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Mathuranathan December24,2013
Tips&Tricks,Tutorials 13Comments

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LatestArticles,SignalProcessing,

(4votes,average:5.00outof5)
Calculatingtheenergyandpowerofasignalwasdiscussedinoneof
thepreviousposts.Here,wewillverifythemethodbyusingDiscrete
FourierTransform(DFT)inMatlab.Checkheretoknowmoreonthe
conceptofpowerandenergy.
Thetotalpowerofasignalcanbecomputedusingthefollowing
equation

6HDUFK$UWLFOHV
1
Px =

n=N 1

lim
N

|x(n)|

(1)

n=0

6HDUFK

Forotherformsofequations:referhere.
3DUWLFLSDWH

&DVH6WXG\
x(t)

isasinewaveofamplitudeA andfrequency f representedby

thefollowingequation.

x(t) = Asin(2fc t)

Whenrepresentedinfrequencydomain,itwilllookliketheoneon
therightsideplotinthefollowingfigure.Thisisevidentfromthefact
thatthesinewavecanbemathematicallyrepresentedbyapplying
Eulersformula.

)ROORZ8V
e

j2f t
c

Asin(2fc t) = A

j2f t
c

'LJLWDO&RPPXQLFDWL

2j

OLNHV

TakingtheFouriertransformofx(t)torepresentitinfrequency
domain,
/LNH3DJH

X(f ) = F [Asin(2fc t)] =

j2f t
c

j2f t
c

]e

j2f t

A
dt =

2j

2j

[(f fc ) (f + fc )]

%HWKHILUVWRI\RXUIULHQGVWROLNHWKLV

Whenconsideringtheamplitudepart,theabovedecompositiongives
twospikesofamplitudeA/2oneithersideofthefrequencydomainat
fc

andf .
c

GaussianWave
Follow
+ 362

Squaringtheamplitudesgivesthemagnitudeofpowerofthe
individualspikes/frequencycomponents.Thepowerspectrumis
plottedbelow.

5DWLQJV
SimulationofDigital
CommunicationSystems
UsingMatlab[eBook]
SecondEdition

72votes
HowtoplotFFTusingMatlab
FFTofbasicsignals:Sine

ThusifthepuresinewaveisofamplitudeA=1Vand
frequency=100Hz,thepowerspectrumwillhavetwospikesofvalue
2

A /4 = 0.25

be A

at100Hzand100Hzfrequencies.Thetotalpowerwill

/4 + A /4 = 0.25 + 0.25 = 0.5W

andCosinewaves
26votes
SimulationandAnalysisof
WhiteNoiseinMatlab

Letsverifythisthroughsimulation.

21votes
Topbooksonbasicsof

6LPXODWLRQDQG9HULILFDWLRQ

CommunicationSystems
13votes

Asinewaveof100Hzfrequencyandamplitude1Vistakenforthe

MIMODiversityandSpatial

experiment.

Multiplexing

11

votes
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10

A=1; %Amplitude of sine wave

Fc=100; %Frequency of sine wave
Fs=1000; %Sampling rate - oversampled by the rate of 10
Ts=1/Fs; %Sampling period
nCycles=200; %Number of cycles of the sinewave

subplot(2,1,1);
t=0:Ts:nCycles/Fc-Ts; %Time base
x=A*sin(2*pi*Fc*t); %Sinusoidal function
stem(t,x); %Plot command

Asinusoidalwaveof10cyclesisplottedhere

QPSKmodulationand
Demodulation

10votes
FFTandSpectralLeakage
9votes

5HFHQW3RVWV
HowtointerpretFFTresults
obtainingmagnitudeand
phaseinformation
HowtoInterpretFFTresults
complexDFT,frequencybins
andFFTShift
Lauched:NewQ&Aforumfor
discussions

SignificanceofRMS(Root
MeanSquare)value

0DWODEV1RUPIXQFWLRQ

InvitationtoSubmityourwork
forpublicationat
gaussianwaves.com

Matlabsbasicinstallationcomeswithnormfunction.Thepnorm
inMatlabiscomputedas
1/p

n=N 1

N ORM (v, p) = (

|x(v)| )

(2)

HowtogenerateAWGNnoise
inMatlab/Octave(without
usinginbuiltawgnfunction)

n=0

Bydefault,thesingleargumentnormfunctioncomputed2norm
givenas
1/2

n=N 1

N ORM (v) = N ORM (v, 2) = (

n=0

|x(v)| )

PhysicalTelepresence:Say
goodbyetoSkype,Facetime:
Thisisthefutureof
communication.

