TRAINERS ROAD MAP

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Topic: 1 - Basics of grammar
Time allocated: 1 hour
Things to be covered in 1 hour: Parts of speech
Subject verb and object, how to form simple sentences with the combination of these three.
How nouns can be replaced by pro nouns and logically move on to the types of nouns (proper nouns, pronoun,
common noun, collective nouns, abstract noun, and material noun)
An introduction on adjectives, articles, prepositions, conjunctions, tenses, phrases, clauses and punctuations.
(Illustrating what role each of these play in a sentence)

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Home work: Write 15 sentences on your own and encircle all the parts of speech present in the sentences.
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Topic: 2 -

Sentence Correction

Time allocated: 1 hour

Things to be covered in 1 hour: Types of errors that can creep into a sentence.
There are 5 types of error in sentences:
1. Articles mismatch
Ex: Taj Mahal is one of an Seven Wonders of aWorld
Taj Mahal is one of the Seven Wonders of the World
2. Tense errors
3. Subject verb agreement error

4. Parallelism error
5. Wrong usage of pronoun/ singular & plural forms.

Give detailed examples (10 for each type) of errors and how to correct them.

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Home work: Dictate only the incorrect statements.

Common errors in the use of articles
Incorrect: We live in village.
Correct: We live in a village. OR We live in the village.
Incorrect: She works in pub.
Correct: She works in a pub. OR She works in the pub.
A singular common noun (e.g. boy, girl, tree, country, teacher, village etc.) must have an article. A plural common
noun can be used with or without an article.
Incorrect: He is best player in the team.
Correct: He is the best player in the team.
Incorrect: She is fastest runner.
Correct: She is the fastest runner.
The definite article the must be used with superlative adjectives.
Incorrect: The Paris is big city.
Correct: Paris is a big city.
Incorrect: I live in the Mumbai.
Correct: I live in Mumbai.
If the noun is proper it will take no article. Note that a proper noun is the name of a particular person, place or thing.
Examples are: Sam, Mary, India, Paris, London etc.
Incorrect: The iron is a useful metal.
Correct: Iron is a useful metal.

Incorrect: The gold is yellow.

Correct: Gold is yellow.
Articles are not used with material nouns. Examples are: gold, silver, iron, wheat, rice etc.
Incorrect: We should not make noise.
Correct: We should not make a noise.
Incorrect: I have an urgent business.
Correct: I have urgent business. OR I have some urgent business.
Note these fixed expressions.
Incorrect: Do you sell eggs by kilo or by dozen?
Correct: Do you sell eggs by the kilo or by the dozen?
The is used in measuring expressions beginning with by.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Common Errors in the uses of Tenses
Incorrect: She was eat the lunch by two o clock
Correct : She will eat the lunch by two o clock
Incorrect: I lived in Brazil since three years.
Correct: I live in Brazil since three years.
Incorrect: I would go to the party last night.
Correct: I went to the party last night.
Tenses change on basis of the time at which the activity is performed.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Subject-Verb Agreement Error/ Incorrect Usage of Pronoun, Singular & Plural
Incorrect: Does you swim?
Correct : Do you swim?
Incorrect: They is going to watch the movie.
Correct: They are going to watch the movie.

Incorrect: Roy were not able to reach the scene on time.

Correct: Roy was not able to reach the scene on time.

The verb used in the sentence changes in accordance to the subject. It depends on whether the subject is of First
person Singular(I), Second person Singular(You), Third person Singular(He,She,it) or Plural (We, They) form.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Parallelism Errors
Incorrect: I will stop working on my speech and went to the movies.
Correct: I stopped working on my speech and went to the movies.
In writing, parallelism refers to balance and equality. In order for the reader to understand what the writer means,
the words must make sense in time and space. If you start talking about one thing one way, you cant midsentence switch to talking about something else a different way.
Incorrect: Sharon needs to work on grammar she needs to learn to spell.
Correct: Sharon needs to work on both gramma r and spelling .
Incorrect: Mary likes to shop and jogging.
Correct: Mary like both shopping and jogging .
Faulty parallelism usually involves a problem with verb form, but you should look for nouns, adverbs, and adjectives,
too.

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Topic: 3 Direct and Indirect Speech

Time allocated: 1 hour
Things to be covered in 1 hour:
Explain what is Direct speech and Indirect Speech along with rules in building a sentence and conversion of the
sentences from Direct to Indirect Speech.

Eg: Direct Speech: Jerry said I will finish the assignment and then I will go out to play
Indirect Speech: Jerry said that he would finish the assignment and then he would go out to play.
In Direct Speech the exact words of the speaker is used. As in Indirect speech the subject in the sentence is
changed to Third person. Note that the tense of the sentence remains the same.

Direct Speech: Sean says We can watch the game in my house

Indirect Speech: Sean says that we can watch the game in his house.

Direct Speech: Ethan said I will give the book by tomorrow

Indirect Speech: Ethan said that he would give the book by the following day.

Direct Speech: He says You can get the best pizza here
Indirect speech: He says that we can get the best pizza there.
If the sentence in the direct speech is in the past tense, then the words indicating nearness should be changed into
words showing distance as shown in the above sentences.
Home Work:
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Sentences are given in the direct speech. Change them into the indirect speech.
1. He said, I have got a toothache.
2. Manu said, I am very busy now.
3. Hurry up, she said to us.
4. Give me a cup of water, he told her.
5. She said, I am going to college.

