Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Unit-2
# Advantages of Electrical Heating:Heating is required for domestic purposes such as cooking and heating of buildings, as well as
for industrial purposes such as melting of metals, hardening and tempering, case hardening,
drying and welding. Practically all the heating requirements can be met by some form of electric
heating equipment. The main advantages of electric heating over other systems of heating are
given below:
1. Economical: - Electric heating is economical as electric furnaces are cheaper in initial
cost as well as maintenance cost. It does not require any attention so there is considerable
saving in labor cost over other systems of heating. Electrical energy is also very cheap as
it is being produced on large scale.
2. Cleanliness: - Since dust and ash are completely eliminated in electric heating system, so
it is clean system and cleaning cost are rendered to minimum.
3. Absence of Flue Gases: - Since no flue gas is produced in the system, so there is no risk
of atmosphere or objects being heated and operation is, therefore, hygienic.
4. Ease of Control: - Simple, accurate and reliable temperature control can be had either by
hand operated or by fully automatic switches. Desired temperature or temperature cycle
can be has accurately in electric heating system, which is not convenient in other heating
systems.
5. Automatic Protection: - Automatic protection against over-currents or over heating can
be provided through suitable switchgears in the electric heating system.
6. Upper limit of Temperature: - There is no upper limit to the temperature obtainable
except the ability of the material to withstand heat.
7. Special Heating Requirements: - Certain requirements of heating such as uniform
heating of material or heating of one particular portion of the job without effecting others,
heating of non-conducting materials, heating with no oxidation, can be met only in the
electric system.
8. High Efficiency of Utilization: - The overall efficiency of electric heating is
comparatively higher since in this system of heating, the source can be brought directly to
the point where heat is required, thereby reducing the losses. Further there is no product
of combustion in which heat losses are involved.
It has been practically ascertained that 75 to 100% of heat produced by electric heating
can be successfully utilized whereas in case of gas, solid fuel and oil heating the
efficiencies are 60%, 30% and 60% respectively.
9. Better Working Conditions: - Electric heating system produces no irritating noise and
also the radiating losses are low. Thus working with electric furnaces is convenient and
cool.
10. Safety: - Electric heating is quite safe and
1 responds quickly.
# RESISTANCE HEATING:Resistance heating is based upon the I 2R effect. This method of heating has wide applications
such as heat treatment of metals, drying and baking of potteries, stoving of enameled ware and
commercial and domestic cooking. Temperature up to about 1,000 0C can be obtained in ovens
employing wire resistances for heating elements. There are two methods of resistance heating.
1. Direct resistance heating: - In this method of heating, the material or charge to be
heated is taken as resistance and current is passed through it. The charge may be in the
form of powder, pieces or a liquid. Two electrodes are immersed in the charge and
connected to the supply in case of availability of direct current or single phase ac supply
and three electrodes are immersed in the charge and connected to supply in case of
availability of 3-phase ac supply. When some pieces of metals are to be heated some
highly resistive powder is sprinkled over the surface of pieces to avoid direct shortcircuit. The current flows through the charge and heat is produced. This method has high
efficiency since heat is produced in the charge itself. As the current in this case is not
easily variable, therefore, automatic temperature control is not possible. However,
uniform and high temperature can be obtained. This method of heating is used in salt bath
furnaces and in the electrode boiler for heating water.
2. Indirect Resistance heating: - In this method of heating, the current is passed through a
wire or other high resistance material forming a heating element. The heat proportional to
I2R loss produced in the heating element is delivered to the charge by one or more of the
modes of transfer of heat viz. conduction, convection and radiation. If the heat transfer is
by conduction the resistor must be in contact
with the charge. An enclosure, known as
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# Design of heating element: Knowing the electrical input and its voltage the size and length of the wire required as the
heating element to produce the given temperature can be calculated. The wire employed may be
circular or rectangular like a ribbon. The latter permit the use of higher wattage per unit area and
are used in ovens, vulcanizers, toasters etc. The heating element on reaching a steady
temperature will dissipate the heat from its surface equivalent to electrical input. Since generally
the heat will be dissipated from the heating elements at high temperatures, it is reasonable to
assume that the whole of the heat energy is dissipated solely by radiation.
