TEHNIKA ANALIZA FOTONAPONSKIH/VETAR ENERGETSKIH

SISTEMA NA RAZLIITIM LOKACIJAMA U SRBIJI

Vukman V. Baki, Milada L. Pezo
Laboratorija za termotehniku i energetiku, Vina Institut za nuklearne nauke
Univerzitet u Beogradu, P.O.Box 522, 11001 Beograd, Srbija
Abstrakt: Energetska efikasnost, uteda energije, poveanje upotrebe obnovljivih izvora energije
postalo je imperativ u svim sektorima proizvodnje i potronje energije. Poslednjih godina poveava
se upotreba kombinovanih PV/vetar energetskih sistema za proizvodnju elektrine energije. Cena
kotanja ovih sistema iz godine u godinu sve je prihvatljivija a obezbeuju i pouzdanije
snabdevanje elektrinom energijom. U radu su prikazani rezultati tehnike analize razliitih
PV/vetar energetskih sistema na razliitim lokacijama u Republici Srbiji. Tehnika analiza uraena
je na osnovu rezultata dobijenih dinamikim simulacijama razliitih energetskih sistema za tri
lokacije u Republici Srbiji: Novi Sad, Beograd i Kopaonik, korienjem meteorolokih podataka za
tipinu meteoroloku godinu i softverskog programa TRNSYS verzija16. Ove tri lokacije
karakteriu razliiti meteoroloki uslovi, odnosno imaju razliite energetske potencijale sunca i
vetra. Takoe u radu je analizirano mogue smanjenje emisije CO2 na osnovu proizvedene i
isporuene elektrine energije iz obnovljivih izvora energije.
Kljune rei: fotonaponski/vetar energetski sistem, dinamika simulacija, smanjenje emisije CO2

TECHNICAL ANALYSIS OF THE PV/WIND ENERGY SYSTEMS

AT THE DIFERENT LOCATIONS IN SERBIA
Vukman V. Baki, Milada L. Pezo
Laboratory for Thermal Engineering and Energy, Vina Institute of Nuclear Sciences, University
of Belgrade, P.O. Box 522, 11001 Belgrade, Serbia
Abstract: Energy efficiency, energy saving, increasing usage of renewable energy sources (RES)
become an imperative in all sectors of energy production and consumption. Hybrid PV/Wind
energy systems are widely used nowadays because they are environmental friendly, have reasonable
costs and provides more reliable supply of energy than single energy systems. This paper presents
technical analysis of grid-connected PV/Wind hybrid energy systems located in Republic of Serbia.
The results of dynamic simulations of grid-connected PV/Wind hybrid energy conversion system
were analyzed for three different locations in Republic of Serbia: Novi Sad, Belgrade and
Kopaonik. These three locations are representative example of different climate conditions. Case
study is realized by using the meteorological data for Typical Metrological Year (TMY). The
transient simulation software TRNSYS version16 was used for this purpose. Also, CO2 emissions
reductions obtained on the basis of delivery of electrical power to distribution network are analyzed.
Key words: PV/Wind energy system, dynamic simulation, CO2 reduction

