1.

Bibliography
2. What is Leave No Trace
1. 7 Principles
-Plan Ahead and Prepare
- travel and camp on durable Surface
-Dispose of waste Properly
-Leave what you find
-Minimize camfire Impacts
-Respect Wildlife
-Be considerate
https://lnt.org/learn/7-principles
https://books.google.com/books?
hl=en&lr=&id=fjHqgAWuC6EC&oi=fnd&pg=PA9&dq=Leave+no+trace+impact+on+environment&
ots=2-69YseN8A&sig=ql919oGgNQbOpvYSL6LZZK9Lk1A#v=onepage&q=Leave%20no
%20trace%20impact%20on%20environment&f=false
3. How waste affects the environment
http://education.seattlepi.com/littering-affect-environment-6802.html
Proper Disposal (Principle 4)
-Dig and Bury
-Pack it Out
-Smear and Toss
Riks of Pollution
It's a disease impact, water quality impact, social and aesthetic impact and it's something
that a lot of people just have a hard time dealing with. -Ben Lawhon
Different water-born illnesses are correlated to human use of a given area, said Jason Martin
Guardia lambila Parasite
Cryptosporidiosis
Hepatitis A

4. How human use affects the trails and mountain systems

http://www.walkingandhiking.co.uk/environmental-impact-caused-walking-hiking.html
http://www.americantrails.org/resources/wildlife/Visitor-use-Appalachian-Trail.html
http://www.parks.ca.gov/pages/795/files/ecologicalimpactsrecreationalusers.pdf
https://www.uvm.edu/~snrvtdc/trails/erosionalimpactofhikers.pdf
http://www.trailspace.com/articles/backcountry-waste-disposal.html

-The loss of biodiversity due to forest destruction, overgrazing or excessive burning. Such
impacts can have profound effects on the natural vegetation cover, richness of animal species
and the loss of soil and vegetation through erosion. The wild, unspoiled character of mountain
areas is diminished.
Massive or intrusive changes to the landscape. Large scale mineral workings, hydroelectric or
water supply schemes, roads, railways, pylons and telecommunications structures, ski slope
facilities and buildings, especially those associated with some tourism developments and
industries, can give cause for particular concern.
Climate change and pollution, through the contamination of air or water and the intrusive noise
of motor vehicles and aircraft. There are virtually no mountain areas in the world where the
signs of pollution are absent and the whole world is affected by the processes of climate
change. Mountaineers need to consider to what extent their own activities are contributing to
pollution problems and how, in relation to wider society, mountaineers can use their influence to
make the world a less polluted place.

http://www.backcountryattitude.com/biodegradable_soap.html
http://www.rei.com/learn/expert-advice/water-risks.html
What does biodegradable mean? Well by definition it means capable of being decomposed by
biological agents like bacteria. Materials are usually deemed biodegradable if they break down
to at least 90% h2O, CO2 and biomass within 6 months, although some materials may take
years to biodegrade. Keep in mind that biodegradability doesn't necessarily mean
environmentally friendly.
Biodegradable soap is NOT biodegradable when it ends up in a river or lake because it requires
soil for it to breakdown properly.
Biodegradable soap is NOT NATURAL.... it is a chemical.
If you wouldn't want to drink it then keep it out of water sources.

6. Everest
http://www.theguardian.com/world/2006/oct/08/conservation.environment
http://www.dw.com/en/taking-control-of-everest-climbers-environmental-impact/a-17502443
http://adventure.howstuffworks.com/outdoor-activities/climbing/mt-everest-tourism2.htm
http://science.howstuffworks.com/environmental/green-science/everest-global-warming.htm
http://www.dw.com/en/everyday-everest-madness/a-15983603

https://developmentwikitourism.wikispaces.com/
How+tourism+affected+the+development+of+N
epal