Heat dissipated according to stefans law.
# Efficiency and losses: The heat produced in the heating elements is also to overcome the losses occurring due to
(i)
Heat used in raising the temperature of oven or furnace;
(ii)
Heat used in raising the temperature of the containers or carriers;
(iii)
Heat conducted through the walls;
(iv)
Escapement of heat due to opening of the door; in addition to heat required to
raise the temperature of the charge to the required value.
The efficiency of the oven =
The heat required to raise the temperature of the charge to the required value, W= mass of charge
in kg*specific heat of charge in J/kg/0C*temperature rise = mst Joules
The heat used for rising the temperature of the oven or furnace can be calculated in a similar way
by knowing the weight of the refractory material and its specific heat. In case the oven is used
continuously this loss becomes negligible.
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Process
Baking of bread
Annealing of copper
Annealing steel
Carburizing
Vitreous enameling of sheet steel
# Induction heating
(b). Vertical Core type induction furnace: - The furnace of this type, known as Ajax Wyatt
vertical core type furnace employs a vertical channel instead of horizontal one for the charge.
The convection currents keep the circulation of molten metal round the V portion. As Vchannel is narrow, so even a small quantity of charge is sufficient to keep the secondary
circuit closed. Hence the chances of discontinuity of the circuit are less. Due to pinch effect
the adjoining molecules carrying current in same direction will try to repel each other, but
because of the weight of the charge they will remain in contact and chances of interruption
will be reduced.
The output of the furnace depends upon the type and dimensions of the channels used. In
certain furnaces instead V-shaped channels U-shaped channels or rectangular channels are
employed.
The inside of the furnace is lined depending upon the charge. Clay lining is used for yellow
brass. For red brass and bronze an alloy of magnesia and alumina or corundum having high
contents of alumina is employed.
The shell of the furnace is of heavy steel. The top of the furnace is covered with an insulated
cover which can be removed for charging. Necessary hydraulic arrangements are usually
made for tilting the furnace to take out the molten metal.
Advantages:1. Highly efficient heat, low operating costs and improved production.
2. Accurate temperature control, uniform castings, reduced metal losses and reduction of
rejects.
3. Absence of crucibles.
4. Consistent performance and simple control.
5. Ideal working conditions in a cool atmosphere with no dirt, noise or fuel.
6. Absence of combustion gases resulting in elimination of the most common source of
metal contamination.
7. Comparatively high power factor with normal supply frequency since primary and
secondary are both on the same central core.
However, it is to be noted that the Vee must be kept full of charge in order to maintain
continuity of the secondary circuit. For this reason, this type of furnace is suitable only for
continuous operation. These furnaces are widely used for melting and refining of brass and
other heavy non-ferrous metals. Its efficiency is about 75%. Standard sizes of these furnaces
range 60 to 300 kW, all single phase, 50 Hz in this country for standard voltage up to 600V.
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(C)Indirect core type induction furnace: In such a furnace an inductively heated element is made to transfer its heat to the charge by
radiation. In this type of furnace the principle of induction has been utilized for providing
heat treatment of metallic and other charges in addition to its use for melting metals.
It consists of an iron core linking with the primary winding and secondary also. In this case
secondary consists of a metal container forming the walls of the oven proper. Primary
winding is connected to the ac supply, inducing currents and heating the metal container.