6. She said to me, Thank you

7. Raju said, Gautam must go tomorrow.
8. Geetha says, My father is an Engineer.
9. He said, I have passed the physical test.
10. She said to me, You are my only friend.
11. I love you, he told me.
12. Where are you going? James asked Mary.
Answers:
1. He said that he had got a toothache.
2. Manu said that he was very busy then.
3. She told us to hurry up.
4. He asked her to give him a cup of water.
5. She said that she was going to college.
6. She thanked me.
7. Raju said that Gautam would have to go the following day.
8. Geetha says that her father is an Engineer.
9. He said that he had passed the physical test.
10. She told me that I was her only friend.
11. He told me that he loved me.

12. James asked Mary where she was going.

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Topic 4: Spotting the error

Duration: 1 hour
Topics to be covered:
Types of errors that can be spotted, in a sentence.
1. Errors based on adjectives
2. Errors based on nouns
3. Errors based on tenses
Good understanding of the parts of speech and tenses will help in finding the errors in a sentence. The participants
should be clear about how sentences are built when more than one adjective are used. How tenses play a major role
in the English language.
Errors based on adjectives:
Incorrect: Sita is more intelligent and wise than Rita.
Correct: Sita is more intelligent and wiser than Rita.
Incorrect: Shaq is more tall and strong than Michael.
Correct: Shaq is taller and stronger than Michael.
Two or more adjectives showing the qualities of same man or thing must be in the same degree.

Incorrect: This is the most unique building that I have seen.

Correct: This is the unique building that I have seen.
Some adjective always remain positive degree form i.e. form of adjective which does not show a comparison.

Errors based on nouns:

Incorrect: The cattle is gazing in the ground.

Correct: The cattle are gazing in the ground.

There are some nouns which seems to be in singular form, but they are used as plural nouns and always take a
plural verb.
Incorrect: The scenery of Kashmir are enchanting.
Correct: The scenery of Kashmir is enchanting.
There are some nouns which seems to be plural, but always take a singular verb.

Incorrect: It is three years degree course.

Correct: It is three year degree course.
Some nouns indicate length, measure, money, weight or number. When they are preceded by a numerical value,
their form will remain unchanged.

Incorrect: The Collector and District Magistrate are on leave.

Correct: The Collector and District Magistrate is on leave.
When two singular nouns pointing out the same thing or person, are joined by using 'and', than the verb will be
singular

Errors based on tenses:

Incorrect: India is independent for the last forty six years.
Correct: India has been independent for the last forty six years.

Incorrect: I am waiting for the mail since morning.

Correct: I have been waiting for the mail since morning.
When anything happened in the past and still continues in the present, the perfect continuous tense form of the
verb should be used.
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Home Work: The following sentence may contain an error. You have to find that part of the sentence which contains
the error. If there are no errors, choose E as your answer.
1. I have been living in this city since last several years but have never experienced any discrimination.
a) have been living
b) in this city
c) since last several years
d) have never experienced
e) No error
2. There was a big argument about if we should move to a bigger house.
a) There was
b) argument about
c) if we should
d) move to
e) No error
3. I found this bangle while digging in the backyard. I dont know who it belonged to.
a) I found
b) while digging in
c) in the backyard
d) who it belonged to
e) No error

4. The judge paid a lot of attention to that the master had abused the boy both physically and emotionally.
a) The judge paid
b) a lot of attention
c) attention to that
d) master had abused
e) No error
5. By next Christmas, we will have been here for eight years.
a) By next Christmas
b) will have been
c) here
d) for eight years
e) No error
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Topic 5: Articles and Prepositions

Duration : 1 hour
Topics to be covered: Detailed explanation about Articles (definite and indefinite) and Prepositions. List of
commonly used prepositions with their meanings will give the participants a clear idea of the usage and importance
of it in building a sentence.
Examples to be covered in class:
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Fill the blanks with suitable articles

1. We have

beautiful garden.

2.

Is fencing

3.

I'd like

4.

Can you give me

5.

Certainly. Oh! Wheres

6.

Is there

popular sport in

world? No, it isnt.

glass of orange juice please.

envelope, please?
envelope?

post office near here?

7. Theyre at

cinema.

8. My brother is in

classroom.

9. Would you like

hamburger?

10. Selena has got

cat.

11. What is
12.

Garden is full of roses.

cats name?

school is very cold. Hasnt it got

13. It has, but

central heating system?

central heating is broken down.

14. According to

National Weather Service.

15. Fourteen people died because of

dog.

Home work:
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Complete the exercise with convenient prepositions.
1. Nice

meet you.

2. Dont be late

school.

3. You are the new student

4. Are you a teacher
5-6. Jessica is

Portugal.
this school?

vacation. She is

Italy now.

7. What is this called

8. Look

English?

the flowers.

9. Adam's birthday is
10. Dont run

July.
the classroom.

11. Compare your answers

your partner.

12. This key holder is very special

13. Kittens and mice are
14. Write

the same place.

me soon.

15. Have you got a piece

paper?

16. Whats that CD for? It is

17. Im tall

my exam.

black hair and brown eyes.

18. We have got a house

19. I come

me.

a big garden.

a big family.

20. Match the pictures

the names.

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Topic 6: Active and Passive voice

Duration: 1 hour
Topics to be covered: Explaining active and passive voice with examples and explaining the rules to be used while
converting it. The importance of subject, verb and object. How they are shuffled between one another to give a
different dimension of the sentence but more or less communicating the same information.

Active voice: God loves all men.

Passive voice: All men are loved by God.

Active voice: Birds build nests.

Passive voice: Nests are built by birds.
When using the active voice, the subjects are the ones performing the action. In the passive voice, the verb takes
an object.
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Home Work:
Convert the following Sentences from active to passive voice.
1. He teaches English.
2. The child is eating bananas.
3. She is writing a letter.
4. The master punished the servant.
5. He was writing a book.
6. Who wrote this letter?
7. Somebody cooks meal every day.
8. He wore a blue shirt.