1. UVOD
Energy saving, energy efficiency and usage of RES become an imperative in all sectors of energy
production and consumption. Alternative energy sources allow us to produce much needed energy
for household, industry, transport to function in a manner that is environmentally friendly and
sustainable.
Hybrid energy systems have been designed to generate electricity from different sources, such
solar panels and wind turbines. Small "hybrid" electric system that combines home wind electric
and home solar electric (photovoltaic or PV) technologies offers several advantages over either
single system. Because the peak operating times for wind and solar systems occur at different times
of the day and year, hybrid systems are more likely to produce power when you need it. Choice of
energy sources depends on several considerations, such as cost and resources available. The cost
hybrid power technology greatly affects the choices people make. People who are planning to set up
a hybrid energy project for their own use often focus on lowering the total investment and
operational costs while those planning to generate electricity for sale focus on the long-term project
revenue. The availability of the natural resources plays an enormous part when selecting the
components of a hybrid energy system the right power generation location and method must be
chosen.
Renewable energy sources like wind, solar, hydro based energies,etc. are environment
friendly and have potential to be more widely used. Combining these renewable energy resources to
form a hybrid system can provide a more economic, environmentfriendly and more reliable supply
of electricity in all load demand conditions compared to single-use of such systems.
Overview of different approaches about the optimization and sizing of hybrid renewable
energy systems since the recent popular utilization of renewable energy sourcesis presented in [1].
The potential of solar and wind energy has been analyzed inliterature and several designs of the
hybrid energy systems proposed [2,7]. Nemaet al. [2] analyzed the current situation in thedesign,
operation and management of independent hybrid solarPV-wind energy systems. The future
development of these systems, as well as the potential for increasing the economic viability of these
systems and their acceptance by the users has been also analyzed in this paper. Two systems were
proposed: self-hybrid system and a system that in the absence of electricity uses excess energy
which has been previously stored. Celik [3] presented techno-economic analysis of autonomous
PV/wind hybrid energy systems using different sizing methods. It is an alternative to the existing
similar sizing methods, taking into account the monthly variation in the required size of the
renewable energy converters to overcome the limitations of the existing scenarios. The novel
method looks for an optimum combination of system autonomy and cost. The numerical analyses
has been based on 1994 weather data from the TyB experimental site of the Cardiff University and
considers the basic system settings there. Zamaniand Riahy[4] introduced a new method for optimal
sizing of a hybrid (wind/PV/battery) system considering instantaneous wind speed variations. The
modified power curve is obtained by considering the energy pattern factor of actual wind as an
indicator of the wind dynamics and using a new factor called wind turbine controllability for
performance evaluation of the wind turbine controllersin capturing extra energy. Ngan and Tan [5]
did assessment of economic viability for PV/wind/diesel hybrid energy system in southern
Peninsular Malaysia. The potential implementations of hybrid photovoltaic (PV)/wind
turbine/diesel systemin southern city of Malaysia, Johorb Bahru were analyzed. HOMER (hybrid
optimization model for electric renewable) simulation software was analyzed to determine the
technical feasibility of the system and to perform the economic analysis of the system.
Experimental investigation [6] of using a combination of solar and wind energiesas hybrid system
for electrical generation under the Jordanian climate conditions is presented. Measurements
included the solar radiation intensity, the ambient temperature, the wind speed and the output
powerfrom the solar PV panels and wind turbine. Caballero [7] presented a method for the business
optimal design of a small grid-connected Hybrid Energy System comprised of photovoltaic panels
and wind turbines without energy storage, which seeks to minimize the LCC (Life Cycle Cost) of

the system, ensuring at the same time certain level of system reliability. Appropriate design of
Hybrid Energy System connected to the grid and without energy storage is examined in [8,9].
Supriya and Siddarthan [10] presented a linear programming model which aims to minimize the
LCC of a PV/wind hybrid energy system connected to the utility grid, subject to the energy balance
condition.
There area lot of papers that deal with various forms of storage, such as conventional
electrochemical batteries, hydrogen storage, the wind powered pumped storage systems,
compressed air systems as storage units that can be found in the literature. Nelson et al. [11]
presented an economic evaluation of a hybrid wind/PV/fuel cell generation system for a typical
home in the Pacific Northwest. Chong et al. did techno-economic feasibility study of autonomous
hybrid battery power system for a household in Urumqi [12]. Wind power pumped storage systems
were subjected for under investigation in [13-19], while compressed air systems as storage units
were investigated in [20-25]. The results of dynamic simulation of of PV/Wind hybrid energy
conversion system located in Belgrade, Serbia was analyzed [26].

2. SOLAR AND WIND ENERGY RESOURCES

The most comprehensive estimations of the wind and solar potential in Republic of Serbia as well
as in whole region of the Western Balkans are presented in paper [27]. For further analysis, the data
obtained from a nearby meteorological station is used for more precise estimation of the local
potential for solar and wind energy resources.
2.1. Solar energy
Since solar radiation is subject to numerous influences, the radiation energy estimations based only
on theoretical empirical equations are not sufficient. These influences have to be determined by
analyzing the data obtained from the long-term measurements. The position of a surface exposed to
the sunrays is important for the application of solar energy. A more precise assessment of the
available solar energy in Novi Sad city, Belgrade city and national park Kopaonikare obtained by
using the software package Meteonorm. This software uses data on hourly measurements of
weather conditions in given meteorological stations (HMIRS database, actual measurements of the
Hydro meteorological Institute of the Republic of Serbia)to calculate all the required data for further
analysis, as well as the influence of inclination and orientation change of a given surface.
There are many solar databases, NASA Surface meteorology and solar energy database,
RETScreen solar database, PVGIS solar database, European solar radiation atlas, Meteonorm, Solar
and wind energy resource assessment (SWERA) etc. In the paper [28] were analyzed solar energy
resources from different database using Meteonorm software. The results show significant
differences in the values of solar energy obtained using different solar database. In Belgrade annual
average values of daily solar radiation per square meter received by the horizontal surface taken
from NASA, RETScreen, and PVGIS solar databases are 5.3%, 2.85%, and 4.7% lower,
respectively, than the annual average values of daily solar radiation per square meter received by
the horizontal surface taken from HMIRS. The calculation accuracy highly depends on temperature
variation of the surrounding air, air velocity, and the intensity of solar radiation. Therefore, for a
more detailed system simulation it is necessary to assess a specific system on an hourly basis. The
intensity variation on an hourly basis of the total solar radiation for horizontal surface throughout
the typical meteorological year (TMY) for Belgrade is shown on Fig.1. Similar results can be
presented for two other locations. The intensity variation on an hourly basis of the total solar
radiation for different slope of surface throughout the typical meteorological year (TMY) for Novi
Sad city, Belgrade city and national park Kopaonik are shown in Tab.1.