http://science.howstuffworks.com/environmental/green-science/everest-global-warming.htm
https://developmentwikitourism.wikispaces.com/How+tourism+affected+the+development+of+N
epal
Nepalese authorities say that the number of visitors to Sagarmatha National Park, where
Everest lies, has roughly tripled in the past 20 years.
The frigid temperatures mean trash does not biodegrade.
(find out the coldest temp something can biodegrade) (Avg temperature at altitudes
Over the past six decades, an estimated 50 tons of trash has been left on Mount Everest, giving
it the nickname "the world's highest garbage dump."
Now Nepal's tourism ministry has acted, deciding that from this April forward, every climber
going beyond the base camp will be required to bring back at least eight kilograms (17.6
pounds) of their personal waste and hand it over to officials stationed there. That's the amount
the government estimates an exhausted climber discards along the way. The aim is to make
sure that no new trash will be left on Everest.
If climbers don't bring back their garbage, the tourism ministry will take legal action against
them, Nepalese officials said. But what exactly these legal actions entail remains unclear as
well.
To this point, Everest climbers have had to pay a deposit of $4,000 (2,900 euros) that was
refunded after proving that they brought back everything they took up the mountain, but
enforcement has been difficult.
According to Janow, Mount Everest can push even the most experienced climbers to their limit
and if someone doesn't pick up all of their trash, it doesn't mean that this mountaineer doesn't
care about the environment or is lazy.
"We have to put a stop to mass tourism on Mount Everest," demands mountaineer Reinhold
Messner of South Tirol, the first person in the world to ascend all 14 mountains over 8,000
meters. "As long as a Disneyland mentality reigns there, people will die.
While trash remains problematic, energy sources for feeding and housing thousands of tourists
each year are growing scarce. When Sherpas first settled in the Khumbu valley in the 1500s, the

forests were lush with plant life. Today, the tree line continues to descend to lower altitudes, as
firewood is burned for heating, cooking and hot showers. Environmental groups have urged
villagers, business owners and climbers to use kerosene instead of firewood, but the conversion
is a slow process. The rate that tourists consume energy is also far higher than Sherpas since
they are more accustomed to it in their more industrialized nations.
Peter Hillary said that base camp at Everest has slid from an elevation of 5,320 meters, when
his father climbed Everest, to 5,280 meters and continues to sink each year. The younger
Hillary, who has scaled Everest twice, also warned of the effects of glacial lakes bursting. Glacial
lakes that fill up with too much water can breach their natural barriers -- which themselves are
frequently made of ice -- unleashing a massive flood. (We recently wrote about a lake in Chile
that disappeared because of the same effect.)
Beyond the effects on the immediate area, the glaciers of the Himalayas have worldwide
importance. These glaciers contain 40 percent of the world's fresh water, feed nine large rivers
and provide one-sixth of the world's drinking water. The fluctuations in the local water supply
have caused desertification in some areas, which makes it difficult for farmers to irrigate their
crops. Large rivers have appeared in some areas where they did not exist before (and at the
expense of other streams).
There is no waste treatment or recycling facility around Everest, and every year, 36.5 million
tons of wastewater flow into the Lhasa River.

"The Leave No Trace Seven Principles." The Leave No Trace Seven Principles. Web. 30 Nov.
2015.
"How Does Littering Affect the Environment?" Education. Web. 30 Nov. 2015.
"Environmental Impact Caused By Walkers." Environmental Impact Caused By Walkers. Web.
30 Nov. 2015.
"Resources and Library:." Studying Impacts of Visitor Use on the Appalachian Trail. Web. 30
Nov. 2015.

"Human Waste Disposal in the Backcountry: How to Pee and Poop in the Woods." Trailspace.com. Web. 30 Nov. 2015.
"Even Biodegradable Soap Can Pollute Water Sources." Even Biodegradable Soap Can Pollute
Water Sources. Web. 30 Nov. 2015.
"Backcountry Water: What Are the Risks?" - REI Expert Advice. Web. 30 Nov. 2015.
http://www.theguardian.com/world/2006/oct/08/conservation.environment
http://www.dw.com/en/taking-control-of-everest-climbers-environmental-impact/a-17502443
"How Has Mount Everest Tourism Affected Nepal?" HowStuffWorks. 31 Mar. 2008. Web. 30
Nov. 2015.
Silverman, Jacob. HowStuffWorks. HowStuffWorks.com. Web. 30 Nov. 2015.
"Everyday Everest Madness | Sports | DW.COM | 29.05.2012." DW.COM. Web. 30 Nov. 2015.
Silverman, Jacob. HowStuffWorks. HowStuffWorks.com. Web. 30 Nov. 2015.
https://developmentwikitourism.wikispaces.com/How+tourism+affected+the+development+of+N
epal