Professional Documents
Culture Documents
@p2pnyc
P2PNYC.ORG
34,000 children come to Asphalt Green every year; 52% receive programs for free.
GOALS:
Protect all New Yorkers from the harmful health
and safety impacts of waste stations, especially
children and seniors, who are the most vulnerable
populations to the air pollution created by diesel
trucks and tugs, and the low-income communities
and communities of color that have traditionally
borne a significant load of the Citys solid waste
management.
Protect the fiscal health of the City by removing unnecessary and avoidable waste management costs.
2 Talking Trash: A Modern Approach That Protects Communities, Increases Recycling And Reduces Costs
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Table of Contents
WHO IS PLEDGE 2 PROTECT.....................................................................2
Goals..............................................................................................................2
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY...................................................................................4
1. NEW YORK CITY DESERVES A SMARTER, CLEANER, MORE
COST-EFFECTIVE, SUSTAINABLE SOLID WASTE PLAN FOR THE
FUTURE..........................................................................................................10
Source Reduction and Reuse........................................................10
Recycling and Composting............................................................10
Energy Recovery...............................................................................12
Cleaning Up Commercial Trucks..................................................12
2. 2006 SWMP DOES NOT MEET STATED GOALS...........................14
Managing Two Waste Streams:
Residential and Commercial Waste......................................14
Key Components of the 2006 Solid Waste Management
Plan.................................................................................................14
The Principles of the SWMP Have Not Been Met....................16
Key Economic Conditions of the SWMP
Have Not Proven True...............................................................17
The SWMP Does Not Meet Equity Goals.....................................18
3. ESCALATING SWMP COSTS WILL BURDEN THE CITY FOR
DECADES...................................................................................................20
The Estimated Costs of the East 91st Street
MTS Have Ballooned to Over $1 Billion................................20
Southwest Brooklyn Costs and Benefits Need to be
Assessed and Analyzed..................................................................21
Using the East 91st Street MTS Will Increase Costs for
Fleets that Collect Commercial Waste.................................22
4. EAST 91 STREET MTS HARMS THE VERY PEOPLE THAT THE
SWMP WAS DESIGNED TO PROTECT..............................................23
East Harlem and Yorkville is Not the Stereotypical
Upper East Side......................................................................23
Asphalt Greens Services to the Citys Most
Vulnerable Will be Compromised.............................................24
The East 91st Street MTS Will Not Relieve
Overburdened Communities.....................................................25
st
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TABLES
TABLE 1: Estimated Capital Costs of the SWMPs Marine Transfer
Stations................................................................................................5
TABLE 2: MSW Recycling Rates Comparison between
New York, U.S. National Average, and Los Angeles..............11
TABLE 3: Leaders in MSW Recycling Rates................................................11
TABLE 4: Goals of the SWMP and How They are Not Met.....................14
TABLE 5: DSNY Assumptions, Errors, and Impacts on Costs...............15
TABLE 6: Illustrating the difference in tipping fees between
Manhattan and Brooklyn..............................................................22
TABLE 7: Socio-Demographic and Land-Use Data in the 1/4 - Mile
Circle around the Marine Transer Facilities in New York City..23
TABLE 8: Asphalt Green Programs...............................................................24
TABLE 9: Comparing Mileage and Emissions under Interim Plan and
East 91st Street MTS Scenarios.......................................................27
FIGURES
FIGURE 1: Comparison of the Preferred Waste Management
Hierarchy versus P2Ps representation of NYCs Waste
Management Hierarchy..............................................................10
FIGURE 2: Comparing todays DSNY and commercial trucks with a
future fleet of clean DSNY and commercial trucks............13
FIGURE 3: Comparing Recycled and Non-recycled Residential,
Commercial, and C & D Refuse in New York City................14
FIGURE 4: Commercial vs. Residential Putrescible Waste Generation
by Borough.....................................................................................18
FIGURE 5: Weekday Commuting Flows by County/Borough 2009....19
FIGURE 6: Comparing the annual costs for removing waste from
CDs 5, 6, 8 and 11, under the Interim plan and the
MTS plan.........................................................................................20
FIGURE 7: Map of E. 91st Street MTS Neighborhood...............................21
FIGURE 8: Truck Ramp Cutting Through Asphalt Green.......................25
FIGURE 9: Current Residential Garbage Truck Routes..........................26
FIGURE 10: Distribution of NYC solid waste.............................................26
FIGURE 11: NYC CAS emissions data during the winters of
2008-09 and 2012-13.................................................................29
FIGURE 12: Comparing PM emissions between permitted capacity
and total design capacity.............................................................29
FIGURE 13: Comparison of Emissions Between Baseline, Likely MTS
Operation, and Clean Commercial Trucks Scenarios.....30
FIGURE 14: Proposed Tug Route and Prevailing Winds........................30
FIGURE 15: Asphalt Green at East 91st Street and York Avenue........32
FIGURE 16: Approved East 91st Street MTS permit compared to new
FEMA guidelines.........................................................................34
Talking Trash: A Modern Approach That Protects Communities, Increases Recycling And Reduces Costs 3
Executive Summary
n The
4 Talking Trash: A Modern Approach That Protects Communities, Increases Recycling And Reduces Costs
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Executive Summary
tens of thousands of children and seniors. The East
91st Street MTS in Manhattan has been promoted as
a key step toward giving much-needed relief to communities in Brooklyn, Queens and the Bronx that
have borne disproportionate portions of the Citys
current system of solid waste disposal. In reality,
this MTS will not meaningfully reduce congestion
or pollution in those overburdened communities.
Additionally, it will exacerbate existing air-quality
issues in East Harlem and Yorkville, communities
already fraught with childhood asthma.
The new East 91st Street MTS site would be located
directly next to the not-for-profit sports and recreation facility, Asphalt Green, where tens of thousands of children and seniors from around the City
benefit from free life-saving and other physical education programs. In fact, the truck ramp to the MTS
would cut Asphalt Green in half, with trucks running
within 11 feet of the facilitys playground, soccer
field and front door. The MTS site also neighbors
the Stanley Isaacs Houses, the John Haynes Holmes
Towers and the Washington Houses, three New
York City Housing Authority (NYCHA) developments
that house 5,700 low-income residents, including
approximately 1,590 children and 2,010 seniors.12
As a result, the East 91st Street MTS will instead harm
a new and vulnerable set of New Yorkers in significant ways. It is the health of these populations
that will be most at risk if the East 91st Street MTS
is built and operated. A revised, truly modern waste
management plan would protect ALL communities,
including vulnerable ones like East Harlem and
Yorkville, and would also ensure that people who
are most sensitive to air pollution, such as children
MARINE TRANSFER
STATION
2002-2005 ESTIMATED
CAPITAL COSTS
($ MM)
2013-2014 PROJECTED
CAPITAL COSTS
($ MM)
$ 43.915
$ 121.8
$ 181.616
Hamilton Avenue
(Brooklyn)
$ 46.017
$ 116.5
$ 171.018
$ 58.419
$ 112.2
$ 191.920
Southwest Brooklyn
$ 46.023
$ 116.5
$ 163.822
TOTAL
$194.3
$ 467.0
$ 708.3
www.p2pnyc.org
Understanding the East 91st Street Marine Transfer Station and the Implications for New York Citys Solid Waste 5
Executive Summary
the Citys contracts show that it will cost $181.6
million and counting. In 2006, the capital budget
for the four MTSs was $194 million. That number
has grown dramatically to $708 million, according
to the most recent DSNY budget an astounding
265% increase. Also, this is a conservative estimate,
as project delays continue and contracts still need
to be finalized. This estimate also does not include
any future costs for debt service or contingencies.