Figure 1. Total solar radiation on an hourly basis for Belgrade city.

Table 1. The total solar radiation for typical metrological year.
Slope of surface (o)
Novi Sad (kWh/m2)
Belgrade (kWh/m2)
o
20
1442
1501
25o
1463
1522
30o
1475
1534
35o
1479
1537
40o
1475
1531
45o
1463
1517

Kopaonik (kWh/m2)
1548
1574
1591
1598
1597
1586

The total solar radiation calculations for whole years, Tab. 1, show that optimal slope of surface is
35o. The dynamic simulations for PV panels were done for this angle. The solar energy available on
the sloped surface was used for estimating the amount of electrical energy that can be generated
using a PV module.
There are a large selections of PV panels from different manufacturers at the market. In
recent years there has been significant progress in the development of technologies for the
production of cells for PV panels. This development has led to an increase in collector efficiency of
12% to 20%. In this paper, PV module SUNPOWERE20/435 (435W) was selected with efficiency
of 20.1%. This PV module is a 128-cell module designed specifically for small and large PV
systems and it provides cost-effective power for DC loads or, with an inverter, for AC loads.
2.2. Wind energy
The modeling of vertical wind velocity distribution (the change in wind velocity per change in
height above the ground) is based on boundary layer theory applied to the atmosphere. Based on
this theory the average wind velocities were obtained for different months in Novi Sad, Belgrade
and Kopaonik national park at different heights. The wind data sets are given for three different
metrological stations and they are based on data obtained from a database of meteorological
conditions in certain locations of Serbia. The hourly intensity variation of wind velocity in Belgrade
for TMY is shown in Fig. 2. Similar results can be presented for Novi Sad and Kopaonik.
The wind energy availability for TMY was estimating using Weibull distribution function.
The wind energy that can be successfully converted into usable energy (electricity) was determined
using the power equation, which includes the efficiency of the wind turbines at different wind
speeds. Wind is not steady and in order to calculate the mean power delivered by the wind turbine
from its power curve, it is necessary to know the probability density distribution of the wind speed.
This is the distribution of the proportion of time spent by wind within narrow bands of wind speed.

Wind speed (m/s)

14
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
0

1460

2920

4380

5840

7300
8760
Hour (h)

Figure 2. The hourly intensity variation of wind speed for TMY in Belgrade.

In order to calculate the mean power from a wind turbine over a range of mean wind speeds, a
generalized expression is needed for the probability density distribution. An expression which gives
a good fit to wind data is known as the Weibull distribution. In non-dimensional form, this can be
written as:
( )

){

)}

)}

(1)

where are u is the unsteady wind speed component and U is the mean value, ( ) is nondimensional probability density distribution,k is the factor that determines the shape of the curve,
(
) is the value of the Gamma function for (
).
The value of the shape of the curve k is obtained from standard deviation or root mean
square of the variable:
(

[ (

)]

(2)

From simple curve fitting procedure, the shape factor k can be obtained
(

(3)

and by simple polynomial fit Gamma function can be calculated. The statistical wind characteristics
obtained for typical metrological year for Novi Sad, Belgrade and Kopaonik national park are
shown in Tab. 2.
Table 2. The statistical wind characteristics for TMY.
Novi Sad
Belgrade
coefficients of Weibull
k

distribution at 10 m
2.131 1.265 0.930 2.160 1.480 0.908
height
10 m
2.675
3.130
Mean
20 m
3.031
3.457
wind
speed
30 m
3.260
3.816
(m/s)
40 m
3.433
4.017

2.385

Kopaonik
k

1.700

0.893

3.922
4.444
4.781
5.034

Power output of turbines (kW)

14
Westwind 3 kW
Westwind 6 kW
Westwind 10 kW

12
10
8
6
4
2
0
0

10

12

14

16

18

20

Wind speed (m/s)

Figure 3. Power curves for different wind turbines.

