REVISION

Cisco!

NETWORK COMPONENTS

PROTOCOL SUITES

TCP/IP PROTOCOL SUITE

ENCAPSULATION PROCESS

NETWORK ADDRESSES AND DATA LINK

ADDRESSES

The network layer and data link layer are

responsible for delivering the data from the sourc
device to the destination device.

IPV4 ADDRESS
A numerical label assigned to each device participating in a
computer network that uses the Internet Protocol for
communication.
32-bit binary number expressed using four decimal numbers
separated by dots (dotted decimal notation).

CLASSFUL IP ADDRESS
Originally IP addresses were divided into five
classes.
The initial bits determine which class an address
belongs to.
Classes A, B and C are the most important.

ROUTER
Connects multiple networks.

Has multiple interfaces.

Primary functions:

Determine the best path to send packets.

PACKET FORWARDING
Three packet forwarding mechanisms:

Process Switching

Fast Switching

Cisco Express Forwarding (CEF)

PROCESS SWITCHING
Each packet must be processed individually.

FAST SWITCHING

First packet of a flow is process-switched and flow

information added to the fast-switching cache to
be used by the following packets.

CISCO EXPRESS FORWARDING (CEF)

Builds Forwarding Information Base (FIB) and an

Adjacency Table to perform layer-3 switching in
hardware.

TYPES OF ROUTING
Two main types of routing:

Static routing

A static route is a route that is manually configured on

the router.

Dynamic routing

Dynamic routes are routes that a router learns by using

DYNAMIC ROUTING PROTOCOLS

Routing protocols are used to facilitate the

exchange of routing information between routers
Routing protocols allow routers to dynamically
learn information about remote networks and
automatically add this information to their own
routing tables.

CLASSIFICATIONS OF DYNAMIC ROUTING

PROTOCOLS

Routing protocols can be classified into dierent groups according to their

characteristics:

Purpose

Operation

Interior gateway protocol (IGP) or exterior gateway protocol (EGP).

Distance vector or link-state.

Behaviour:

IGP VS EGP
Autonomous system (AS) - a collection of routers under a
common administration.
IGP: used for exchanging routing information between routers
within an autonomous system.

Examples: RIP, EIGRP, OSPF, and IS-IS.

EGP: used for exchanging routing information between

autonomous systems.

DISTANCE VECTOR VS LINK-STATE

Distance vector routing protocols advertise route as vectors of
distance and direction between directly connected neighbours.

A router knows from which neighbour a route was learned,

but it does not know where that neighbour learned the route.

Link-state routing protocols advertise link-state information

throughout the link-state domain.

All routers know about the paths reachable by all other

CLASSFUL ROUTING VERSUS CLASSLESS

ROUTING PROTOCOL

Classful routing protocol do not send subnet mask

information with their routing updates.
Classless routing protocol include subnet mask
information with their updates.

ROUTING TABLE

Contains the information necessary to forward a packet along the best path
toward its destination.

Store route information about directly connected and remote networks.

The routing table contains network or next hop associations.

These associations tell a router that a particular destination can be

optimally reached by sending the packet to a specific router that
represents the next hop on the way to the final destination.
The next hop association can also be the outgoing or exit interface to

ROUTING TABLE SOURCES

Entries in the routing table can be added as:
Local route interfaces

Directly connected interfaces

Added when an interface is configured and active.

Static routes

Added when an interface is configured and active.

Added when a route is manually configured and the exit interface is active.

Dynamic routing protocols

Added when routing protocols are configured and networks identified.

BUILDING THE ROUTING TABLE

The main considerations while building the

routing table are:

Administrative distance

Metrics

ADMINISTRATIVE DISTANCE
Represents the reliability (trustworthiness) of a
routing protocol (or a route).

Used by router to select the best path when there

are two or more dierent routes to the same
destination from two or more routing protocols.

The smaller the administrative distance, the more

DEFAULT ADMINISTRATIVE DISTANCE

Route Source
Connected
Static
EIGRP summary route
External BGP
Internal EIGRP
OSPF
IS-IS
RIP
External EIGRP

Administrative Distance
0
1
5
20
90
110
115
120
170

ROUTING METRIC
A value generated by the routing algorithm for each path
through the network.
The best path to a network is the path with the lowest
metric.
Metrics can be based on either a single characteristic or
several characteristics of a path.

Dynamic routing protocols typically use their own rules and

ROUTING TABLE ENTRY:

REMOTE NETWORKS

ROUTING TABLE ENTRY:

DIRECTLY CONNECTED NETWORKS