Heat is transmitted to the charge by radiation. It is advantageous in respect of temperature
control without use of external control equipment. It consists of part AB of the magnetic
circuit situated in the oven chamber and consisting of a special alloy which losses its
magnetic properties at a particular temperature and regains them when cooled to the same
temperature. As soon as the oven attains the critical temperature, the reluctance of the
magnetic circuit increases many times and the inductive effect correspondingly decreases,
thereby cutting off the heat supply. The bar AB is detachable type and can be replaced by
others having different critical temperatures between 4000C and 10000C, according to needs.
From the mode of transmission of heat it will be seen that this furnace is directly in
competition with resistance oven; but has comparatively poor power factor.
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2. Coreless Induction Furnace: It essentially consists of three main parts (i) the primary coil (ii) the refractory container and (iii)
the frame which includes supports and a tilting mechanism.
The distinctive features of this furnace are the absence of a continuous iron path for the magnetic
flux and small quantity of refractory material in comparison with other types of melting furnaces
in construction.
Standard performed crucibles are employed for small furnaces. The base and the wall around the
crucible are made by ramming granular refractory material. The top of the wall is sealed with
refractory cement. The containers of the large furnaces are made in place, the procedure being
same as for the smaller furnaces except that a hollow collapsible form is substituted for the
crucible to form the receptacle. Acid or basic materials are used as per requirements.
For floor level mounting, the electrical connections are made by knife contacts in order to make
the handling of the furnace as a ladle for pouring. For platform mounting the electrical
connections are made with flexible cables. This is done as with this arrangement, power can be
left on the furnace while pouring- a feature often desirable when a no. of castings are poured
from one heat. A variation is the lift-coil furnace made in the smaller sizes. The primary coil is
lowered and raised over the load crucible.
The charge is put into the crucible and primary winding coil is connected to high frequency ac
supply. The flux created by primary winding sets up eddy currents in the charge which tend to
flow concentrically with those in the inductor. These eddy currents heat up the charge its melting
point and also set up electromagnetic forces producing stirring action which is essential for
obtaining uniform quality of metal. Because of high frequency employed, which is necessary to
induce the required voltage in the secondary, the skin effect produces heat in the primary
winding coils. The primary winding coils are, therefore, made from hollow tube and are cooled
by circulation of water through it. Insulated supporting structure is employed for such furnaces;
otherwise stray magnetic field outside the primary will setup emf in it, which will result in
circulation of eddy currents in it and so reduction of efficiency.
Standard sizes of coreless induction furnaces for melting non-ferrous metals and alloys range
from 50 kg to 500 kg holding capacity.
The operating voltage varies from 1,000 to 2,000 V for larger sizes and 10,000 V for the smaller
sizes.
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The exact theory also shows that for efficient operation the ratio of radius of piece of material in
the charge to the thickness should be greater than 3. If it is taken as 4, then the expression for the
frequency, for efficient operation, becomes
In most of the modern coreless induction furnaces the frequencies in the range 500 to 1,000 Hz
are used. However, for smaller units for melting small quantities of finely divided metal
frequencies up to 100 kHz or even 1,000 kHz are used.
The refractory container makes necessary a large air gap with consequent low power factor.
Static capacitors are, therefore, invariably employed in parallel with such a furnace in order to
improve the pf. Since in case of coreless induction furnace operation pf does not remain
constant, capacitance in the circuit during heat cycle is varied to maintain power factor
approximately unity.
The choice of frequency is influenced also by the cost of the capacitors, used for power factor
improvement, which decreases with the increase of frequency, and the cost of the converting
apparatus, which increases with frequency.
Advantages of coreless induction furnaces: - The advantages of a coreless induction furnace
over other types are given below:
(i)
Low operating cost.
(ii)
Low erection cost.
(iii)
Automatic stirring action produced by eddy currents.
(iv)
Absence of dirt, smoke, noise etc.
(v)
Simple charging and pouring.
(vi)
Possibility of operating the furnace intermittently, as no time is lost in warming
up.
(vii) Precise control of power.
(viii) Less melting time.
(ix)
Possibility of employing vacuum heating necessary for precious metal melting.