In addition to these capital costs, each facility must maintain operating and debt service costs. The IBO estimated
that the East 91st Street MTS annual bill would exceed
$22 million in operating costs and debt service.23 As this
is a burden carried at each facility, we can reasonably
assume that the City would pay nearly $90 million every
year (in current dollars) to merely keep the lights on at
the four MTSs. More importantly, this adds a new cost to
the Citys budget, as the MTSs are not yet in operation.
The East 91st Street MTS will harm the thousands of public school children that come to Asphalt Green for physical education and after
school programs.
6 Talking Trash: A Modern Approach That Protects Communities, Increases Recycling And Reduces Costs
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Executive Summary
the IBO, in its first fiscal year (scheduled to be 2016), the
cost to the City of operating this MTS will increase from
$15.7 million to $41.5 million, equating to nearly $26
million more than to continue to transport the trash out
of the City the same way it is now. Over four years, this
will be an extra $106 million in taxpayer dollars.24 Presumably, the extra costs at this facility will be mirrored
at the similarly designed (and delayed) Southwest
Brooklyn MTS and in other SWMP components that
have not yet been studied by the IBO.
n
LIA NEAL
Olympic
Bronze Medalist
Lia Neal raced her way to a
Bronze medal in the 4x100m
Freestyle Relay at the 2012
London Olympics. She became the 2nd African-American female and first Asphalt Green
swimmer to make a US Olympic swim team.
By suspending this project now and maintaining the interim plan while a more progressive and sustainable alternative is produced, the City would free up substantial,
critically needed operating budget dollars immediately.
Simply stated, building the East 91st Street MTS will not
significantly relieve truck congestion or pollution in the
communities that are impacted by commercial waste
carting now, but it will burden a densely inhabited neighborhood with vulnerable populations with increased
pollution and trafficand will cost the City hundreds of
millions of dollars that would be better spent elsewhere.
At a time of serious fiscal concern, the City should be
investing in the most cost-effective solid waste strategies
like reducing tonnage and recycling waste.
A Better Solution
Our approach will propel New York City to become a
national and global leader in sustainable waste management. Mayor Bill de Blasio can make our City a progressive model for other major urban centers worldwide
to emulate for generations to come.
New data summarized in this report will show that
NYC can and should take necessary steps to dramatically reduce waste tonnage needed for disposal. This
would decrease pollution created by the solid waste
management processes that depend on a private
fleet of heavily polluting diesel trucks and tugboats.
Create a new long-term solid waste plan that reduces the tonnage of the Citys waste, increases the
amount of recycling and composting, and takes advantage of emerging, sustainable waste-to-energy projects. The current SWMP actually furthers the
Citys reliance on trucking - in fact, more than 90%
of the Citys solid waste-related truck miles are unaltered by the current SWMP.149 A modernized new,
sustainable solid waste plan should account for the
needs of over-burdened communities and sensitive
populations like children and seniors. It would also
review the Citys current commercial truck routes
and suggest alternatives that reduce the impacts of
the Citys trucking on residential communities.
Based on the IBO memos costs for the interim plan and 91st Street MTS option. This calculation assumes that total annual facility costs remain fixed and equal to the total
facility costs in 2016 under the 577 tons per day scenario. Also, the export and transport fees were assumed to be constant on a per-ton basis. Thus, the additional costs of
adding throughput are ~$20 per ton. At 143 tons per day and 302 days per year, this works out to an additional $806,000 annually. Adding this to the aforementioned $26
million in incremental costs above the interim plan baseline yields an incremental cost of $27 million.
iii
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Talking Trash: A Modern Approach That Protects Communities, Increases Recycling And Reduces Costs 7
Executive Summary
Carol Tweedy, Executive Director of Asphalt Green, and Kelly Nimmo-Guenther, President of Pledge 2 Protect show former Council
Member, Robert Jackson, where thousands of kids will cross the entrance ramp to the proposed E. 91st Street MTS.
Review and re-evaluate the plans to build the proposed Southwest Brooklyn MTS. Although the IBO
has not studied cost escalations at locations other than the East 91st Street MTS, we are concerned
that the other MTS projects may face similar cost
escalations, since they are based on similar designs. In particular, the de Blasio administration
and/or the IBO should review the current cost impacts of the Southwest Brooklyn MTS project before proceeding further.
suspending this project now and maintaining the interim plan while developing a more sustainable solid
waste plan, the City would free up critically needed
operating budget dollars immediately. According to
the IBO, doing so would save $26 million in the first
fiscal year, $106 million over the first four fiscal years
of operation, and more than $600 million over 20
years (now a projected cumulative cost of over $1 billion).150 In the process, it also would avoid subjecting
one of the Citys most densely populated communities
and the diverse users of one of the Citys most valued
sports and recreational facilities to significant negative
environmental, safety and health impacts.
n Use the savings from the East 91st Street MTS and po-
tentially other SWMP amendments to provide effective and timely solutions to communities in need of
relief from pollution from the current waste management system. For example the City should consider
8 Talking Trash: A Modern Approach That Protects Communities, Increases Recycling And Reduces Costs
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Executive Summary
investing some of the savings into incentives that will
help private carters retrofit or replace their trucks to
ensure they comply with the new Local Law 145. Other
cities and port authorities have had great success with
programs that either subsidize or provide low-cost financing for the purchase of diesel particulate filters
to accelerate their use, including the Port Authority of
New York and New Jersey and a city program at the
Hunts Point market. Successfully implementing this
new law will reduce citywide particulate emissions
from solid waste removal by 70% and will bring far
greater air pollution relief to communities with truck
garages, transfer stations, and truck routes than the
current MTS strategyor anything else in the SWMP.151
n Allocate portions of the savings toward critical hous-
www.p2pnyc.org
physical activity. Other than the small strip of parkland between the FDR Drive and the East River, these
densely populated, residential neighborhoods have
no open space or access to the waterfront. Over the
past decade, formerly industrial waterfronts throughout the City have been reclaimed for park and open
space, and have created jobs, economic opportunities and revitalized neighborhoods in every borough.
Its time to consider improvements to this overlooked
stretch of waterfront.
Our vision provides a more modern approach that
would be far better for the City than moving forward
with the 2006 SWMP, as currently amended by the prior
administration.
We call on Mayor de Blasio to hit the pause button on
implementing the 2006 SWMP and conduct an audit
assessing the overall cost and the SWMPs progress to
dateincluding goals not met and the new and changed
conditions that affect its ability to achieve its intended
objectives. We believe this will necessitate a revised
SWMP that addresses the Citys burgeoning waste management needs in a way that also respects and protects
the health and wellbeing of our Citys residents.
Talking Trash: A Modern Approach That Protects Communities, Increases Recycling And Reduces Costs 9
Locks us into outmoded technologies and practices, rather than provide the flexibility to shift to
more sustainable approaches as they emerge;
ed
err
ref
st P
Mo
Mo
st P
ref
err
ed
Source
Reduction
& Reuse
Recycling /
Composting
Recycling/
Composting
ed
err
ref
st P
Lea
Treatment
& Disposal
Lea
st P
ref
err
ed
Energy
Recovery
Energy Recovery
Treatment & Disposal
FIGURE 1: Comparison of the Preferred Waste Management Hierarchy (shown on left) versus P2Ps representation of NYCs Waste
Management Hierarchy.