(3)

HardwareImplementationof
Goldcodegenerator
ConstructingtheAuto
CorrelationMatrixinMatlab
Constructingarectangular
constellationforMQAMusing

Tocomputethetotalpowerofthesignalx[n](asinequation(1)

KarnaughMapwalks

above),allwehavetodoiscomputenorm(x),squareitanddivide

CapacityofaMIMOsystem
overFadingChannels

bythelengthofthesignal.
1 L=length(x);
2 P=(norm(x)^2)/L;
3 sprintf('Power of the Signal from Time domain %f',P);

Theabovegivenpieceofcodewillresultinthefollowingoutput
1 Power of the Signal from Time domain 0.500000

9HULI\LQJWKHWRWDO3RZHUE\')7)UHTXHQF\
'RPDLQ
Here,thetotalpowerisverifiedbyapplyingDFTonthesinusoidal
sequence.Thesinusoidalsequencex[n]isrepresentedinfrequency
domainX[f ] usingMatlabsFFTfunction.Thepowerassociatedwith
eachfrequencypointiscomputedas

P x [f ] = X[f ]X [f ]

Finally,thetotalpoweriscalculatedasthesumofallthepointsinthe
frequencydomainrepresentation.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7

X = fft(x);
Px=sum(X.*conj(X))/(L^2); %Compute power with proper scaling.
subplot(2,1,2)
% Plot single-sided amplitude spectrum.

stem(Px);
sprintf('Total Power of the Signal from DFT %f',P);

ErgodicCapacityofaSISO
systemoveraRayleighFading
channelSimulationin
Matlab
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afadingchannel
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Information(CSI)and
Conditionnumber
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5HFHQW&RPPHQWV

5HVXOW
1 Total Power of the Signal from DFT 0.500000

sakshamaghoslyaHelloSir,
>Yourfinalexpressionfor
transmi...

MathuranathanThanksfor
spottingthat.Willcorrectthe

mistake...

PTMIthinkthereisalittle
mistakeincodecomments...

AwordonMatlabsFFT:MatlabsFFTisoptimizedforfaster
performanceifthetransformlengthisapowerof2.Thefollowing

MathuranathanThanksfor

snippetofcodesimplycallsfftwithoutthetransformlength.Inthis

yourcomment...

case,thewindowlengthandthetransformlengtharethesame.This
istosimplifythecalculationofpower.Youcanrewritethecalltothe
FFTroutinewithtransformlengthsettonextpoweroftwowhichis
greaterthanorequaltothewindowlength(sequencelength).Then

MathuranathanThanksfor
yourcomment....

thesteptocomputetotalpowerwillbedifferingslightlyinthe
denominator.Butthatwillnotimproveresolution(Remember:zero
paddingtocomputeFFTwillnotimproveresolution).
HaoYithetwosourcesof

Alsonotethatintheabovesimulationweareusingapuresinusoid.
Theentiresequenceofsinusoiddefinedallthecyclescompletely.

spectralleakagehaveconfused
...

Therearenodiscontinuitiesinthesequence.IfyoucallFFTwiththe
transformlengthsettonextpowerof2(asgiveninMatlabmanuals),
itwillpadadditionalzerostothesequenceandcreatesdiscontinuities

MathuranathanThanksfor

intheFFTcomputation.Thiswillleadtospectralleakage.FFTand

pointingitout...

spectralleakageisdiscussedhere.

5HFRPPHQGHG%RRNVRQ6LJQDO
3URFHVVLQJ

MathuranathanIwas
plottingtheNONnormalized
magnitudespectr...

YamunaHiSir,Intheabove
examplewhenIgavethe...

JAYAPRAKASHPHi,iam
doingmymtechfinalyear