(x)
No contamination of charge and very accurate control of composition so most
suitable for production of high grade alloy steels.
The coreless induction furnace is mainly employed as a metal melting unit. An important
application of this furnace is the production of11
carbon free ferrous alloys. Various special uses
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Since the eddy current loss is proportional to the square of the product of supply frequency and
flux density, therefore, by controlling the frequency and the flux density the amount of heat can
be controlled.
However, it is observed that higher the frequency employed in induction heating, the greater will
be the tendency of the induced heating currents to remain at the surface of the material being
heated. This property is called skin effect. This has a strong effect upon the uses and limitations
of high frequency eddy current heating.
Induced eddy current is of greatest magnitude at the surface of the material to be heated and its
value decreases with the distance normal to the surface as we go inside the material.
Since the depth of penetration of the eddy currents into the charge is inversely proportional to
. therefore eddy current heating can be restricted to any desired depth of the material to be heated
by judicious selection of frequency of the heating current. The supply frequency is usually
employed between 10 to 400 kHz.
To be effective the coil must be so shaped to provide as tight a magnetic coupling as possible
between itself and the work, the turns of the coil being parallel to the paths in which it is desired
that the eddy currents shall flow. With the higher frequencies it is possible to achieve power
inputs to the charge of 1.6 kW or more per square centimeter of surface.
Advantages of Eddy Current heating: (i)
It is quick, clean and convenient method.
(ii)
There is little wastage of heat, as heat is produced in the body to be heated up
directly.
(iii)
It can easily take place in vacuum or other special atmosphere, where as other
conventional types of heating are not possible in such places.
(iv)
The control of temperature is very easy.
(v)
The heat can be made to penetrate into the metal surface to any desired depth.
(vi)
Unskilled labour can also operate the equipment.
(vii) The area of surface over which heat is produced can be accurately controlled.
(viii) The amount of heat produced can be accurately controlled by suitable timing devices.
(ix)
The work coils are not required to fit closely around the object being treated. It
enables the same coil to heat many different objects of different shapes and sizes and
in fact often obviates the necessity of requiring odd shaped coils to heat irregular
shaped objects.
From the economic point of view, the generation of heat is costly, efficiency of equipment is
quite low and initial cost of equipment is also high.
Applications of High Frequency Eddy Current heating: - The important applications of high
frequency eddy current heating are: (a) Surface hardening: - It is very important application of high frequency eddy current
heating. The bar whose surface is to be 13
hardened, by heat treatment, is surrounded by the
It is commonly used for production of steel. The usually size of such a furnace is between
5 and 10 tones, though 50 and 100 tone arc furnaces have also been developed. The main
advantage of direct arc furnace over cupola
15 method for production of steel is that purer
An electric motor is employed for operating suitable grinders and rollers to provide
rocking action to the furnace. At start, the rocking action is carried through an angle of 15
16
(iv)
Heating effect is proportional to the square of the current, therefore, to achieve higher
temperatures heavy currents are essential.
The maximum secondary voltage is also limited to 275V because of insulation and
safety considerations.
By using low voltage and high currents the electrodes are kept very near to the charge
as the arc is of small length. Thus arc remains away from the roof and, therefore, life
of the roof refractory is increased.
Higher voltage causes higher voltage gradient between the electrode and the charge
causing nitrogen of furnace atmosphere ionized and absorbed by the charge, which
produces embrittlement.
Thus a transformer having low voltage and high current on the secondary and of special design
having mechanical rigidity to enable the windings
17 and the electrical insulation to withstand the
The power input can be controlled by raising or lowering the electrodes which results in
variation of the arc resistances RA. The power input can be also controlled by changing the
tapping of the transformer which results in variation of voltage across the furnace. For complete
control of furnace temperature and to achieve best operating conditions both voltage and
electrode controls are employed.
