V.Y.

Ushakov

Insulation of High-Voltage
Equipment
With 226 Figures

Springer

Contents

Preface

Part 1 Requirements on Insulation and Methods of Determining

the Electric Strength
Chapter 1 Insulating Materials and System Design Selection
1.1 Operational Conditions and Requirements on Insulation
1.2 Typical Design of Electrophysical Systems Insulation
Chapter 2 Insulation and Media Test Techniques
2.1 Testing Electric Strength
2.2 Lifetime and Treeing Tests

3
3
9
13
13
19

Part 2 Short- and Long-Term Electric Strength of Insulating Materials

and Media
Chapter 3 Influence of Dielectric Properties, State, and Electrodes on
Electric Strength
3.1 Pressure, Density, and Mechanical Stresses
3.2 Temperature.
3.3 Molecular and Supermolecular Structure
3.4 Electrode Material
3.5 State of the Electrode Surface

27
27
42
60
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71

Chapter 4 Influence of Contamination and Structural Defects

4.1 Solid Particles
4.2 Structural Defects and Impurities in Solid Dielectrics
4.3 Moisture

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83
93
97

Chapter 5 Dependence of Electric Strength on the Parameters of

Applied Voltage
5.1 Voltage Duration
5.2 Shape of a Voltage Pulse

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113

VIII

Contents

5.3 Frequency and Periodicity

5.4 Voltage Polarity
Chapter 6 Influence of Insulation Gap Geometry on Electric Strength
6.1 Field Configuration in an Insulation Gap
6.2 Interelectrode Gap Length
6.3 Electrode Surface Area
6.4 Dielectric Volume in an Electric Field
;
Chapter 7 Flashover Voltage at the Interface between Two Dielectric
Media
7.1 Orientation and Dimensions of an Insulator in an Electric Field
7.2 Geometry of the Electrodes and the Character of Their Contact with
the Insulator
7.3 Properties and State of the Insulator Surface and Ambient Medium
7.4 Parameters of the Applied Voltage
Chapter 8 Electric Strength of Dielectric Materials in a Hostile
Environment
8.1 Ionizing Radiation
8.2 Electron and Ion Beams
8.3 Laser and UV Radiation
8.4 Magnetic Field
8.5 Electric Strength of Insulation and Intercontact Medium in
Explosive Commutators
8.6 Electric Strength of Gases and Liquids in a Flow
8.7 Recovery of Electric Strength after Spark and Arc Discharges
Chapter 9 Methods for Improving the Dielectric Properties of Electric
Insulating Materials and Media
9.1 Mixing and Injection of Additives and Fillers
9.2 Radiation Modification
9.3 Conditioning of the Electrodes and Dielectric Medium
9.4 Orientational Extension of Polymers
9.5 Unconventional Insulation

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Part 3 Insulation Design

Chapter 10 Methods for Increasing the Working Field Strength of
Insulation
10.1 Electric Field Control
10.2 Electrode Coating
10.3 Combination Insulating Materials

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Contents

IX

Chapter 11 Calculation of Insulation

11.1 Calculations of Short-Term Electric Strength (Static and VoltageTime Characteristics)
11.2 Statistical Characteristics of the Electric Strength and Coordination
of Insulation
11.3 Calculation of Insulation Reliability and Operating Lifetime
11.4 Choice of the Working Field Strength

351

References
Additional References
I
Vacuum Insulation
II
Gas Insulation
III Liquid Insulation
IV Solid Insulation
V
Composite Insulation
VI General Problems of Insulation Design

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'.

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