Professional Documents
Culture Documents
MANAGEMENT
(5584)
MBA Executive
ZAHID NAZIR
Roll # AB523655
Semester: Autumn 2009
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
ISDATERMNG
QUESTION 1
(20)
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DISASTER MANAGEMENT
DISASTER
A disaster (from Middle French desastre, from Old Italian disastro, from the
Greek pejorative prefix dis- bad + aster star) is the impact of a natural or
man-made hazards that negatively affects society or environment.
The word disaster's root is from astrology: this implies that when the stars are in
a bad position, a bad event will happen. Disasters occur when hazards strike in
vulnerable areas. Hazards that occur in areas with low vulnerability do not result
in a disaster; as is the case in uninhabited regions. It is often argued that all
disasters are man-made, because human actions before the strike of the hazard
can prevent it developing into a disaster.
Hazards are routinely divided into natural or man-made, although complex
disasters, where there is no single root cause, are more common in developing
countries. A specific disaster may spawn a secondary disaster that increases the
impact. A classic example is an earthquake that causes a tsunami, resulting in
coastal flooding.
Disaster is a sudden, calamitous event bringing great damage, loss,
destruction and devastation to life and property.
The damage caused by disasters is immeasurable and varies with the
geographical location, climate and the type of the earth surface/degree of
vulnerability. This influences the mental, socio-economic, political and cultural
state of the affected area.
Generally, disaster has the following effects in the concerned areas:
It completely disrupts the normal day to day life.
It negatively influences the emergency systems.
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DISASTER MANAGEMENT
Normal needs and processes like food, shelter, health, etc. are affected and
deteriorate depending on the intensity and severity of the disaster.
It may also be termed as "a serious disruption of the functioning of society,
causing widespread human, material or environmental losses which exceed the
ability of the affected society to cope using its own resources." Thus, a disaster
may have the following main features:
Unpredictability
Unfamiliarity
Speed
Urgency
Uncertainty
Threat
Thus, in simple terms we can define disaster as a hazard causing heavy loss to
life, property and livelihood. E.g. a cyclone killing 10,000 lives and a crop loss of
one crore can be termed as disaster.
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
Disaster management is a process or strategy that is implemented when any
type of catastrophic event takes place. Sometimes referred to as disaster
recovery management, the process may be initiated when anything threatens
to disrupt normal operations or puts the lives of human beings at risk.
Governments on all levels as well as many businesses create some sort of
disaster plan that make it possible to overcome the catastrophe and return to
normal function as quickly as possible.
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MERGNCYSPO
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
One primary key to proper emergency response is being acquainted with the
potential for natural and man-made disasters in the surrounding area. Check
weather patterns and history to determine if the area is subject to wildfires,
floods, mudslides, tidal waves or severe storms, tornadoes, and hurricanes. Be
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DISASTER MANAGEMENT
aware of the potential for earthquakes nearby, and if they are likely, nurture a
basic understanding of where the fault lines run. Also be aware of any potential
sources of man-made disasters in the local area. Chemical or nuclear plants can
both cause problems in the event of leaks or spills.
Having determined the likely sources of a disaster, a good emergency repair
plan can now be made. Take pains to ensure that residences are equipped with
any necessary outbuildings that can provide protection during a disaster, such
as tornado shelters. Make every person in the household aware of what to do
during and immediately after an emergency occurs. Many disasters may cause
cell phones to fail, so choose a meeting spot that is easily accessible and can be
used as a check-in point for missing family members.
A first-aid kit is a vital part of any emergency response package. Bandages,
antiseptic formula, sterile gauze, and basic pain medication should all be
included. When possible, have back-up bottles of any chronically needed
medications in the first aid kit. Be sure to replace these back-ups well before
they expire. Blankets, warm clothing, and a spare pair of shoes can also be
useful additions to a first-aid kit.
Emergency response allows people to act quickly and without panicking should
an emergency occur. Knowing that plans have been made and supplies
arranged can help take considerable worry and fear out of the process. By
following emergency response procedures and listening carefully for any contact
or orders from emergency personnel, you can ensure a better chance of safety
and survival in any situation.