# DIELECTRIC HEATING
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The current drawn by the capacitor, when an ac supply voltage is applied across its two
plates, does not lead the supply voltage exactly 90 0 and there is always an in-phase
component of current. Due to this in-phase component of current, heat is always produced in
the dielectric material placed in between the two plates of the capacitor. The electric energy
dissipated in the form of heat energy in the dielectric material is known as dielectric loss. The
dielectric loss is directly proportional to the frequency of ac supply given to the two plates of
the capacitor. The physical conception of the dielectric loss is just as a molecular friction in
the dielectric material when an ac electrostatic field is applied to it.
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The dielectric heating depends upon the values of the frequency and the voltage. By varying
one of these two quantities, the rate of dielectric heating can be varied.
The capacity of the condenser can be calculated from the following relation
Where
F/m, t is the thickness of dielectric in meters and A is the surface area of plates in
2
m.
Advantages:
(i)
(ii)
Applications:
1. Preheating of plastic performs: - The raw material in the form of tablets or biscuits,
commonly called plastic performs, is required to be heated uniformly before putting them
into the hot moulds so that whole mass becomes fluid at a time, otherwise if the raw
material is put directly into the moulds, usually heated by steam, the outer skin of the
performs will become hot and start curing while the core of the material has not reached
fluid temperature resulting in unequal hardening of the plastic and improper filling of
moulds corners. Difficulty arises due to the fact that plastic raw material once cured
cannot be softened again satisfactorily. Any method of heating depending upon
conduction of heat from surface to the core would miserably fail because plastic is bad
conductor of heat. Dielectric heating is the only method which can be used for preheating of plastic performs to proper temperature uniformly.
2. Gluing of wood: - Dielectric heating is most commonly used for gluing of wooden sheets
or boards as in this method of gluing the moisture contents of the wooden sheets remain
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3.
4.
5.
6.
unaltered. It is due to the fact that heat can be applied to the desired surface. Main
difficulty in using animal glues is of long curing time and that parts to be joined are to be
kept under mechanical pressure after application of glue for a period of about 24 hours.
Mechanical pressure may be applied in gluing of wood by dielectric heating in order to
secure better adhesion. Because of higher loss factor of glue as compared to that of wood
most of the heat developed goes into the glue and very little heat is wasted.
High frequency dielectric heating is very economical for obtaining curved wood sections
such as radio-cabinets, furniture etc. The curves obtained by this method are stable.
Baking of foundary cores: - In foundaries resin type thermo-setting binders are
employed as they set almost instantaneously when brought to polymerizing temperature.
The dielectric heating evaporates water rapidly from the core mix and at the same time
raises the temperature of the core material to polymerization point. Hence dielectric
heating is most suitable for baking foundary cores mixed with thermosetting resin type
core binders.
Diathermy: - Dielectric heating is also employed for heating tissues and bones of the
body required for the treatment of certain types of pains and diseases.
Sterilization: - The dielectric heating is quite suitable for sterilization of bandages,
absorbent cotton, sterile gauge, instruments etc.
Textile industry: - In textile industry the dielectric heating is employed for drying
purposes.
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The speed of the beam is stepped to one-half to two-third of the speed of light by passing it
through a high-voltage electrostatic field. An electromagnetic lens is used to obtain correct
focusing of the beam.
A similar process, known as non-vacuum electron beam welding is rapidly coming into use today
i.e., many welds are now made without elaborate arrangement required for vacuum electron
beam welding. In this case, the vacuum chamber in which the beam is created is evacuated to a
lower pressure. In situation where contamination of the work-piece must be held to a minimum,
the beam should be passed through argon or helium. To make the chamber high vacuum, it takes
about 5 to 30 minutes to evacuate the air, depending on the size of the chamber. A medium size
electron beam welder operates below 60 kV. The welding head or the work is moved by
numerical control or by hand.