The power curves for different wind turbines are shown in Fig. 3. These curves are obtained
from manufactures of wind turbines and present the amount of power that can be achieved for
different wind speed [29]. According to the manufacturers recommendations, the wind turbines
tower has to be higher than 18 m.

3. MODEL OF DYNAMIC SIMULATION AND RESULTS

All the components of the combined system are modeled with appropriate mathematical models
expressed by differential and algebraic equations. The results of the simultaneous solution of these
equations are the hourly change of all physical properties that characterize the hybrid energy
system. Type 94, 5-parameter model for PV arraysand Type 90 model of wind energy conversion
system for the wind turbine[30] were selected for this analysis. The illustration of grid-connected
PV/Wind hybrid energy station for production of electrical energy is shown in Fig. 4.
Hybrid power stations can consist of any combination of wind turbine, and photovoltaic. Such
flexibility has obvious advantages for customizing a system to a particular sites energy resources,
costs, and load requirements. In the present case, a different combinations PV/wind hybrid power
station and a power converter is used to design. The dynamic simulations of a PV/Wind energy
station with 10, 15 and 20 PV modules and with 3 kW, 6 kW and 10 kW wind turbines have been
done. As a result of dynamic simulations hourly change of electrical power output of observed
energy system obtained.

Figure 4. The illustration of the grid-connected PV/Wind hybrid energy station.

Figure 5. Power output of the PV arrays

(20 modules) at the location Kopaonik.

Figure 6. Power output of the 10 kW

wind turbine at the location Kopaonik.

The power output through the year for 20 PV modules (each module with nominal power of
435 W) and the 10 kW wind turbine with 30 m tower energy system for national park Kopaonik is
shown in Fig. 4 and Fig. 5. Similar results can be presented for Novi Sad and Belgrade. Adding
special devices for electrical energy storage such as batteries, or systems based on hydrogen,
constant electrical power can be achieved throughout the whole year.
Wind speeds increase at higher altitudes due to surface aerodynamic drag (by land or water
surfaces) and the viscosity of the air. The variation in velocity with altitude is most dramatic near
the surface. Typically, in daytime the variation follows the wind profile power law.
The obtained electrical energy from various configurations of PV/wind energy systems for
regions of Novi Sad, Belgrade cities, and national park Kopaonik are shown in Tab. 3, Tab. 4 and
Tab. 5.

Table 3. Electrical power output of the PV/Wind energy system with 3 kW wind turbine and different
numbers of PV modules.
3 kW
wind turbine

wind turbine
tower height

12 m
20 m
30 m
40 m

Novi Sad
(kWhe)
number of PV module
10
15
20
7,107 10,329 13,383
7,579 10,633 13,687
7,873 10,927 13,981
8,110 11,164 14,215

Belgrade
(kWhe)
number of PV module
10
15
20
7,811 10,990 14,169
8,207 11,386 14,565
8,587 11,766 14,945
8,894 12,073 15,252

Kopaonik
(kWhe)
number of PV module
10
15
20
8,889 12,192 15,496
9,498 12,801 16,104
10,073 13,376 16,679
10,530 13,833 17,136

Table 4. Electrical power output of the PV/Wind energy system with 6 kW wind turbine and different
numbers of PV modules.
6 kW
wind turbine

wind turbine
tower height

12 m
20 m
30 m
40 m

Novi Sad
(kWhe)
number of PV module
10
15
20
9,625 12,679 15,733
10,576 13,630 16,684
11,408 14,462 17,516
12,054 15,108 18,162

Belgrade
(kWhe)
number of PV module
10
15
20
10,891 14,070 17,249
12,057 15,236 18,415
13,133 16,312 19,491
13,986 17,165 20,344

Kopaonik
(kWhe)
number of PV module
10
15
20
13,742 17,045 20,348
15,498 18,801 22,104
17,039 20,432 23,645
18,207 21,510 24,813

Table 5. Electrical power output of the PV/Wind energy system with 10 kW wind turbine and different
numbers of PV modules.
10 kW
wind turbine
wind
turbine
tower
height

12 m
20 m
30 m
40 m

Novi Sad
(kWhe)
number of PV module
10
15
20
10,552 13,606 16,660
11,874 14,928 17,982
13,127 16,181 19,235
14,144 17,198 20,252