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YTPESOFDIAR
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Technological Hazards
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PDSCMTRGOILNFAE
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prevention
phase
work
commences
on
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of
disasters
management
plans
community/school/individual
Mock drill, training and practice
Inventory of resources both material and human skill resources
Proper warning system
Mutual arrangement
Identifying the vulnerable groups
Phase 3: Response Phase
Response involves
Measures taken immediately prior to and following disaster
Proper and timely warning using media, roving loudspeakers etc.
Deployment of skilled persons
Rescue work
Medical care
Drinking water supply
Restore all sorts of communication
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for
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
References:
www.Wisegeek.com/disaster
Disaster Management - AIOU
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DISASTER MANAGEMENT
###################
QUESTION 2
Write a detail note on Risk Communication,
Warning Dissemination and Alert Systems.
(20)
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ISRKCOMUNAT
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Disaster management planning and disaster recovery planning is not just about
setting up evacuation shelters and providing emergency supplies. Without rapid,
coordinated communications, even the best disaster management plan or
disaster recovery plan is virtually ineffective.
EFFECTIVE COMMUNICATION
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
as well as for survival in disaster times. How can we help individuals? Timely,
accurate and sensitive communications in the face of natural disasters are
demonstrated, cost-effective means of saving lives, reducing property damage,
and increasing public understanding. Communications is essential for educating,
warning, informing and empowering people to take practical steps to protect
themselves from natural disasters.
To be forewarned is to be forearmed and especially in times of disaster warnings
are well appreciated. For example, when Hurricane Gilbert hit Jamaica in
September of 1988, it was a scary time to say the least. However accurate
tracking of the storm and the timely and accurate dissemination of disaster
warnings ensured that Jamaicans new which areas were at greater risk, knew
how to protect themselves and were able to put measures in place to ensure
their personal safety. The death toll was much lower than a similar hurricane,
which hit them in 1951.
WARNING DISSEMINATION
Successful
disaster
prevention
and
preparedness
requires
the
use
of
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
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References:
Disaster Management AIOU
Communicating Effectively in a Disaster Situation by Regenie Fraser
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QUESTION 3
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EARTHQUCK
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
(20)
Earthquake is one of the most destructive natural hazard. They may occur at
any time of the year, day or night, with sudden impact and little warning. They
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
CAUSE OF EARTHQUACK
The earths crust is a rocky layer of varying thickness ranging from a depth of
about 10 kilometers under the sea to 65 kilometers under the continents. The
crust is not one piece but consists of portions called plates which vary in size
from a few hundred to thousands of kilometers. The theory of plate tectonics
holds that the plates ride up on the more mobile mantle, and are driven by
some yet unconfirmed
mechanisms, perhaps thermal convection currents. When these plates contact
each other, stress arises in the crust.
These stresses can be classified according to the type of movement along the
plates boundaries:
a) pulling away from each other,
b) pushing against one another and
c) sliding sideways relative to each other.
All these movements are associated with earthquakes.
Different types of plate movement
i). Divergent - where new
crust is generated as the
plates pull away from each
other.
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DISASTER MANAGEMENT
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
The deep focus earthquakes are rarely destructive because by the time the
waves reach the surface the impact reduces. Shallow focus earthquakes are
more common and are extremely damaging because of their proximity to the
surface.
Measuring Earthquakes
Earthquakes can be described by the use of two distinctively different scales of
measurement demonstrating magnitude and intensity. Earthquake magnitude
or amount of energy released is determined by the use of a seismograph
which is an instrument that continuously records ground vibration. The scale
was developed by a seismologist named Charles Richter. An earthquake with a
magnitude 7.5 on the Richter scale releases 30 times the energy than one with
6.5 magnitudes. An earthquake of magnitude 3 is the smallest normally felt by
humans. The largest earthquake that has been recorded with this system is 9.25
(Alaska, 1969 and Chile, 1960).