9. May God bless you with happiness!

10. They are building a house.
Convert the following sentence from passive to active voice:
1. A novel is being read by Mary
2. A stone was being thrown by the kid
3. A car has been bought by him
4. The door had been knocked at by someone
5. Yam is eaten by people in my country
6. The jackpot will be won by her
7. The mother tongue would be taught to him by her.
8. The fish is eaten by the cat
9. A book was offered to them by her
10. A letter was written to him by her.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Topic 7: Prefix and Suffix
Duration: 1 hour
Topics to be covered: Explaining what are prefix and suffix with the given list and their meanings.
How a mere addition of prefixes to a word gives a whole new meaning for the word. In the case of suffixes explain
the uses of adjective suffixes, adverb suffixes and noun suffixes and how these words can be used in a sentence.
Common Prefixes
PREFIX

MEANING

EXAMPLES

ante-

before

antenatal, anteroom, antedate

anti-

against, opposing

antibiotic, antidepressant, antidote

circum-

around

circumstance, circumvent, circumnavigate

co-

With

co-worker, co-pilot, co-operation

de-

off, down, away from

devalue, defrost, derail, demotivate

dis-

opposite of, not

disagree, disappear, disintegrate, disapprove

em-, en-

cause to, put into

embrace, encode, embed, enclose, engulf

epi-

upon, close to, after

epicentre, episcope, epidermis

ex-

former, out of

ex-president, ex-boyfriend, exterminate

PREFIX

MEANING

EXAMPLES

extra-

beyond, more than

extracurricular, extraordinary, extra-terrestrial

fore-

before

forecast, forehead, foresee, foreword, foremost

homo-

Same

homosexual, homonuclear, homoplastic

hyper-

over, above

hyperactive, hyperventilate

il-, im-, in-, ir-

Not

impossible, illegal, irresponsible, indefinite

im-, in-

Into

insert, import, inside

infra-

beneath, below

infrastructure, infrared, infrasonic, infraspecific

inter-, intra-

between

interact, intermediate, intergalactic, intranet

macro-

Large

macroeconomics, macromolecule

micro-

Small

microscope, microbiology, microfilm, microwave

mid-

middle

midfielder, midway, midsummer

mis-

wrongly

misinterpret, misfire, mistake, misunderstand

mono-

one, singular

monotone, monobrow, monolithic

non-

not, without

nonsense, nonentity, nondescript

omni-

all, every

omnibus, omnivore, omnipotent

para-

beside

parachute, paramedic, paradox

post-

After

post-mortem, postpone, post-natal

pre-

before

prefix, predetermine, pre-intermediate

re-

Again

return, rediscover, reiterate, reunite

semi-

Half

semicircle, semi-final, semiconscious

sub-

under

submerge, submarine, sub-category, subtitle

super-

above, over

superfood, superstar, supernatural, superimpose

therm-

Heat

thermometer, thermostat, thermodynamic

trans-

across, beyond

transport, transnational, transatlantic

tri-

Three

triangle, tripod, tricycle

PREFIX

MEANING

EXAMPLES

un-

Not

unfinished, unfriendly, undone, unknown

uni-

One

unicycle, universal, unilateral, unanimous

Common Suffixes
SUFFIX

MEANING

EXAMPLE

-acy

state or quality

democracy, accuracy, lunacy

-al

the action or process of

remedial, denial, trial, criminal

-ance, -ence

state or quality of

nuisance, ambience, tolerance

-dom

place or state of being

freedom, stardom, boredom

-er, -or

person or object that does a

specified action

reader, creator, interpreter, inventor,

collaborator, teacher

-ism

doctrine, belief

Judaism, scepticism, escapism

-ist

person or object that does a

specified action

Geologist, protagonist, sexist, scientist,

theorist, communist

-ity, -ty

quality of

extremity, validity, enormity

-ment

condition

enchantment, argument

-ness

state of being

heaviness, highness, sickness

-ship

position held

friendship, hardship, internship

-sion, -tion

state of being

position, promotion, cohesion

-ate

become

mediate, collaborate, create

-en

become

sharpen, strengthen, loosen

-ify, -fy

make or become

justify, simplify, magnify, satisfy

-ise, -ize

become

publicise, synthesise, hypnotise

NOUN SUFFIXES

VERB SUFFIXES

ADJECTIVE

SUFFIX

MEANING

EXAMPLE

-able, -ible

capable of being

edible, fallible, incredible, audible

-al

having the form or character of

fiscal, thermal, herbal, colonial

-esque

in a manner of or resembling

picturesque, burlesque, grotesque

-ful

notable for

handful, playful, hopeful, skilful

-ic, -ical

having the form or character of

psychological, hypocritical, methodical,

nonsensical, musical

-ious, -ous

characterised by

pious, jealous, religious, ridiculous

-ish

having the quality of

squeamish, sheepish, childish

-ive

having the nature of

inquisitive, informative, attentive

-less

without

meaningless, hopeless, homeless

-y

characterised by

dainty, beauty, airy, jealousy

-ly

related to or quality

softly, slowly, happily, crazily, madly

-ward, -wards

direction

towards, afterwards, backwards, inward

-wise

in relation to

otherwise, likewise, clockwise

SUFFIXES

ADVERB
SUFFIXES

HomeWork:
Make the opposite of these words using the following prefixes :
UN- IN- DIS- IL- IM- IR-

happy -

correct -

legible -

pack -

patient -

regular -

friendly -

lock polite -

visible -

employed -

agree -

legal -

possible -

honest -

appear -

Make adjectives by using the suffixes : -OUS , -AL , -Y , -IVE , -ABLE , -FUL , -LESS
danger create dirt drink care -

or

music fame politics use -

or

sun industry fog enjoy thought -

or

wash attract home comfort economy help -

or

wonder --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Topic 8:

Tenses

Duration: 1 hour
Topics to be covered: Detailed explanation about tenses and their importance with examples. Clarifying the usages
of the verbs in accordance to the subject or the noun and the time at which the action is performed. Usages of
gerunds and various forms of verbs that are used in sentence building.