Belgrade
(kWhe)
number of PV module
10
15
20
12,233 15,163 18,342
13,717 16,896 20,075
15,368 18,547 21,726
16,689 19,868 23,047

Kopaonik
(kWhe)
number of PV module
10
15
20
15,810 19,113 22,416
18,493 21,796 25,099
20,984 24,287 27,590
22,949 26,252 29,555

These three locations were selected from the north of Republic of Serbia, Novi Sad to the south,
national park Kopaonik. Kopaonik is one of the larger mountain ranges of Serbia. It is located in the
central part of Serbia. Its highest point, Pani's Peak, is 2,017 m above sea level. This area is
characterized by over 200 sunny days annually. It is suitable for application of small wind turbines,
which can be seen from the absolute values obtained from renewable energy sources, Tab. 3, 4 and
5. Belgrade is a capital and the largest city in Serbia and it lies 116.75 m above sea level and is
located at the confluence of the Danube and Sava rivers. There are, on average, 31 days a year when
the temperature is above 30 C, and 95 days when the temperature is above 25 C. The average
annual number of sunny hours is 2,198. Novi Sad is the second largest city in Serbia, the
administrative seat of Vojvodina, and the administrative center of the South Baka District. Novi
Sad has a temperate continental climate, with four seasons. The average annual number of sunny
hours is 2,135. From the results of the simulation, it can be concluded that intensity of solar
radiation is increasing from north to south of the Repubplic of Serbia. The production of electric
power strongly depends on the weather conditions for a given location.
According to the Kyoto protocol, GHG covers six categories of greenhouse gases (CO2,
CH4, N2O HFC, PFC, SF6) and is estimated using the CO2 equivalent (CO2eq), a metric used to
compare the emissions from various greenhouse gases based upon their global warming potential.
Serbia as a developing country (Non Annex I Party) has committed to the international co-operation
in the field of climate research with the obligation of reporting National Communications to the
UNFCCC, but without obligations to reduce GHG emission. Based on positive example it is clear
that Serbia as a candidate for the EU membership will have much to improve of its capacity (to
prepare legislation and institutions) for the full implementation of the EU energy-climate package
[33] including implementation of the ETS Directive 2009/29/EC (Directive 2009/29/EC of the
European Parliament and of the Council amending Directive 2003/87/EC so as to improve and
extend the greenhouse gas emission allowance trading scheme of the Community).
Low calorific, open-pit mined lignite is the basic energy source of the Republic of Serbia for
production electrical power, with a share of nearly 50% in the total primary energy consumption
and over 70% in the power generation. Emissions of CO2 from lignite combustion have a dominant
share of more than 40% in total emission of GHG from anthropogenic sources in Serbia [34]. Based
on the results of the proximate and ultimate analysis of coal samples from the Kolubara basin, the
average net calorific values of lignite in Serbia is about 7.850 MJ/kg and the carbon emission factor
is 29.78 tC/TJ [35] or 1.282 kgCO2/kWhe. According to the revised IPCC Guidelines for National
Greenhouse gas Inventories, Tier 1. methodology, the annual reduction of direct CO2 emissions for
some considered systems is shown in Tab.6.

Table 6. Direct CO2 emissions reduction (wind turbine tower height 30 m).

Novi Sad
Belgrade
Kopaonik

20 PV modules + 3 kW
wind turbine
(tCO2)
17.92
19.16
21.38

20 PV modules + 6 kW
wind turbine
(tCO2)
22.46
24.99
30.31

20 PV modules + 10 kW
wind turbine
(tCO2)
24.66
27.85
35.37

5. CONCLUSIONS
The technical analysis of grid-connectedPV/Wind power system consisting of different wind
turbines and photovoltaic arrays for different locations in Serbia are presented. The study is realized
by using the meteorological data for Typical Metrological Year (TMY) for Novi Sad, Belgrade and
national park Kopaonik, Serbia. These three locations are representative example of locations with
different climate conditions. Transient simulation software TRNSYS was used for this purpose.
Type 94, 5-parameter model for PV arrays and Type 90 wind energy conversion system were
selected for this analysis. As a result of the dynamic simulations the total electricity output is
obtained for various configurations of the considered system. It is clear that the amount of electric
power obtained from grid-connected PV/Wind hybrid energy station strongly depends on the
location in Serbia. It is shown that Kopaonik has the greatest RES potential because of its
geographical position and climate conditions. The resulting CO2 emissions reduction is estimated in
this paper.
Acknowledgment
This paper is the result of the investigations carried out within the scientific project TR33036
supported by the Ministry of Education, Science and Technological Development of the Republic of
Serbia.

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