10 Talking Trash: A Modern Approach That Protects Communities, Increases Recycling And Reduces Costs
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SCENARIO USING
LOS ANGELESS
RECYCLING RATE34
15%
35%
45%
1,728.1
4,017.4
5,165.2
9,750.1
7,460.8
6,313.0
$265 Million
$203 Million
$172 Million
None
$62 Million
$93 Million
TABLE 2: MSW Recycling Rates Comparison between New York, U.S. National Average, and Los Angeles
Austria
63%
Germany
62%
Belgium
58%
Seattle, WA
56%
Los Angeles, CA
45%
United States
35%
New York, NY
15%
Talking Trash: A Modern Approach That Protects Communities, Increases Recycling And Reduces Costs 11
Energy Recovery
Waste-to-energy is the term used for energy recovery
processes that convert trash into consumable energy
via combustion, digestion, fermentation or hydrolysis.48
The output of the conversion process is the dramatic
reduction in the amount of waste destined for landfill.
It also generates electricity, steam, or biogas that can be
used to further reduce the overall energy profile of the
original waste stream.
Currently, the City diverts less than 10% of its residential
and governmental garbage to waste-to-energy facilities.49
In response, former Mayor Bloomberg announced in
March 2012 a redoubled effort to focus on energy recovery, specifically targeting waste-to-energy technologies.
The City has conducted a three-phased study to outline
potential technologies, establish priority locations for
construction, and develop a list of recommended providers.50,51,52 Although combustion (incineration) is the
most widely used method, both in the U.S. and Europe,
it is also fraught with the most environmental concerns
due to emissions. As such, New York City mandated that
combustion-based technologies would not be funded.53
The City then evaluated several different new and emerging waste-to-energy technologies, identifying those most
likely to succeed for the City.
The City has yet to deliver any plans to take advantage
of the safest, most sustainable waste-to-energy technologies. This delay is limiting the City from reaping
the benefits of this technology. Benefits would include:
reducing the costs of exporting waste, creating jobs in
the environmental sector and creating a truly sustainable solid waste management system, as detailed in
the CBCs recently published recommendations.54 We
encourage Mayor de Blasio to continue the process of
finding new proven waste-to-energy technologies that
support his zero waste policy goal.
12 Talking Trash: A Modern Approach That Protects Communities, Increases Recycling And Reduces Costs
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14
14.40
14.40
0.66
n NOx
n PM2.5
12
NOx Emissions
(tons/year)
0.8
0.6
10
8
0.4
0.20
PM2.5 Emissions
(tons/year)
16
0.2
2
0
SCENARIO
FIGURE 2: Comparing todays DSNY and commercial trucks with a future fleet of clean DSNY and commercial trucks.
Talking Trash: A Modern Approach That Protects Communities, Increases Recycling And Reduces Costs 13
The City maintains two approaches to handle its putrescible waste (i.e., decaying waste). First, the DSNY collects
3.8 million tons of putrescible waste generated by government agencies, residential buildings and non-profit
organizations located on tax-exempt land annually (this
is referred to as residential or municipal solid waste
and is abbreviated as MSW). Second, a network of
more than 200 private waste-carting companies pick up
3.9 million tons of putrescible waste from office buildings, restaurants, grocery stores and other businesses
annually (this is typically referred to as commercial
waste).63 All of this wastewhether diverted for recycling or destined for landfillsis transferred at one of
17 residential or one of the dozens of commercial waste
transfer stations in place throughout New Jersey, the
34%
22%
Residential Refuse
10,568 tons per day
5%
Residential
Recycling
2,487 tons
per day
Be reliable
Be built collaboratively
10%
Commercial
Refuse 4,778
tons per day
17%
Commercial Recycling
8,135 tons per day
12%
14 Talking Trash: A Modern Approach That Protects Communities, Increases Recycling And Reduces Costs
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LORRAINE
JOHNSON
Since 1979, Lorraine Johnson has
been a tenant of the NYCHA Stanley Isaacs & Holmes Houses, home
to more than 2,200 low-income
residents. This five-building community is located
one block from the proposed East 91st Street MTS.
City regulations would prohibit a private operator from locating an
MTS this close to public park or school.
Talking Trash: A Modern Approach That Protects Communities, Increases Recycling And Reduces Costs 15
Costs have ballooned far beyond anticipated levels. For example, the East
91st Street MTS will cost taxpayers an additional $26 million in the first fiscal
year of operation and $106 million over the first four fiscal years of operation.72
This will eventually add up to over $600 million more than the status quo on an
outdated and expensive approach to solid waste, siphoning finite resources
from higher priorities in the City budget. The City should review potential
cost escalations at the SW Brooklyn MTS before proceeding further with that
proposed project, as it is likely facing similar cost increases.
Be realistic and
implemented quickly.
The SWMP as initially planned and approved has already fallen apart. Eight
years after its adoption, critical assumptions about cost, availability of landfills,
and recycling rates have been shown to be wrong, and major components of
the SWMP, such as the MTS at Gansevoort and the MTS at West 59th Street, have
been scrapped or delayed.
TABLE 4: Goals of the SWMP and How They are Not Met
16 Talking Trash: A Modern Approach That Protects Communities, Increases Recycling And Reduces Costs
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IMPACT ON COSTS
Talking Trash: A Modern Approach That Protects Communities, Increases Recycling And Reduces Costs 17
The East 91st Street MTS will not provide meaningful relief to communities in Brooklyn, Queens or
the Bronx. In fact, this facility has the potential of
diverting a maximum of only 1.6% of the commercial garbage as compared to the total waste stream,
which might pass through Brooklyn, Queens or the
Bronxand nothing guarantees that any of this
commercial waste will actually be diverted.
Marine transport, which uses tugboat-driven barges, does not meaningfully reduce long-haul truck
3,500
3,000
3,022
2,970
2,610
2,500
2,000
1,730
1,717
1,349
1,500
1,419
1,019
1,000
436
500
Manhattan
Brooklyn
Bronx
Queens
669
Staten Island
18 Talking Trash: A Modern Approach That Protects Communities, Increases Recycling And Reduces Costs
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Managing the Citys waste is a citywide issue and each borough should be treated fairly. In achieving that goal, one
must take into account the unique nature of how - and by
whom - Manhattans commercial waste is generated. On
-132,000
Manhattan
-614,000
Queens
Westchester
-160,000
Hudson
-163,000
+155,000
+129,000
+129,000
-114,000
-1,000
-500
n Population Inflow
+186,000
-291,000
Bronx
n Population Outflow
+197,000
-190,000
Bergen
Staten
Island
+232,000
-268,000
Nassau
+1.63
Millions
+249,000
-529,000
Brooklyn
+26,000
0
500
1,000
1,500
2,000
NUMBER OF COMMUTERS
FIGURE 5: Weekday Commuting Flows by County/Borough 2009
www.p2pnyc.org
Talking Trash: A Modern Approach That Protects Communities, Increases Recycling And Reduces Costs 19
more than the status quo to export waste from just four
of twelve Manhattan Community Districts. The IBO also
concluded that in the first year of the East 91st Street
MTSs operation, the cost of exporting garbage would be
$238/ton compared to $90/ton by maintaining the Citys
interim plan, as shown in Figure 6 below.