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Home Work:
Fill "do", "does", "did", "was", "were", "will", "shall" and "are" in the blank

1. She
2. They

lazy this morning.

sleepy last night.

3. You

busy today.

4.

she talk with her friend every day?

5. They

playing on the playground now.

6. My mother
7. I

not cook food yesterday.

hungry yesterday.

8.

we wear uniform every day?

9.

he work hard last week?

10. I

swim tomorrow.

11. Naree

not write a letter every month.

12. Tom and Tim

13. He

buy a new shirt tomorrow.

14. The soldier

15.
16. They
17. Suda

sitting at the back of the class.

not carry the oun yesterday.

the dog bark every night?

not like snakes.
go to Phuket next week.

18.

Somsak ride a bicycle every Sunday?

19.

they eatch fish tomorrow?

20. Where

she live?

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Topic 9: Sentence Completion:

Duration: 1 hour
Topics to be covered: Detailed explanations about parts of speech and its importance in sentence construction and
the importance of vocabulary in English communication.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Home Work:
Complete the sentence using the word or set of words for each blank that best fits the meaning of the sentence as a
whole.
1. This spinach omelet makes for ______ breakfast; it has the vegetables and protein needed for a healthy diet.
A. a delicious
B. a filling
C. a fortunate
D. an edible
E. a nutritious
2. Jerrys grandfathers house is full of ______ technology such as rotary-dial phones and other devices that are no
longer in use.
A. prehistoric

B. obsolete
C. current
D. broken
E. advanced
3. My younger brother constantly misbehaves and is always causing ______.
A. hostility
B. generosity
C. violence
D. courtesy
E. mischief
4. The teacher only has one copy of the worksheet right now, so she is going to ______ it and give the new copy to
her student.
A. translate
B. multiply
C. duplicate
D. plagiarize
E. expand
5. Montero was ______ about the upcoming investigation, and he was only made more ______ by the newspaper
accounts of it.
A. upset easygoing
B. angry frightened
C. relaxed stressed
D. anxious nervous
E. aggressive calm
6. Almost no one actually believes that the god Zeus lives on top of Mount Olympus; most people understand that
this is just a ______, not a reality.

A. poem
B. lyric
C. myth
D. sonnet E. counterfeit
7. The carpenter ant is ______ critter and is not at all ______.
A. an immense gigantic
B. an industrious lazy
C. a stupid ignorant
D. an active energetic
E. a tireless hardworking
8. The attorney suggested that the witness's testimony was ______ because the witness was a known liar.
A. sincere
B. amazing
C. insane
D. unreliable
E. innocent
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Topic 10:

Usage of Short cuts in elimination:

Duration: 1 hour
Topics to be covered: How to use the process of elimination, and make educated guesses.
The tick and cross, paper work method. Illustrate a few examples
Homework:
Use the method and reading comprehension and sentence correction questions studied before this training and
validate the method.

Topic 11:

Cloze Test

Duration: 1 hour
Topics to be covered: What is cloze test, how it can be solved.
Cloze reading test can be multiple choice, where you may be required to choose from a list of words to "fill in" the
blanks, or be required to select the best word to complete the sentence based on your vocabulary skills. In the latter,
the students answers may vary but are required to make grammatical sense.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Home Work:
Jill was walking to her class slowly. She was worried ___1___ the History test she would have to ___2___ that
morning. As she was reaching the classroom, a piece of paper suddenly fluttered down and ___3___ near her feet.
As Jill glanced down at the paper, her heart nearly ___4___ a beat. It was the History test paper complete ___5___
answers !
Jill's very first thought was not to ___6___ anyone about what she had found. She would memorize ___7___ the
answers and do extremely ___8___ in the test. After some hard thinking, however, she knew that it would be a very
___9___ thing to do. Besides, it would not be ___10___ to her classmates. In the ___11___ , Jill returned the paper
to her History teacher, Miss James.
"Thanks, Jill. I have been searching high and ___12___ for it," said the teacher.
"I...I've read all the questions ___13___, Miss James," Jill confessed.
Miss James ___14___ her not to worry as she would think of new questions for the test. Jill's ___15___ sank. She
was half hoping that the test ___16___ be cancelled. Nevertheless, she did her best in the new test later that day.
A few days later, the test papers were ___17___ to the class. Go her pleasant surprise, Jill discovered that she had
___18___ eighty marks.
"You know something," she told her friends. "I could easily have scored ___19___ marks if I had cheated on this test.
But I wouldn't be as pleased as I am ___20___ with the eighty marks I obtained."
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Topic 12: Verbal Analogies

Duration: 1 hour

Topics to be covered: Understanding the analogies of relationships between concepts.

Explain the importance of understanding relationships between two concepts and identifying the correct pair for the
given word. Also emphasis more on the importance of vocabulary in solving analogies.
Tips to solve analogies:

Try to determine the relationship between the first pair of words.

Eliminate any pairs in your answer choices that dont have the same relationship.

Try putting the first pair into a sentence: "Aspirin relieves a headache." Therefore, a nap relieves fatigue.

Sometimes paying attention to the words parts of speech helps. For example "knife" (noun) : "cut" (verb) : :
"pen" (also a noun) : "write" (also a verb).

Eg: 1. Paw:Cat then Hoof:?

1.
2.
3.
4.