The advantages of electron beam welding are that the welds are clean, with no porosity since
there is no air; no shielding gas is required; and as the energy input is in a narrow, concentrated
beam, distortion is almost eliminated. The speed may be as fast as 2,500 mm per minute, and it
will weld or cut any metal or ceramic, diamond, sometimes as thick as 150 mm.
The major advantage of electron beam welding is its tremendous penetration, which occurs when
the highly accelerated electron hit the base metal. It will penetrate slightly below the surface and
at that point release the bulk of its kinetic energy, which turns to heat energy. This brings about a
tremendous temperature rise at the point of impact. The succession of electrons striking the same
place causes melting and then evaporation of the base metal. This creates metal vapors, but the
electron beam travels through the vapor much23
easier than solid metal. This causes the beam to
# ELECTRODES
An electrode is a piece of wire or rod, with or without flux covering, which carries current for
welding. At one end it is gripped in a holder and an arc is set up at the other end.
Either non-consumable or consumable electrodes may be employed in arc welding.
Non-consumable electrodes may be of carbon, graphite or tungsten which do not consume during
the welding operation. Consumable electrodes may be made of various metals depending upon
their purpose and the chemical composition of the metals to be welded.
In general, the electrodes can be divided into three categories depending upon outer aspects as
well as their technological properties.
Bare electrodes are most commonly used in automatic and semi-automatic welding. In using the
plain or bare electrodes, as the globules of the metal pass from the electrode to the work, they are
exposed to the oxygen and nitrogen in the surrounding air. This causes the formation of some
non-metallic constituents which are trapped in the rapidly solidifying weld metal and thereby
reduces the strength and ductility of the metal.
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(iii)
(iv)
(v)
The physical and metallurgical properties of the weld can be influenced by adding
alloying components to the covering.
Basic salts of silicon, magnesium and calcium in the covering form slag which floats
on the surface of metal and prevents rapid cooling of the weld. Thus weld does not
become brittle.
The weld metal is protected from oxidizing action of atmospheric oxygen and
nitrifying action of nitrogen of air due to gases formed from the covering material.
In case of ac supply arc cools at zero current and there is a tendency of deionizing the
arc path. Covering gases keep the arc space ionized.
During welding the covering extends beyond the core wire. This directs the arc and
concentrates the arc stream, reduces thermal losses and causes increase in temperature
of electrode tip.
There may also be powder cored electrodes which have a good portion of the source of metal for
depositing in the joint located as powdered iron mixed in with the flux coating. This makes the
electrodes much larger on the outside for the same diameter core wire as standard flux-coated
electrodes. These electrodes are well suited to down-hand welding and are said to deposit more
metal in a given period time than standard flux covered electrodes.
Both bare and coated electrodes, for manual arc welding, are made in the shape of rods up to 12
mm in diameter and 450 mm long. Semi-automatic and automatic welding use electrode wire in
coils.
2. Magnetic Energy Storage Welding Circuit: - In this type of welding, energy stored in
magnetic circuit is used in the welding operation. The dc voltage of the rectifier is
suitably controlled so that the current in the primary of the transformer rises gradually
without inducing large current in the secondary. This is necessary to avoid preheating of
metals at the weld joint. Preheating in aluminum, magnesium etc. is undesirable as it
causes deformation.
When sufficient energy has been stored up in the transformer core, the contactor opens,
dc flow ceases and there is a rapid collapse of magnetic field. The decay of flux induces
heavy currents in the secondary of the transformer for welding.
The kVA demand on the line in magnetic energy storage welding is higher as compared to
that in capacitor discharge welding but a high voltage rectifier and costly capacitor bank
are not required.
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The whole process described is called the electrolysis and the effect is that the copper gets
dissolved from the anode and deposited to the cathode. During the process there is no
accumulation of charge at any point in the circuit and the mass of copper deposited at the cathode
is exactly equal to that removed from the anode.