These costs will have immediate budget impacts. Indeed, by maintaining the interim plan for the next four
years while the City implements a more sustainable solid waste plan, the City would save $26 million in the first
fiscal year that the East 91st Street MTS would have been
in operation (projected to be 2016) and $106 million
over the first four fiscal years of operation.87 In addition,
the City would save about $20 million on construction
costs during FY 2014.88
Furthermore, these extra costs are solely to dispose
of the waste from just four districts of Manhattan. The
remaining eight districts will continue with interim plan
of waste disposal indefinitely. If these cost escalations
were also discovered at the Southwest Brooklyn MTS, as
described below, the overall extra costs to the City budget would be far higher. The de Blasio administration
should assess and review the latest cost estimates for
both facilities and for the entire SWMP before proceeding any further.
Additional construction delays, retrofitting needed to
protect the facility from future Superstorm Sandy-like
storms and the likely need to financially incentivize
commercial carters to bring waste to East 91st Street
$400.000
INTERIM PLAN
$300,000
n Facility/Ton
n Transport/Ton
n Export/Ton
$200.000
$100,000
2016
2020
2024
2028
2032
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
2016
2020
2024
2028
2032
FIGURE 6: Comparing the annual costs for removing waste from CDs 5, 6, 8 and 11, under the Interim plan and the MTS plan.
20 Talking Trash: A Modern Approach That Protects Communities, Increases Recycling And Reduces Costs
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Asphalt Green has waterproofed over 30,000 public school children by teaching them water safety and how to swim
TENIELLE MACK
Waterproofing
program, resides
in Harlem
When you ask 11-year old Tenielle
Mack what she dreams about now that she has
joined Asphalt Greens Swim School, she responds
with confidence I want to be in the Olympics!
Tenielle began swimming at Asphalt Green in its Waterproofing program. She excelled among her PS 125
classmates in Harlem and earned a scholarship to
the Swim School. Her public school had no physical
education classes before becoming a partner with
Asphalt Green. Tenielle says, I never had the opportunity to go to a center like Asphalt Green. It gives me
experience in different sports, especially swimming,
which takes me to different places.
Talking Trash: A Modern Approach That Protects Communities, Increases Recycling And Reduces Costs 21
BOROUGH
TRANSPORT FEE/
TON89
FACILITY FEE /
TON90
EXPORT FEE /
TON91
Manhattan
$3.23
$49.92
$106.72
TOTAL TIPPING
FEE/TON
$159.87
Citywide
$95.0092
$64.87
TABLE 6: Illustrating the difference in tipping fees between Manhattan and Brooklyn.
22 Talking Trash: A Modern Approach That Protects Communities, Increases Recycling And Reduces Costs
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RECREATIONAL
ESTABLISHMENTS
ACRES PARKS,
RECREATIONAL
& BIKE/PED
PATHS
PUBLIC
HOUSING
UNITS
10.64
1,173
Southwest Brooklyn
2,778
148
1,432
2.19
661
38
477
0.16
2,312
86
1,408
1.92
Gansevoort, Chelsea
4,677
176
828
3.88
6,873
335
4,164
5.23
33
360
17
297
0.00
RELIGIOUS
6,755
ESTABLISHMENTS
1,059
MARINE
TRANSFER
FACILITY
CHILDREN
22,056
RESIDENTS
SCHOOLS
MINORITY
RESIDENTS
SOURCE: United States Census - 2010; New York City PLUTO (The Primary Land Use Tax Lot Output) Data Files - 2012
TABLE 7: Socio-Demographic and Land-Use Data in the 1/4 - Mile Cirle around the Marine Transer Facilities in New York City
www.p2pnyc.org
Talking Trash: A Modern Approach That Protects Communities, Increases Recycling And Reduces Costs 23
JUSTICE
CARRENARD
Ten-year-old Justice Carrenard
knows that swimming will take
him far; hes already thinking
about a college scholarship. Now
a fifth grader at the Alexander Robertson School,
Justice is in his fourth year on the Asphalt Green
swim team as a scholarship recipient. Ever since
I became a team member in September 2010,
Asphalt Green has been a second home to me. As
a second home, I have also come to have a second
family. For now, he says that swimming keeps
him focused and sharpens many of his other life
skills: Ive improved my math. Im always counting when I swim; adjusting equations based on
the lengths were swimming. Justice has earned
high honors and received his schools Citizenship
Award for Excellence in Character.
I spend almost 30 hours a week at Asphalt Green,
he says. I do homework here; I eat here; I play
with my friends here; and I swim here. Asphalt
Green is not only a facility, but a family center with
great things happening here, and producing phenomenal athletes and people in general. My hope
is that there will not be a garbage station here, so
that all of us can realize our passions in a safe and
healthy home and backyard.
PROGRAM
NAME
PROGRAM NAME
RESULTS ACHIEVED
Waterproofing
Program
Recess
Enhancement
Program
Community
Sports
Leagues
24 Talking Trash: A Modern Approach That Protects Communities, Increases Recycling And Reduces Costs
www.p2pnyc.org
DAVID MONTANEZ
Community Sports
League, resides
in Harlem
Angela Montanez was an 18- year old mother with
a 2-year-old when her ex-husband was incarcerated. That toddler, David, is now in 8th grade. He is
captain of Harlem Village Academys Flag Football
Team, which plays in Asphalt Greens free Community Sports Leagues for middle school students.
Until his school started playing in Asphalt Greens
leagues, David had never played organized sports.
His school has won the CSL championship the last
two years. They practice regularly and hold their
players to high standards for behavior. David was
named captain because he holds himself to a
higher standard, too.
Angela is proud of her son. So proud, that she and
Davids stepfather bring their three children to
watch the games every Saturday night. They travel
to Asphalt Green from 151st Street and 8th Avenue
and havent missed a game all season.
www.p2pnyc.org
Talking Trash: A Modern Approach That Protects Communities, Increases Recycling And Reduces Costs 25
LEGEND
DSNY Garage
Disposal Vendor
District Centroids
MN District
1.6%
1.5%
Commercial Refuse
Processed at East
91st St. MTS 780
tons per day
Residential Refuse
Processed at East
91st St. MTS 720
tons per day
25.5%
26.0%
Remaining
Commercial Waste
12,133 tons
per day
Remaining
Residential
Waste 12,335
tons per day
45.3%
C&D Waste
21,522 tons
per day
26 Talking Trash: A Modern Approach That Protects Communities, Increases Recycling And Reduces Costs
www.p2pnyc.org
INTERIM PLAN
SWMP SCENARIO
ANNUAL
MILES
NOx
(TPY)
PM
(TPY)
ANNUAL
MILES
NOX
(TPY)
PM
(TPY)
DSNY Trucks
17,083,639
55.3
0.58
16,727,669
54.2
0.57
Commercial Trucks
51,372,000
1,162.1
58.1
51,201,610
1,158.3
57.9
3,977,809
73.1
3.5
1,822,729
33.5
1.6
Tug Boats
0.0
0.0
108,360
31.6
0.6
Facility Operations
0.0
0.0
11.2
0.3
TOTAL
72,433,448
1,290.6
62.2
69,860,368
1,288.8
61.0
SOURCE
*Please note that the net effect of the SWMP does not help the City significantly reduce mileage or emissions.