Lion
Horse
Lamb
Elephant

Ans: Horse
Here the its clearly understood that the feet of a cat is called a paw, hence a hoof is the feet of a Horse.
2. Scribble : Write then Stammer : ?
A. Shout
B. Weep
C. Dance
D. Speak
Ans: Speak
It can be understood that scribble is an unclear way of writing, hence stammer is an unclear way of speaking.
It is very important to understand the meaning of the words and the connection between them to solve analogies.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Home work:
Solve the following Analogies:

1. arrival : departure : : ________ : death

life
person
birth
train
2. elbow : arm : : knee : _________
walking
finger
leg
nose
3. violence : activity : : melancholy : ________
evening
cruelty
mood
silence
4. truthfulness : court : : cleanliness : _________
virtue
restaurant
bath
pig
5. professor : ___________ : : musician : entertainment
pupils
school
homework
instruction
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Topic 14:

Inverse, Converse and Contra-Positive

Duration: 1 hour
Topics to be covered:
Explain how the shuffling between conditions in a given statements would give a different dimension to the
statement altogether. How the conditions in the statement can be changed in three ways and identifying whether
the conditions give a positive or the negative hyposthesis.
Given an if-then statement "if p, then q", we can create three related statements:
A conditional statement consists of two parts, a hypothesis in the if clause and a conclusion in the then clause.
For instance, If it rains, then they cancel school.
"It rains" is the hypothesis.
"They cancel school" is the conclusion.
To form the converse of the conditional statement, interchange the hypothesis and the conclusion.
The converse of "If it rains, then they cancel school" is "If they cancel school, then it rains."
To form the inverse of the conditional statement, take the negation of both the hypothesis and the conclusion.
The inverse of If it rains, then they cancel school is If it does not rain, then they do not cancel school.
To form the contrapositive of the conditional statement, interchange the hypothesis and the conclusion of the
inverse statement.
The contrapositive of "If it rains, then they cancel school" is "If they do not cancel school, then it does not
rain."
Statement

If p, then q.

Converse

If q, then p.

Inverse

If not p, then not q.

Contrapositive If not q, then not p.

If the statement is true, then the contrapositive is also logically true. If the converse is true, then the inverse is also
logically true.
Example 1:
Statement

If two angles are congruent, then they have the same

measure.

Converse

If two angles have the same measure, then they are

congruent.

Inverse

If two angles are not congruent, then they do not

have the same measure.

Contrapositive

If two angles do not have the same measure, then

they are not congruent.

In the above example, since the hypothesis and conclusion are equivalent, all four statements are true. But this will
not always be the case!

Example 2:
Statement

If a quadrilateral is a rectangle, then it has two pairs

of parallel sides.

Converse

If a quadrilateral has two pairs of parallel sides, then

it is a rectangle. (FALSE!)

Inverse

If a quadrilateral is not a rectangle, then it does not

have two pairs of parallel sides. (FALSE!)

Contrapositive

If a quadrilateral does not have two pairs of parallel

sides, then it is not a rectangle.

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Homework:
You are given two statements. The first is a conditional statement, and the second could be its converse, inverse,
or contrapositive. Sort them into a converse group, an inverse group, and a contrapositive group.
1a. If two angles are congruent, then they have the same measure.
1b. If two angles have the same measure, then they are congruent.
2a.If it snows, then school will be cancelled.
2b.If it does not snow, then school will not be cancelled.
3a. If you add two even numbers, then the sum will also be even.
3b.If the sum of two numbers is not even, then the two numbers you added were not even.
4a.If a polygon has six sides, then it is a hexagon.
4b.If a polygon is not a hexagon, then it does not have six sides.
5a.If a student has his drivers license, then he is at least 16 years old.
5b.If a student is at least 16 years old, then he has his drivers license.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Topic 15: Word Substitutions & Spell Check

Duration: 1 hour

Topics to be covered: Explaining how a single word can replace a whole phrase with examples and how it would help
the participants in improving vocabulary. Explain how it would help the participants in sentence building.
Eg:
One who drives a motor-car
A hater of mankind
An instrument of detecting earthquake
A lover of others
A person who is in-charge of a museum
One who lives on flesh
A shortened form of a word or phrase
One who carves in stone
One who does not believe in God
Life story of a man written by himself
Government by the noble
A fellow member of a profession
A sound that cannot be audible
A supposed cure for all disease or problems
A list of book
A Speech or presentation made without
preparation
Literary theft of ones original work under
his name
A strong desire to return home or homesickness
A person who is extremely desirous of
wealth
A hand writing that cannot be read
A position for which no salary is paid
A thing no longer in use
Anything that leads to death
A person who believes in fate
A citizen of word
An animals who preys on other animals
A study of the body
A person who talks a lot
The spectators or listeners assembled at a
performance

HOME WORK

Chauffeur
Misanthropist
Seismograph
Altruist
Curator
Carnivores
Abbreviation
Sculptor
Atheist
Autobiography
Aristocracy
Colleagues
Inaudible
Panacea
Catalogue
Extempore
Plagiarism
Nostalgia
Avarice
Illegible
Honorary
Obsolete
Fatal
Fatalist
Cosmopolitan
Predator
Physiology
Garrulous
Audience

Quick review : Please use the substitutions

in sentences of your own and check for
spellings
One who can do anything for money
One who knows many language
One who goes on foot

Mercenary
Polyglot
Pedestrian
Idiosyncrasy

A persons peculiar habit

One who is unmarried
Celibate
One who lives in a foreign country
Immigrant
A book written by an unknown author
Anonymous
A situation which cannot be avoided
Inevitable
A substance/material through which light
Opaque
cannot pass
One who knows everything
Omniscient
A person who is self-centered or selfish
Egoist
A post/ office with high salary but almost
Sinecure
no work
Area over which an officer has complete
Jurisdiction
control
Something prohibited by law
Illicit
A writing or speech in praise of someone
Eulogy
Unable to pay ones debt
Insolvent
Loss of memory
Amnesia
Something that cannot be corrected
Incorrigible
One who does not tired
Indefatigable
Free somebody from blame or guilt
Exonerate
One who does not make mistake
Infallible
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Topic 16: Parallelism

Duration: 1 hour
Topics to be covered;
Explain how the balance between two or more similar words, phrases or clauses is called parallelism in grammar.
How parallel construction prevents awkwardness, promotes clarity and improves writing style and readability.
Examples:

Nancy likes playing the piano, the trumpet and play the guitar.
Nancy likes the piano, the trumpet and the guitar.
Nancy likes playing the piano, the trumpet and the guitar.