The second type of scale, the earthquake intensity scale measures the
effects of an earthquake where it occurs. The most widely used scale of this
type was developed in 1902 by Mercalli an Italian seismologist. The scale was
extended and modified to suit the modern times. It is called the Modified
Mercalli Scale, which expresses the intensity of earthquake effect on people,
structure and the earths surface in values from I to XII. With an intensity of VI
and below most of the people can feel the shake and there are cracks on the
walls, but with an intensity of XII there is general panic with buildings collapsing
totally and there is a total disruption in normal life.
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DISASTER MANAGEMENT
MITIGATION MEASURES
Community preparedness: Community preparedness is vital for mitigating
earthquake impact. The most effective way to save you even in a slightest
shaking is 'DROP, COVER and HOLD'.
Planning: The Bureau of Indian Standards has published building codes and
guidelines for safe construction of buildings against earthquakes. Before the
buildings are constructed the building plans have to be checked by the
Municipality, according to the laid down bylaws. Many existing lifeline buildings
such as hospitals, schools and fire stations may not be built with earthquake
safety measures. Their earthquake safety needs to be upgraded by retrofitting
techniques.
Public education is educating the public on causes and characteristics of an
earthquake and preparedness measures. It can be created through sensitization
and training programme for community, architects, engineers, builders, masons,
teachers, government functionaries teachers and students.
Engineered structures: Buildings need to be designed and constructed as per
the building by laws to withstand ground shaking. Architectural and engineering
inputs need to be put together to improve building design and construction
practices. The soil type needs to be analyzed before construction. Building
structures on soft soil should be avoided. Buildings on soft soil are more likely to
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FLOD
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
get damaged even if the magnitude of the earthquake is not Strong. Similar
problems persist in the buildings constructed on the river banks which have
alluvial soil.
__________________________________________________________________
Flood is a state of high water level along a river channel or on the coast that
leads to inundation of land, which is not usually submerged. Floods may happen
gradually and also may take hours or even happen suddenly without any
warning due to breach in the embankment, spill over, heavy rains etc.
There are different types of floods namely: flash flood, riverine flood, urban
flood, etc. Flash floods can be defined as floods which occur within six hours of
the beginning of heavy rainfall, and are usually associated with cloud bursts,
storms and cyclones requiring rapid localized warnings and immediate response
Causes:
There are several causes of floods and differ from region to region. The causes
may vary from a rural area to an urban area. Some of the major causes are:
a) Heavy rainfall
b) Heavy siltation of the river bed reduces the water carrying capacity of
rivers/stream.
c) Blockage in the drains lead to flooding of the area.
d) Landslides blocking the flow of the stream.
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DISASTER MANAGEMENT
Warning:
Flood forecasting and warning has been highly developed in the past two
decades. With the advancement of technology such as satellite and remotesensing equipments flood waves can be tracked as the water level rises. Except
for flash floods there is usually a reasonable warning period. Heavy precipitation
will give sufficient warning of the coming river flood. High tides with high winds
may indicate flooding in the coastal areas. Evacuation is possible with suitable
monitoring and warning. Warning is issued by the Central Water Commission
(CWC),
Irrigation
&
Flood
Control
Department,
and
Water
Resources
Department. CWC maintains close liaison with the administrative and state
engineering agencies, local civil authorities to communicate advance warning
for appropriate mitigation and preparedness measures.
Mitigation Measures
Mapping of the flood prone areas is a primary step involved in reducing the
risk of the region. Historical records give the indication of the flood inundation
areas and the period of occurrence and the extent of the coverage. Warning can
be issued looking into the earlier marked heights of the water levels in case of
potential threat. In the coastal areas the tide levels and the land characteristics
will determine the submergence areas. Flood hazard mapping will give the
proper indication of water flow during floods.
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DISASTER MANAGEMENT
Land use control will reduce danger of life and property when waters inundate
the floodplains and the coastal areas. The number of casualties is related to the
population in the area at risk. In areas where people already have built their
settlements, measures should be taken to relocate to better sites so as to
reduce vulnerability. No major development should be permitted in the areas
which are subjected to high flooding. Important facilities like hospitals, schools
should be built in safe areas. In urban areas, water holding areas can be created
like ponds, lakes or low-lying areas.
Construction of engineered structures in the flood plains and strengthening
of structures to withstand flood forces and seepage. The buildings should be
constructed on an elevated area. If necessary build on stilts or platform.