TABLE 9: Comparing Mileage and Emissions under Interim Plan and East 91st Street MTS Scenarios.
www.p2pnyc.org
Talking Trash: A Modern Approach That Protects Communities, Increases Recycling And Reduces Costs 27
particulate matter is linked to childhood development of asthma, especially in homes near high
densities of truck routes.105, 106
n Diesel
n Exposure
n
n
respiratory and other health impacts and is a precursor to ozone, a major component of smog.
n Sulfur
There is also evidence to show that prenatal exposure to PAHs can also lead to higher childhood
obesity rates, as studied among children in the
Bronx and Northern Manhattan, and a host of other
serious conditions, including pulmonary and cardiac dysfunction. 113, 114
exposure to diesel exhaust can lead to preterm births.115
n Prenatal
28 Talking Trash: A Modern Approach That Protects Communities, Increases Recycling And Reduces Costs
www.p2pnyc.org
WINTER 2012-2013
n Off-road
n Tug
n Trucks
0.022
0.087
PM2.5
(typy)
0.065
1.9x Increase
0.041
0.090
0.200
0.108 0.200
0.073
PM10
(typy)
0.087
4.1x Increase
2.039
0.410
Total: 0.57 tpy
www.p2pnyc.org
Talking Trash: A Modern Approach That Protects Communities, Increases Recycling And Reduces Costs 29
WASTE TRANSFER
FACILITIES IN
NEW YORK CITY
down the East River to Staten Island, increasing pollution levels across the waterfront communities of Queens
and Brooklyn as prevailing westerly winds blow the tug
emissions to the east.
18
16
14
0.66
n NOx
n PM2.5
17.95
0.8
14.40
14.40
0.6
0.49
12
0.4
10
8
0.20
6
4
0.2
20
2
0
Baseline: DSNY +
Commerical Trucks
Likely MTS
Operation
SCENARIO
DSNY +
Retrofitted
Commerical Trucks
FIGURE 13: Comparison of Emissions Between Baseline, Likely MTS Operation, and Clean Commercial Trucks Scenarios
30 Talking Trash: A Modern Approach That Protects Communities, Increases Recycling And Reduces Costs
www.p2pnyc.org
East 91St Street MTS Will Pose Serious Additional Health and Safety Risks
how frequently?
n Will
n What
There is no evidence that the City has taken steps to incorporate the latest understanding of the health impacts
of childhood exposure to pesticides that may be used at
the East 91st Street MTS.
www.p2pnyc.org
ANTRICO FORBES
Asphalt Green swim
team, scholarship
recipient, resides in
Brooklyn
Antrico Forbes was born in the Bahamas and his
mother enrolled him in swim lessons when he was 9.
A single mom, she wanted to protect her son. Antrico
remembers, I went to Florida every summer to spend
time with extended family. I was around the ocean
and the pool; she wanted me to be safe in the water.
That gave him confidence. He tried out and made a
YMCA team, where he swam until coming to Asphalt
Green at 15. In the summer, Antrico rides his bike all
the way from Crown Heights, Brooklyn to Asphalt
Green to save money on MetroCards. In a lot of
ways you can relate swimming to life, Antrico says.
Its not going to be easy. Its always going to be a
challenge. You sometimes put in a lot and you dont
get that much out of it. But swimming helps me
be more mature. I can work well under pressure.
I dont give up anymore. I push through my sets
and that helps me push through life. Antrico now
attends SUNY Cortland. He is the first person in his
immediate family to go to college.
Talking Trash: A Modern Approach That Protects Communities, Increases Recycling And Reduces Costs 31
East 91St Street MTS Will Pose Serious Additional Health and Safety Risks
NISSI AND
JILLIAN FLYNN
FIGURE 15: Asphalt Green at East 91st Street and York Avenue.
One million visitors cross the entrance to the MTS to access
Asphalt Green every year.
32 Talking Trash: A Modern Approach That Protects Communities, Increases Recycling And Reduces Costs
www.p2pnyc.org
Superstorm Sandy brings flood waters to surround the old MTS structure , over the FDR and into Asphalt Green.
www.p2pnyc.org
The long-term damage that will be caused by truck traffic adjacent to Asphalt Green and so close to so many
parks and residences cannot be disputed, because the
City has expressly prohibited the siting of private waste
transfer stations at similar locations due to their adverse
impacts.
DAVID DIAZ
Talking Trash: A Modern Approach That Protects Communities, Increases Recycling And Reduces Costs 33
20
15
Freehold Space
of 1, per NYC
Emergency Rule
1 RCNY 3606-4
10
Freeboard Space
of 0.5
Pier Elevation
at 10.4
BFE of 9.9
per 1983
FEMA FIRMS
Approved Permit*
Pier Elevation
at 16
Hurricane Sandy
Flood Levels
Proposed Requirement**
FIGURE 16: Approved East 91st Street MTS permit compared to new proposed FEMA guidelines.136
34 Talking Trash: A Modern Approach That Protects Communities, Increases Recycling And Reduces Costs
www.p2pnyc.org
RU
ST
MT
AM
KR
The MTS ramp will bring hundreds of trucks per day within 11 feet of DeKovatz Park, a childrens playground.
REYNOSO FAMILY
Talking Trash: A Modern Approach That Protects Communities, Increases Recycling And Reduces Costs 35
Review and re-evaluate the plans to build the proposed Southwest Brooklyn MTS. Although the IBO
has not studied cost escalations at locations other than the East 91st Street MTS, we are concerned
that the other MTS projects may face similar cost
escalations, since they are based on similar designs. In particular, the de Blasio administration
and/or the IBO should review the current cost impacts of the Southwest Brooklyn MTS project before proceeding further.
Use the savings from the East 91st Street MTS and
potentially other SWMP amendments to provide
effective and timely solutions to communities in
need of relief from pollution from the current waste
management system. For example the City should
consider investing some of the savings into incentives that will help private carters retrofit or replace
their trucks to ensure they comply with the new Local Law 145. Other cities and port authorities have
had great success with programs that either subsidize or provide low-cost financing for the purchase
of diesel particulate filters to accelerate their use,
including the Port Authority of New York and New
Jersey and a city program at the Hunts Point mar-
Create a new long-term solid waste plan that reduces the tonnage of the Citys waste, increases the amount of recycling and composting,
and takes advantage of emerging, sustainable
waste-to-energy projects. The current SWMP actually furthers the Citys reliance on trucking - in fact,
more than 90% of the Citys solid waste-related
truck miles are unaltered by the current SWMP.149
A modernized new, sustainable solid waste plan
should account for the needs of over-burdened
communities and sensitive populations like children and seniors. It would also review the Citys
current commercial truck routes and suggest alternatives that reduce the impacts of the Citys trucking on residential communities.
Almost 1,000 seniors are regular users of Asphalt Green and 350
seniors are part of free outreach programs
36 Talking Trash: A Modern Approach That Protects Communities, Increases Recycling And Reduces Costs
www.p2pnyc.org
Allocate portions of the savings toward critical housing, social services, educational and other programs.
These could range from creating new after-school
programs to improving, preserving or creating affordable housing for poor and working-class residents, to
preserving and expanding open space like parks and
playgrounds, and to expanding NYCs police force.
While some may claim that the SWMP must be implemented as designed, a closer review reveals that the
SWMP is fraught with issues: increased costs, a lack
of a progressive vision and it actually perpetuates serious health and safety risks in many communities. It
does not even reduce the burden of todays excessive
commercial waste stream. Instead, it merely attempts
to shift it from one set of neighborhoods to another
including one that is more densely populated than any
other neighborhood that currently houses a transfer
station. Plus, it increases the cost of solid waste disposal at a time when there are many other more critical fiscal demands on finite capital and operating budget resources.