She played basketball, had a shower and gone to school.

She played basketball, had a shower and went to school.

You can apply to the job by filling this form or apply by telephone.
You can apply to the job by filling this form or you can apply by telephone.

Rules of parallelism
1. Parallelism is used to balance nouns with nouns, prepositional phrases with prepositional phrases,
participles with participles, infinitives with infinitives, clauses with clauses.
2. Parallelism is used with elements joined by coordinating conjunctions.
My mother likes cooking and to read.
My mother likes cooking and reading
3. Parallelism is used with elements in lists or in a series.
This task can be done individually, in pairs, or can be done in groups of four.
This task can be done individually, in pairs, or in groups of four.
4. Parallelism is used with elements being compared.
She is mad about watching TV more than to read a book .
She is mad about watching TV more than reading a book.
5. Parallelism is used with elements joined by a linking verb or a form of be
To learn is understanding the world.
To learn is to understand the world.
6. Parallelism is used with elements joined by linking words.
The teacher not only wants his students to keep quiet but also to do the task .
The teacher wants his students not only to keep quiet but also to do the task .
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Homework:
Complete the exercises using Parallel Structure.
A. In the four sentences below, circle the correct word or phrase that gives the sentence correct parallel structure.
1. Justin was excited about inviting friends over, eating a good meal, and ___ . a. a game of cards.
b. to play cards.
c. ...playing a game of cards.
2. I have always enjoyed reading the book more than _____________________. a. I watched the movie version.
b. watching the movie.
c. to watch the movie.

3. When the weather outside is cold and ________, I like to be indoors. a. starting to get windy
b. windy
c. getting windy
4. Running, lifting, and ____________ are three of Ashleys favorite exercises. a. racquetball
b. a spinning class
c. bicycling
B. In the sentences below, write a word or phrase in the blank that gives the sentence Parallel Structure.
1. The little girl liked eating cookies better than _____________________________ at her grandmothers house.
2. Students like to sleep, relax and _______________________________________ during the summer.
3. He went to the store to pick up a carton of milk and two ____________________.
4. Food, shelter, and ___________________________________________________ are all I need to survive on a
deserted island.
5. ______________________________________ is much better than a visit to the dentist.
(Answers: A. 1.c, 2. b, 3. b, 4. c <> B. 1: -ing verbal, e.g. drinking milk 2. Infinitive Verb, e.g. travel 3. Plural Noun,
e.g. dozen eggs 4. Noun or Nown Phrase, e.g. water 5. Noun or Noun Phrase, e.g. a trip to the zoo)
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Topic 17: Analyzing Arguments:

Duration: 1 hour
Topics to be covered:
Understanding how to bring solutions to problems from the given options. Explain why understanding a problem will
give clarity in identifying the best possible solution. Importance of reading and understanding.
Ex:
1. One New York publisher has estimated that 50,000 to 60,000 people in the United States want an anthology that
includes the complete works of William Shakespeare. And what accounts for this renewed interest in
Shakespeare? As scholars point out, his psychological insights into both male and female characters are amazing
even today.
This paragraph best supports the statement that
A.

Shakespeare's characters are more interesting than fictional characters today.

B.

people even today are interested in Shakespeare's work because of the characters.

C.

academic scholars are putting together an anthology of Shakespeare's work.

D.

New Yorkers have a renewed interested in the work of Shakespeare.

E.

Shakespeare was a psychiatrist as well as a playwright.

Answer: Option B
Explanation:
The last sentence in the paragraph clearly gives support for the idea that the interest in Shakespeare is due to the
development of his characters. Choice a is incorrect because the writer never makes this type of comparison. Choice
c is wrong because even though scholars are mentioned in the paragraph, there is no indication that the scholars are
compiling the anthology. Choice d is wrong because there is no support to show that most New Yorkers are
interested in this work. There is no support for choice e either.
2. One of the warmest winters on record has put consumers in the mood to spend money. Spending is likely to be
the strongest in thirteen years. During the month of February, sales of existing single-family homes hit an annual
record rate of 4.75 million.
This paragraph best supports the statement that
A.

consumer spending will be higher thirteen years from now than it is today.

B.

more people buy houses in the month of February than in any other month.

C.

during the winter months, the prices of single-family homes are the lowest.

D.

there were about 4 million homes for sale during the month of February.

E.

warm winter weather is likely to affect the rate of home sales.

Answer & Explanation

Answer: Option E
Explanation:
This is clearly the best answer because the paragraph directly states that warm weather affects consumers
inclination to spend. It furthers states that the sales of single-family homes was at an all-time high. There is no
support for choice a or c. Choice b is wrong because even though there were high sales for a particular February,
this does not mean that sales are not higher in other months. Choice d presents a misleading figure of 4 million.
The paragraph states that the record of 4.75 million was at an annual, not a monthly, rate.

Home Work:
Read the paragraph carefully and determine the main point the author is trying to make. What conclusion can be
drawn from the argument? Each paragraph is followed by five statements. One statement supports the author's
argument better than the others do.
1. Generation Xers are those people born roughly between 1965 and 1981. As employees, Generation Xers tend to
be more challenged when they can carry out tasks independently. This makes Generation Xers the most
entrepreneurial generation in history.
This paragraph best supports the statement that Generation Xers
A.

work harder than people from other generations.