Flood Control aims to reduce flood damage. This can be done by decreasing
the amount of runoff with the help of reforestation (to increase absorption could
be a mitigation strategy in certain areas), protection of vegetation, clearing of
debris from streams and other water holding areas, conservation of ponds and
lakes etc. Flood Diversion include levees, embankments, dams and channel
improvement. Dams can store water and can release water at a manageable
rate. But failure of dams in earthquakes and operation of releasing the water
can cause floods in the lower areas. Flood Proofing reduces the risk of damage.
Measures include use of sand bags to keep flood water away, blocking or sealing
of doors and windows of houses etc. Houses may be elevated by building on
raised land. Buildings should be constructed away from water bodies.
Flood Management
LANDSIE
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
flood forecasting, flood plain zoning, flood proofing, disaster preparedness etc.
The flood management measures undertaken so far have provided
The term landslide includes all varieties of mass movements of hill slopes and
slowly or quickly from one place to another. Although the landslides are
primarily associated with mountainous terrains, these can also occur in areas
where an activity such as surface excavations for highways, buildings and open
pit mines takes place. They often take place in conjunction with earthquakes,
floods and volcanoes. At times, prolonged rainfall causing landslide may block
the flow of river for quite some time. The formation of river blocks can cause
havoc to the settlements downstream on its bursting.
Causes of Landslide
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DISASTER MANAGEMENT
There are several causes of landslide. Some of the major causes are as follows:
Geological Weak material: Weakness in the composition and structure of rock
or soil may also cause landslides.
Erosion: Erosion of slope toe due to cutting down of vegetation, construction of
roads might increase the vulnerability of the terrain to slide down.
Intense rainfall: Storms that produce intense rainfall for periods as short as
several hours or have a more moderate intensity lasting several days have
triggered abundant landslides. Heavy melting of snow in the hilly terrains also
results in landslide.
Human Excavation of slope and its toe, loading of slope/toe, draw down in
reservoir, mining, deforestation, irrigation, vibration/blast, Water leakage from
services.
Earthquake shaking has triggered landslides in many different topographic
and geologic settings. Rock falls, soil slides and rockslides
from steep slopes involving relatively thin or shallow dis-aggregated soils or
rock, or both have been the most abundant types of landslides triggered by
historical earthquakes.
Volcanic eruption Deposition of loose volcanic ash on hillsides commonly is
followed by accelerated erosion and frequent mud or debris flows triggered by
intense rainfall.
Mitigation Measures
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DISASTER MANAGEMENT
Hazard mapping locates areas prone to slope failures. This will help to avoid
building settlements in such areas. These maps will also serve as a tool for
mitigation planning.
Land use practices such as:
Areas covered by degraded natural vegetation in upper slopes are to be
afforested with suitable species. Existing patches of natural vegetation
(forest and natural grass land) in good condition, should be preserved
Any developmental activity initiated in the area should be taken up only
after a detailed study of the region has been carried out.
In construction of roads, irrigation canals etc. proper care is to be taken to
avoid blockage of natural drainage
Total avoidance of settlement in the risk zone should be made mandatory.
Relocate settlements and infrastructure that fall in the possible path of the
landslide
No construction of buildings in areas beyond a certain degree of slope
Retaining Walls can be built to stop land from slipping (these walls are
commonly seen along roads in hill stations). These are constructed to prevent
smaller sized and secondary landslides that often occur along the toe portion of
the larger landslides.
Surface Drainage Control Works The surface drainage control works are
implemented to control the movement of landslides accompanied by infiltration
of rain water and spring flows.
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DROUGHT
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
natural event that provides the water in a given geographical region. The more
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DISASTER MANAGEMENT
the imbalance in supply the higher is the drought. The following will help
explaining this general definition of the drought further.
It is a slow on-set disaster and it is difficult to demarcate the time of its
onset and the end.
Any unusual dry period which results in a shortage of useful water.
Drought is a normal, recurrent feature of climate. Climate is expected to
show some aberrations and drought is just a part of it.
Drought can occur by improper distribution of rain in time and space, and
not just by its amount.