Despite recent reports that the de Blasio administration
inherited a balanced budget for fiscal year 2015, hanging over the new administration de Blasio are expired
labor contracts with more than 150 municipal-worker
unions that the Bloomberg administration did not account for in its balanced budget.153 In addition, the significant budget deficits projected in the out years of FY
2016, FY 2017 and FY 2018 will cause additional strains
on limited resources. Given the ballooning costs and
fiscal drain of the SWMP, it is unacceptable to continue
on this path, espcially because it will not lead to a more
modern, sustainable solid waste future.
www.p2pnyc.org
JONATHAN CRIMES
Talking Trash: A Modern Approach That Protects Communities, Increases Recycling And Reduces Costs 37
Endnotes
1
Taxes In, Garbage Out: The Need for Better Solid Waste Disposal Policies in New York City. Citizens Budget Commission.
May 2012. http://www.cbcny.org/sites/default/files/REPORT_SolidWaste_053312012.pdf. (Hereafter cited as CBC Report)
2
Final Comprehensive Solid Waste Management Plan Executive Summary. The City of New York Department of Sanitation,
September 2006. http://www.nyc.gov/html/dsny/downloads/pdf/swmp/swmp/swmp-4oct/ex-summary.pdf, p. ES-1.
(Hereafter cited as SWMP Executive Summary)
New York City Comprehensive Commercial Waste Management Preliminary Report. New York City Department of
Sanitation. June 2002. http://www.nyc.gov/html/records/pdf/govpub/moved/dsny/ccwms01.pdf.
3
4
Technical Memorandum Comprehensive Solid Waste Management Plan. New York City Department of Sanitation. CEQR
No. 03DOS004Y. March 2012. http://www.nyc.gov/html/dsny/downloads/pdf/swmp/swmp/tech_memo_swmp.pdf.
Cost and Environmental Issues at the East 91st Street Marine Transfer Station: Implications for the Solid Waste Management
Plan and New York City. A Report to Pledge 2 Protect, Inc. Prepared by Gladstein, Neandross & Associates. December 19, 2013,
p. 11. (Hereafter cited as GNA Technical Report)
5
PlaNYC was initiated in 2007 and aligned 25 City agencies with the goal of creating a greener, greater New York. Efforts focus
on housing, waterways, air quality, and solid waste, among others. For more information, see their website at http://www.
nyc.gov/html/planyc2030/html/home/home.shtml.
7
Green City Index. Research conducted by the Economist Intelligence Unit, sponsored by Siemens. http://www.siemens.
com/entry/cc/en/greencityindex.htm.
8
Curbside Recycling Program. City of Los Angeles Department of Public Works. http://www.lacitysan.org/solid_resources/
recycling/curbside/Curbside_Recycling.htm. Recycling data accurate to 2010.
9
10
Managing municipal solid waste - a review of achievements in 32 European countries. European Environment Agency.
March 19, 2013. http://www.eea.europa.eu/publications/managing-municipal-solid-waste. Recycling data accurate to 2010.
11
12
The City of New York Independent Budget Office. Letter to Council Member Jessica S. Lappin, May 22, 2012. Page 6. http://
www.ibo.nyc.ny.us/iboreports/wtsletter52318.pdf. (Hereafter cited as IBO Memo)
13
14
Fiscal 2009 Executive Budget Hearings Department of Sanitation (Capital). New York City Council Finance Division. May 2008.
Marine Transfer Station Conversion - Conceptual Design Development. New York City Department of Sanitation, September
2002, page 10-3. http://old.weact.org/mts/downloads/MTSConv_report.pdf.
15
East 91st Street Marine Transfer Station Borough of Manhattan Notice of Award. Letter from New York City Department
of Design and Construction to Skanska-Trevcon Joint Venture. September 18, 2012.
16
Analysis of the Mayors Preliminary Budget for 2006. New York City Independent Budget Office, March 2005. http://www.
ibo.nyc.ny.us/iboreports/march2005.pdf.
17
18
Hearing on the Fiscal Year 2014 Executive Budget for the Department of Sanitation. The Council of the City of New York.
May 30, 2013. http://council.nyc.gov/downloads/pdf/budget/2014/execbudget/deptofsanitation.pdf.
Marine Transfer Station Conversion - Conceptual Design Development. New York City Department of Sanitation, September
2002, page 10-3. http://old.weact.org/mts/downloads/MTSConv_report.pdf.
19
Hearing on the Fiscal Year 2014 Executive Budget for the Department of Sanitation. The Council of the City of New York.
May 30, 2013. http://council.nyc.gov/downloads/pdf/budget/2014/execbudget/deptofsanitation.pdf.
20
21
Analysis of the Mayors Preliminary Budget for 2006. New York City Independent Budget Office, March 2005. http://www.
ibo.nyc.ny.us/iboreports/march2005.pdf.
22
Hearing on the Fiscal Year 2014 Executive Budget for the Department of Sanitation. The Council of the City of New York.
May 30, 2013. http://council.nyc.gov/downloads/pdf/budget/2014/execbudget/deptofsanitation.pdf.
23
IBO Memo, p. 3.
24
IBO Memo, p. 6.
Based on the IBO memos costs for the interim plan and 91st Street MTS option. This calculation assumes that total annual
facility costs remain fixed and equal to the total facility costs in 2016 under the 577 tons per day scenario. Also, the export and
transport fees were assumed to be constant on a per-ton basis. Thus, the additional costs of adding throughput are ~$20 per ton.
At 143 tons per day and 302 days per year, this works out to an additional $806,000 annually. Adding this to the aforementioned
$26 million in incremental costs above the interim plan baseline yields an incremental cost of $27 million.
25
38 Talking Trash: A Modern Approach That Protects Communities, Increases Recycling And Reduces Costs
www.p2pnyc.org
Endnotes
26
One New York, Rising Together, A Framework for a Sustainable New York City, p.54. (Hereafter cited as One New York)
29
31
Annual Report: New York City Municipal Refuse and Recycling Statistics: Fiscal Year 2013. New York City Department
of Sanitation. http://www.nyc.gov/html/nycwasteless/downloads/pdf/DSNY-reports/FY2013_NYC_Annual_Municipal_
Refuse_and_Recycling_Statistics.pdf.
32
Curbside Recycling Program. City of Los Angeles Department of Public Works. http://www.lacitysan.org/solid_
resources/recycling/curbside/Curbside_Recycling.htm. Recycling data accurate to 2010.
34
35
Calculated using IBO-estimated $90/ton and 302 operational days per year.
NYC Recycling Law. NYC Recycles. The City of New York. http://www.nyc.gov/html/nycwasteless/html/laws/local_
recycling.shtml#amendments.
36
Kimmelman, M. A Grace Note for a Gritty Business. The New York Times. November 17, 2013. http://www.nytimes.
com/2013/11/18/arts/design/sims-municipal-recycling-facility-designed-by-selldorf.html?_r=0.
37
38
Annual Report: New York City Municipal Refuse and Recycling Statistics: Fiscal Year 2013. New York City Department
of Sanitation. http://www.nyc.gov/html/nycwasteless/downloads/pdf/DSNY-reports/FY2013_NYC_Annual_Municipal_
Refuse_and_Recycling_Statistics.pdf.
Curbside Recycling Program. City of Los Angeles Department of Public Works. http://www.lacitysan.org/solid_
resources/recycling/curbside/Curbside_Recycling.htm. Recycling data accurate to 2010.