B.

have a tendency to be self-directed workers

C.

have an interest in making history

D.

tend to work in jobs that require risk-taking behavior.

E.

like to challenge their bosses work attitudes.

Answer & Explanation

Answer: Option B
Explanation:
The support for choice b is given in the second sentence of the paragraph. Generation Xers like to work
independently, which means they are self-directed. No support is given for either choice a or choice c. Choice d is
not related to the paragraph. Although the paragraph mentions that Generation Xers like to be challenged, it
does not say they like to challenge their bosses attitudes; therefore, choice e can be ruled out.
2. If you're a fitness walker, there is no need for a commute to a health club. Your neighborhood can be your health
club. You don't need a lot of fancy equipment to get a good workout either. All you need is a well-designed pair
of athletic shoes.
This paragraph best supports the statement that
A.

fitness walking is a better form of exercise than weight lifting.

B.

a membership in a health club is a poor investment.

C.

walking outdoors provides a better workout than walking indoors.

D.

fitness walking is a convenient and valuable form of exercise.

E.

poorly designed athletic shoes can cause major foot injuries.

Answer & Explanation

Answer: Option D
Explanation:By stating that fitness walking does not require a commute to a health club, the author stresses the
convenience of this form of exercise. The paragraph also states that fitness walking will result in a good workout.
Choice a is incorrect because no comparison to weight lifting is made. Choice b may seem like a logical answer,
but the paragraph only refers to people who are fitness walkers, so for others, a health club might be a good
investment. Choice c is not in the passage. Although choice e seems logical, the paragraph does not indicate that
the wrong shoes will produce major injuries.
3. In the past, consumers would rarely walk into an ice cream store and order low-fat ice cream. But that isn't the
case today. An increasing health consciousness combined with a much bigger selection of tasty low-fat foods in
all categories has made low-fat ice cream a very profitable item for ice cream store owners.
This paragraph best supports the statement that
A.

low-fat ice cream produces more revenue than other low-fat foods.

B.

ice cream store owners would be better off carrying only low-fat ice cream.

C.

ice cream store owners no longer think that low-fat ice cream is an unpopular item.

D.

low-fat ice cream is more popular than other kinds of ice cream.

E.

consumers are fickle and it is impossible to please them

Answer & Explanation

Answer: Option C
Explanation:
This choice is supported as the best answer because the paragraph indicates that low-fat ice cream was once an
unpopular item, but now, because consumers are more health conscious and because there is a wider array of
tasty low-fat foods, low-fat ice cream is a profitable item for ice cream store owners. There is no indication that
choices a, b, d,or e are true based on the information given.

Topic 18:
Critical Reasoning
Duration: 1 hour
Topics to be covered:

Directions
For this question, select the best of the answer choices given by critically examining choices and using the POE, when
necessary.
Question
The cost of producing radios in Country Q is ten percent less than the cost of producing radios in Country Y. Even
after transportation fees and tariff charges are added, it is still cheaper for a company to import radios from Country
Q to Country Y than to produce radios in Country Y.
The statements above, if true, best support which of the following assertions?

(A) Labor costs in Country Q are ten percent below those in Country Y.
(B) Importing radios from Country Q to Country Y will eliminate ten percent of the manufacturing jobs in
Country Y.
(C) The tariff on a radio imported from Country Q to Country Y is less than ten percent of the cost of
manufacturing the radio in Country Y.
(D) The fee for transporting a radio from Country Q to Country Y is more than ten percent of the cost of
manufacturing the radio in Country Q.
(E) It takes ten percent less time to manufacture a radio in Country Q than it does in Country Y.

Answer: (C)
Home work:
1) In order to combat Carvilles rampant homeless problem, Mayor Bloomfield recently proposed a ban on sleeping
outdoors in the citys many parks. He claims that such a measure will force the homeless to either leave Carville or to
find means other than sleeping in public parks.
Which of the following, if true, suggests that Mayor Bloomfields plan will be successful?
(A) Until the ban, the citys many homeless shelters were at less than fifty percent occupancy.
(B) Many homeless tend to congregate underneath Carvilles numerous overpasses.
(C) Adjacent cities have even tougher measures on the homeless sleeping outdoors.
(D) The percent of Carvilles population that has been homeless has been slowly decreasing in the last five years.
(E) Mayor Jonesmith, Mayor Bloomfields predecessor, had been far more tolerant towards the citys homeless
population.
2) Megalimpet is a nationwide owner of office space. They have major office buildings in the downtowns of several
cities in the 48 lower states, and rent this space to individual companies. Megalimpet office spaces vary from small
office to large suites, and every space has custom-designed wall-to-wall carpeting. The carpet in several Megalimpet
facilities needed replacing. The winning bid for the nationwide carpet replacement was submitted by Bathyderm
Carpet Company (BCC). The bid contract involves all delivery costs, all installation, and any ongoing maintenance