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Faradays Second Law: - This law states that when the same quantity of electricity is passed
through several electrolytes, the mass of the substance deposited are proportional to their
respective chemical equivalents or equivalent weights.
# CURRENT EFFIECIENCY
Owing to impurities, which cause secondary reactions, the quantity of substance or substances
liberated is slightly less than that calculated from Faradays laws. This is taken into account by
employing a factor, called the current efficiency.
The current efficiency is defined as the ratio of the actual quantity of substance liberated or
deposited to the theoretical quantity, as calculated from Faradays laws.
# ENERGY EFFICIENCY
On account of various secondary effects and reactions the substance deposited by a given
quantity of electricity is less than that determined theoretically from Faradays Laws. Voltage
required is also higher than that determined theoretically. Hence actual energy consumption will
be higher than that determined theoretically for depositing a given quantity of the substance.
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# EXTRACTION OF METALS
Extraction of metal is an electro-chemical process used for the production of metal with
commercially acceptable purity. There are two methods of extraction of metals depending upon
the physical state of the ore. In one of the processes the ore is treated with a strong acid to obtain
a salt and the solution of such a salt is electrolyzed to liberate the metal. The second process is
employed when the ore is available in molten state or can be fused and in this process the ore,
which is in a molten/fused state, is electrolyzed in a furnace.
Metal to be Extracted
Aluminum
Copper
Magnesium
Sodium
Zinc
Treatment of Ore
-----Roasted and treated
with sulphuric acid
-------------
Treated with
concentrated
sulphuric acid
Solution
Fused cryolite
Copper Sulphate
Energy Consumption
in kWh/Tonne
20,000-25,000
2,000-2,500
Fused
magnesium 17,000-20,000
chloride or carnalite
Fused sodium hydrate 10,000-20,000
or sodium chloride
and sodium nitrate
Zinc chloride and zinc 3,000-5,000
sulphate
The methods adopted for extracting zinc and aluminum is explained below:
1. Extraction of Zinc: - This is an example in which an aqueous solution of the salt is used.
The ore, consisting largely of zinc oxide, is treated with concentrated sulphuric acid,
roasted, and passed through various chemical processes in order to remove impurities by
precipitation. The zinc sulphate solution so obtained is then electrolyzed. The electrolysis
of zinc sulphate is accomplished in large lead-lined wooden boxes having a number of
aluminum cathodes and lead-anodes. Zinc gets deposited on the cathodes and is removed
periodically. The current density on the31cathodes is about 1,000 A/m 2. The voltage per
A furnace having an area of about 15 square meters will need a voltage of about 6 volts and a
current of about 40,000 amperes. Energy consumption is 20,000 to 25,000 units/tone. Almost
the whole of the aluminum required in the present days industry is produced in this way. As
the electrolytic process requires large amount of electric power and process is continuous, so
such plants are installed near hydroelectric electric power stations. The high temperature
(1,0000C) necessary to keep the ores in a fused state is maintained by the ohmic losses due to
the current flowing through the electrodes and electrolyte.
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# ANODIZING
Anodizing is a process of anodic oxidation in which a thin uniform passive film is produced
artificially by the passage of electric current. Passive film is formed to protect the base metal
from further corrosion. In the process of anodizing electric current of 10 to 30 amperes per
square meter is passed through an electrolyte of 3% solution of chromic acid for a period of half
an hour to one hour, the article to be anodized is thoroughly cleaned and made anode and carbon
rod is made cathode. Aluminum and magnesium have capacity of producing such passive films
and, therefore, anodizing is applicable to them.
# ELECTROPOLISHING
Closely allied to bright dipping is electro polishing, which utilizes anodic treatment in specially
formulated electrolytes to bring up a polished surface on such metals as stainless steel. Electro
polishing is also useful as a tool in preparing metallic surfaces for microscopic examination.
Both bright dipping and electro polishing depend on the more rapid eating away by the solution
of micro-projections on the metal, so that smoother surface results.
36