundry prks, which re protected res tht spn
the interntionl border of two or more countries nd engge in some level of collbortive
governnce to better chieve ecologicl, economic, nd politicl gols, s mens for exploring
how prks creted through bottom-up process possess different cpcities for response to
chllenges thn prks tht emerge from the top down. The project uses trnsboundry protected
res (TBPs) becuse they cross both politicl borders ndecologicl scles nd hve spects of
locl nd interntionl domins built into their structure