40
Annual Report: New York City Municipal Refuse and Recycling Statistics: Fiscal Year 2013. New York City Department
of Sanitation. http://www.nyc.gov/html/nycwasteless/downloads/pdf/DSNY-Reports/FY2013_NYC_Annual_Municipal_
Refuse_and_Recycling_Statistics.pdf.
41
42
Curbside Recycling Program. City of Los Angeles Department of Public Works. http://www.lacitysan.org/solid_
resources/recycling/curbside/Curbside_Recycling.htm. Recycling data accurate to 2010.
43
Managing municipal solid waste - a review of achievements in 32 European countries. European Environment
Agency. March 19, 2013. http://www.eea.europa.eu/publications/managing-municipal-solid-waste. Recycling data
accurate to 2010.
44
Creating Green Jobs Through Recycling. United States Environmental Protection Agency. http://www.epa.gov/
region9/newsletter/feb2011/greenjobs.html. See also, One New York, p. 55.
45
Solid Waste. PlaNYC. New York City Office of the Mayor. http://www.nyc.gov/html/planyc2030/html/theplan/solidwaste.shtml.
46
47
Taxes In, Garbage Out. Citizens Budget Commission. May 2012. http://www.cbcny.org/sites/default/files/REPORT_
SolidWaste_053312012.pdf. (Hereafter cited as CBC Report)
48
Talking Trash: A Modern Approach That Protects Communities, Increases Recycling And Reduces Costs 39
Endnotes
Evaluation of New and Emerging Solid Waste Management Technologies. New York City Economic Development
Corporation and New York City Department of Sanitation. Phase 1. September 2004. http://www.nyc.gov/html/dsny/
downloads/pdf/swmp_implement/otherinit/wmtech/phase1.pdf.
50
Evaluation of New and Emerging Solid Waste Management Technologies. New York City Economic Development
Corporation and New York City Department of Sanitation. Phase 2. March 2006. http://nyc.gov/html/dsny/downloads/
pdf/swmp_implement/otherinit/wmtech/phase2.pdf.
51
52
Evaluation of New and Emerging Solid Waste Management Technologies. Prepared by Alternative Resources, Inc. in
association with the City of New York. Phase 3. March 2012. http://www.nyc.gov/html/dsny/downloads/pdf/business/
p3_sitestudy.pdf.
Mayor Bloomberg Announces Request for Proposals to Build State of the Art Conversion Technology Facility
to Convert Waste to Clean Energy. New York City Office of the Mayor. Press Release, March 2012. http://www.
nyc.gov/portal/site/nycgov/menuitem.c0935b9a57bb4ef3daf2f1c701c789a0/index.jsp?pageID=mayor_press_
release&catID=1194&doc_name=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nyc.gov%2Fhtml%2Fom%2Fhtml%2F2012a%2Fpr077-12.
html&cc=unused1978&rc=1194&ndi=1.
53
54
CBC Report.
A Greater, Greener New York. Office of the New York City Mayor, April 2011. http://nytelecom.vo.llnwd.net/o15/
agencies/planyc2030/pdf/planyc_2011_solid_waste.pdf.
55
56
New York City Commercial Refuse Truck Age-out Analysis. Environmental Defense Fund and New York Business
Integrity Commission, prepared by MJ Bradley & Associates. September 2013, p. 7. (Hereafter cited as EDF/BIC Report)
57
Local Law 145 of 2013: Revising of the New York City Air Pollution Control Code. New York City Department of
Environmental Protection. http://www.nyc.gov/html/dep/pdf/air/proposed-air-pollution-control-code-revision.pdf.
Introduced at the City Council as Intro. No. 1160 /2013.
58
Restrictions regarding engine idling. New York City Council, Int. 0378-2003, December 31, 2003. http://legistar.council.
nyc.gov/LegislationDetail.aspx?ID=438866&GUID=32225E94-FD71-4F6A-BABD-644D1EC42C30&Search=&Options=.
59
Best Practice: Retrofitting Sanitation Fleet. New York City Global Partners. August 25, 2010. http://www.nyc.gov/
html/unccp/gprb/downloads/pdf/NYC_Retrofitting%20Sanitation%20Fleet.pdf.
60
61
EDF/BIC Report, p. 2.
62
Non-putrescible waste is also handled by private carters. The largest share of this non-putrescible waste is construction
and demolition debris.
63
65
Solid Waste Management Facilities. New York State Department of Environmental Conservation, Division of Materials
Management. November 12, 2013. http://www.dec.ny.gov/docs/materials_minerals_pdf/tslist.pdf.
For a full discussion of this phenomenon, see the recent report by Pinto M. and Barnes K. Transform Dont content/
uploads/2013/10/TransformDontTrashNYCReport_FINAL_Lo.pdf, September 2013. (Hereafter cited as ALIGN Report)
ALIGN Report)
66
67
EDF/BIC Report
68
69
70
72
IBO Report, p. 6.
73
CBC Report, p. 6.
40 Talking Trash: A Modern Approach That Protects Communities, Increases Recycling And Reduces Costs
www.p2pnyc.org
Endnotes
74
IBO Report, p. 7.
Chapter 3 Long Term Export Program. Comprehensive Solid Waste Management Plan. New York City Department
of Sanitation. September 2006. http://www.nyc.gov/html/dsny/downloads/pdf/swmp/swmp/swmp-4oct/chapter3.
pdf, p. 3-8.
75
Adopted Capital Commitment Plan Fiscal Year 2014. The City of New York. http://www.nyc.gov/html/omb/
downloads/pdf/ccp_10_13c.pdf.
76
Technical Memorandum Comprehensive Solid Waste Management Plan. New York City Department of Sanitation.
CEQR No. 03DOS004Y. March 2012. http://www.nyc.gov/html/dsny/downloads/pdf/swmp/swmp/tech_memo_swmp.
pdf, p. 3.
77
78
CBC Report, p. 6.
80
IBO Memo, p. 3.
81
82
Moss, M. and Qing, C.. The Dynamic Population of Manhattan. Rudin Center for Transportation Policy and
Management Wagner School of Public Service, New York University, May 2012. http://wagner.nyu.edu/files/rudincenter/
dynamic_pop_manhattan.pdf, p. 10.
83
Marine Transfer Station Conversion - Conceptual Design Development. New York City Department of Sanitation,
September 2002, page 10-3. http://old.weact.org/mts/downloads/MTSConv_report.pdf.
84
East 91st Street Marine Transfer Station Borough of Manhattan Notice of Award. Letter from New York City
Department of Design and Construction to Skanska-Trevcon Joint Venture. September 18, 2012.
85
86
IBO Memo, p. 6.
87
IBO Memo, p. 6.
Hearing on the Fiscal Year 2014 Budget for the Department of Sanitation. The Council of the City of New York, May 30,
2013. http://council.nyc.gov/downloads/pdf/budget/2014/execbudget/deptofsanitation.pdf. IBO Report. p. 6.
88
89
IBO Memo, p. 7.
According to the IBO memo, the facility fee would be $128.47 per ton at the rate of 577 tons per year (projected
residential garbage from the four slated districts). However, the calculation needs to be on the total permitted amount;
therefore, if the daily tonnage is scaled up to the permitted capacity of 1,500 tons per day (720 from DSNY and 780 from
commercial carters), the new facility fee would be $49.42 per ton.
90
91
IBO Memo, p. 7.
92
Air Pollution Impacts on Children from a Waste Transfer Station. Pledge 2 Protect, May 2013. http://pledge2protectnyc.
org/wp-content/uploads/2013/04/Health-Report-FINAL.pdf.