Drought is negative balance between precipitation and water use (through
evaporation, transpiration by plants, domestic and industrial uses etc) in a
geographical region.
The effects of drought accumulate slowly over a considerable period of time.
Mitigation Measures
There are various mitigation strategies to cope up with drought.
1. Public Awareness and education: If the community is aware of the dos
and donts, then half of the problem is solved. This includes awareness on the
availability of safe drinking water, water conservation techniques, agricultural
drought management strategies like crop contingency plans, construction of
rain water harvesting structure. Awareness can be generated by the print,
electronic and folk media.
2. Drought Monitoring: It is continuous observation of the rainfall situation,
availability of water in the reservoirs, lakes, rivers etc and comparing with the
existing water needs in various sectors of the society.
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DISASTER MANAGEMENT
References:
http://dmc.kar.nic.in/default.htm
www.drought.unl. Edu
http://www.fema.gov
www.imd.ernet.in
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DISASTER MANAGEMENT
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QUESTION 4
Many natural and manmade hazards can be
predicted before their onset. In most cases,
Technology now has made it possible to act before
disaster
strikes.
Predicting
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different
hazards
PRIDCTON
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
(20)
1. Collecting Data
2. Analyzing data o assess the hazard
3. Translating data into a warning and disseminating it to the general
public and the disaster task force.
Many natural and manmade hazards can be predicted before their onset. In
most cases, technology now makes it possible to act before disaster strikes.
Each country has different organizations that poses equipment and monitoring
systems for different types of hazards. Prediction is based on the scientific data
and information collected from different sources, which is simulated through
various models and finally analyzed to determine the impacts that an identified
hazard can have.
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DISASTER MANAGEMENT
In fact, prediction is a means for hazard assessment, warning and alert systems.
Most natural hazards are linked to atmospheric and climate changes, which are
predictable. Within industrial and commercial settings many technological
hazards can also be predicted using different alarm systems. For example, it is
possible to predict the onset of major storms or torrential rains and floods with
fair accuracy, often a few days in advance.
Some well known international sources of prediction and forecasts of natural
hazards are:
The World Weather Watch (mainly for tropical storms)
Seismological facilities in various countries (for monitoring of earth
movements providing geographical co-ordinates of the movements and
intensities)
The Tsunamis Center at the Pacific Warning Center in Honolulu (for
Tsunamis in the Pacific Ocean)
National sources for prediction may include:
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
temperature,
clouds
visibility,
rainfall,
radiations,
dew
point
SATELLITE IMAGES
Accuracy of weather forecasts depends upon the availability of high resolution
satellite pictures. These systems can also be used for identifying fishing
grounds, detecting forest fires and monitoring crop conditions.
WATHER RADARS
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DISASTER MANAGEMENT
Storm
warming
weather
radars
are
often
used
for
tracking
cyclonic
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ETPCFQOMSAURLDIN
ITRHNMDSFZAOE
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
The following table lists common information needed for timely prediction or
forecasting of some natural hazards.
Disaster
Cyclone
Floods
Drought
Information Needed
Cyclone track and intensity
Time and location of landfall prediction
Dissemination of warnings
Damage assessment
Implementation of relief plans
Area affected
Rainfall in catchments areas
Water levels (stream/storage areas)
Run-off predictions
Terrain relief and slopes
Extent of affected areas
Damage assessment
Rainfall anomalies and vegetable indices
Area affected
Estimate the damage assessment
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Earthquake
Landslides
References:
Disaster Management AIOU
www.iris.edu
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QUESTION 5
Elaborate
your
Organization
and
concept
about
Formation
of
Community
Community
Groups.
(20)
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COMUNITY
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
1. The need for change, 2.The effort to make that change and 3. The resistance
to change co-exists.
Types of Communities
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OMCTYUNZRGAI
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
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towards
common
purpose.
(Who
interact
with
one
another;
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4. Performing Stage
The group concentrates on the tasks to be achieved.
5. Adjourning Stage
When the group completes its work, which results in a change in the
relationship among its members.
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
References:
Disaster Management AIOU
www.scribd.com
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Community_organizing
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