93
Data in this sentence and the prior sentence provided by Carol Tweedy, executive director of Asphalt Green,
December 2013.
94
95
ALIGN Report, p. 2.
97
98
In-City mileage is estimated based on tons of waste exported using an average load per truck trip of 25 tons and an
assumed in-City mileage of 20 miles per round trip.
99
100
www.p2pnyc.org
Talking Trash: A Modern Approach That Protects Communities, Increases Recycling And Reduces Costs 41
Endnotes
101
Particulate Matter (PM-2.5) 2006 Standard Nonattainment Areas. US EPA Green Book. http://www.epa.gov/oar/
oaqps/greenbk/rindex.html.
102
IARC: Diesel Engine Exhaust Carcinogenic. World Health Organizations International Agency for Research on Cancer.
Press Release June 12, 2013. http://www.iarc.fr/en/media-centre/pr/2012/pdfs/pr213_E.pdf.
103
Caiazzo F., Ashok A., Waitz I.A., Yim S., Barrett S. Air pollution and early deaths in the United States. Part I: Quantifying
the impact of major sectors in 2005. Atmospheric Environment. Volume 79, November 2013, Pages 198208. http://
www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1352231013004548.
104
Perzanowski M, Air Pollution From Trucks and Low-Quality Heating Oil May Explain Childhood Asthma Hot Spots.
Journal of Exposure Science and Environmental Epidemiology. March 28, 2012.
105
Jung K, Miller R, et al. Air Pollution Associated with Asthma Development Among Young Children. Annals of Asthma,
Allergy & Immunology. August 17, 2012.
106
Perera F, Tang WY, Herbstman J, et al. Relation of DNA methylation of 5-CpG island of ACSL3 to transplacental
exposure to airborne polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and childhood asthma. PLoS One. 2009;4(2):e4488.
107
Miller R. Environmental Exposures Before and After Birth Can Harm Childrens Lungs, Asthma Symptoms in Infants
Caused by Combustion Pollution and Tobacco Smoke. Columbia Center for Childrens Environmental Health. October
11, 2004.
108
Patel M. Exposures to Metals and Diesel Emissions in the Air are Linked to Respiratory Symptoms in Young Inner City
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Perera F., Wang S., Rauh V., et al. Prenatal Exposure to Air Pollution, Maternal Psychological Distress, and Child
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life exposure to diesel exhaust air pollution increases adult susceptibility to heart failure in mice. Particle and Fibre
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net/content/10/1/89.
115
Perera F. Childrens IQ Can be Affected by Mothers Exposure to Urban Air Pollutants. National Institute of Environmental
Health Sciences. July 20, 2009.
116
Perera F. Childrens Cognitive Ability Can Be Affected by Mothers Exposure to Urban Air Pollutants. Environmental
Health Perspectives. April 20, 2010.
117
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Community Programs & Services. New York City Housing Authority. http://www.nyc.gov/html/nycha/html/
community/senior_services.shtml.
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New York City Trends in Air Pollution and its Health Consequences. New York City Department of Health and Mental
Hygiene. http://www.nyc.gov/html/doh/downloads/pdf/environmental/air-quality-report-2013.pdf, p. 6-7. September
26, 2013.
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Endnotes
Cities that exceed the federal PM10 standard only one day per year, averaged over three years, are designated as
nonattainment by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. In other words, Pledge 2 Protects concern about shortterm spikes in air pollution (rather than annual levels of pollution over the course of the year) mirrors the EPAs approach
to its own standards.
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123
124
125
126
127
Mascarelli, A. Growing Up With Pesticides. Science. 16 August 2013: Vol 341 no. 6147 pp. 740-741. http://www.
sciencemag.org/content/341/6147/740.
128
Ising H, Kruppa B. Health effects caused by noise: Evidence in the literature from the past 25 years. Noise & Health.
2004. Volume 6, Issue 22, Page 5-13. http://www.noiseandhealth.org/article.asp?issn=1463-1741;year=2004;volume=6;i
ssue=22;spage=5;epage=13;aulast=Ising.
130
Pujol S, Levain J., Houot H., et al. Association between Ambient Noise Exposure and School Performance of Children
Living in an Urban Area: A Cross-Section Population-Based Study. Journal of Urban Health. November 2013.
131
Technical Memorandum Comprehensive Solid Waste Management Plan. New York City Department of Sanitation.
CEQR No. 03DOS004Y. March 2012. http://www.nyc.gov/html/dsny/downloads/pdf/swmp/swmp/tech_memo_swmp.pdf.
132
Noise Code (Local Law 113 of 2005). New York City Department of Environmental Protection. http://www.nyc.gov/
html/dep/html/noise/index.shtml.
133
Title 16 Department of Sanitation. Rules of the City of New York. 4-32(b)(1)(ii). http://72.0.151.116/nyc/rcny/
Title16_4-32.asp.
134
Manhattan Waterfront Greenway. New York City Department of City Planning. http://www.nyc.gov/html/dcp/html/
mwg/mwghome.shtml.
135
136
137
Environmental Review of New Flood Risk Information and Related Proposed Design Changes to East 91st Street
MTS and Southwest Brooklyn MTS. New York City Department of Sanitation. May 29, 2013. http://www.nyc.gov/html/
dsny/downloads/pdf/swmp/swmp/review_flood_e91_swbkmts.pdf, p. 3 of the pdf. (Hereafter cited as DSNY Memo
May 2013)
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139
The FEMA flood insurance risk zone designation (which, importantly, carries flood elevation requirements and
regulatory authority) is not to be confused with New York Citys Hurricane Evacuation Zones, which were updated in
Fall 2013. By those designations, the East 91st Street MTS is in Hurricane Evacuation Zone 1.
140
According to the DSNY Memo May 2013, the permit was granted on October 24, 2012; the storm surge of Superstorm
Sandy hit New York City on October 29, 2012.
141
Rules of the City of New York. 3606-04 American Society of Civil Engineers. 1 RCNY 3606-4. http://www.nyc.gov/
html/dob/downloads/rules/1_RCNY_3606-04.pdf.
142
143
A Grace Note for Gritty Business. The New York Times, November 17, 2013, http://www.nytimes.com/2013/11/18/
arts/design/sims-municipal-recycling-facility-designed-by-selldorf.html.
144
VISION 2020: New York City Comprehensive Waterfront Plan. New York City Department of City Planning. March
2011, http://www.nyc.gov/html/dcp/pdf/cwp/vision2020/chapter1.pdf. (Hereafter cited as VISION 2020)
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Endnotes
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148
Technical Memorandum Comprehensive Solid Waste Management Plan. New York City Department of Sanitation.
CEQR No. 03DOS004Y. March 2012.
149
150
IBO Memo, p. 6.
Local Law 145 of 2013: Revising of the New York City Air Pollution Control Code. New York City Department of
Environmental Protection. http://www.nyc.gov/html/dep/pdf/air/proposed-air-pollution-control-code-revision.pdf.
Introduced at the City Council as Intro. No. 1160 /2013.
151
152
East River Esplanade: 2012/13 Work & Study. New York City Parks Department. October 28, 2013, p.14.
Chayes, M. NYC budget has room for de Blasio agenda, to a point. Newsday, December 30, 2013. http://www.
newsday.com/news/new-york/nyc-budget-has-room-for-de-blasio-agenda-to-a-point-1.6695153.
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