and upkeep while the carpet is under the three-year warranty. Both BCC executives and independent consultants
they hired felt BCC would be able to perform all these services for far less than their bid price; these circumstances
would allow BCC to reap a considerable profit.
Which of the following, if true, most calls in question the argument that BCC will make a large profit from this
contract with Megalimpet?
(A) All the carpets will have to be transported by train from BCC factory in Louisville, KY, to Megalimpets locations
from coast to coast.
(B) BCC has already supplied carpets to a number of restaurant chains, and some of those spaces are as large as
Megalimpets largest office spaces.
(C) The carpet installation teams will have to cut different sizes of the carpets for the different size office suites in
the Megalimpet buildings.
(D) The material in BCC carpets degrades rapidly when it comes into contact with standard toner, found in most laser
printers and photocopiers; the degraded sections are unsightly and smell bad, so they often need to be replaced.
(E) The next competing bid after BCCs was 50% higher than BCCs bid
3) A minor league baseball franchise experienced a drop in attendance this week after they suffered three losses by
margins of ten runs or more last week. Many spectators of those games wrote letters to the editors of the local
sporting news, complaining of the poor play of the team in those three losses. Nevertheless, the front office of this
baseball franchise maintains that the teams poor play in those three losses has nothing to do with this weeks
decline in attendance.
Which of the following, if true, most strongly supports the position held by the front office of the baseball franchise?
(A) The spectators who wrote letters to the local sporting news were long-standing fans of this minor league baseball
team.
(B) Many minor league baseball franchises attribute a drop in attendance to the quality of play of the team only after
a string of losses.
(C) Other minor league teams in that region of the state reported a similar drop in attendance this week.
(D) This was not the first time this team suffered multiple lopsided losses in a single week, prompting similar letters
to the local sporting news.
(E) This minor league team is over four hours from the closest major league team, so many of the minor league
teams fans do not often attend major league games.

4) In a few recent cases, some teenagers with advanced programming abilities used a new programming language,
FANTOD, to hack into ETS and change their own SAT scores. All of the teenagers convicted of this crime were highly
skilled in programming FANTOD. In light of these cases, some colleges have discounted the official SAT scores of
applicants with a knowledge of FANTOD, and have required them to take special admission tests in supervised
conditions on their own campuses.
Which of following conclusions can most properly be drawn from the information above?
(A) Most people who learn to program in FANTOD do so to commit some kind of hacking.
(B) Colleges should rely on their own admissions tests instead of the SATs
(C) Some students with knowledge of FANTOD are possibly placed at a disadvantage in the college admission
process.
(D) Students who learn FANTOD tend to have much lower SAT scores than do their peers.
(E) Some colleges have not set any special requirements for applicants who have demonstrated knowledge of
FANTOD
5) In the twentieth century, the visual arts have embarked on major experimentation, from cubism to
expressionism. While tastes always vary, there are certainly some people who find beautiful objects of each of the
art movements of the first half of the twentieth century. In the latter half of the twentieth century, though, most
works are so abstract or shocking that neither the critic nor the general public uses the word beautiful to describe
them: indeed, sometimes late twentieth-century artists have, as one of their expressed goals, the creation of a work
that no one could find beautiful. Whatever these artists are creating may be intellectually engaging at some level,
but it is no longer art.
Which of the following is an assumption that supports drawing the conclusion above from the reasons given for that
conclusion?
(A) Art critics generally have a different appraisal of a work of art than does the general public.
(B) The meaning of any work of art is defined entirely by the ideas of the artist who created it.
(C) Beauty is a defining quality of art.
(D) All art movements of the latter half of the twentieth century are responses to the movements of the first half of
the century.
(E) It is not possible for any work to be simultaneously beautiful and intellectually engaging.
6) The National Farm Administration (NFA) has been concerned over the last decade with the struggles of barley
growers.

Plan: In an effort to support these barley growers, two years ago, the NFA began a program of sending them, each
autumn, a free special mix of fertilizer and enzymes designed to multiply barley yield, to be applied the following
spring during first growth. This mix had been stunningly successful in multiplying the yield of barley in laboratory
conditions.
Results: Most barley growers reported little change in their economic status over this two year period.
Further information: All barley growers received the shipments, and all used them. Weather conditions have been
fair to optimal for barley growth over the past two years.
In light of the further information, which of the following, if true, does most to explain the result that followed the
implementation of the plan?
(A) During these two years, most of the barley growers reported using no other fertilizer besides the special mix sent
by the government.
(B) The trucks that drove the special mix from the depot in Wisconsin to the individual farms sometime took as much
as 4 or 5 days.
(C) Some of the enzymes in the special mix multiply the growth of a bacteria that feeds on the young barley plants.
(D) This program was implemented at a time when more than half of barley growers nationwide were reported
barely breaking even in their yearly expenses.
(E) This was the second such NFA program to aid barley growers; the first one, 14 years ago, was started with high
hopes, but did little to change their situation.
Answers
1. A 2. D 3. C 4. C 5. C 6. C
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Topic 19: Reading Comprehension
Duration: 1 hour
Topics to be covered: Types of RCs, methods of reading RC. 6 golden rules for an RC ( SCALE UP method ). Tips to
solve RC quickly
Cover all the technique to crack RC in detail.
Then as class work, make them solve annexure 1
Homework:
Directions (Q.111): Read the following passage carefully and answer the questions given below it. Certain words
are printed in bold in the passage to help you locate them while answering some of the questions.

What is immediately needed today is the establishement of a Wrold Government or an International Federation of
mankind. It is the utmost necessity of the world today, and all those persons who wish to see all human beings
happy and prosperous naturally feel it keenly. Of course, at times we feel that many of the problem of our political,
social, linguistic and cultural life would come to an end if there were one Govenment all ovet the world. Travellers,
businessmen, seekers of knowledge and teachers of righteousness knowvery well that great impediments and
obstructions are faced by them when they pass from one country to another, exchange goods, get information, and
make an efforts to spread their good gospel among their fellow-men. In the past, religious sects divided one set of
people against another, colour of skin or shape of the body set one against the other.
But today when philosophical light has exploded the darkness that was created by religious differences, and when
scientific knowledge has flasified the superstitions, they have enabled human beings of all religious views and of all
races and colours to come in frequent contactwith one another . It is the governments of various countries that keep
poeple of one country apart from, those of another. They create artificial barriers, unnatural distinctions, unhealthy
isolation, unnecessary fears and dangers in theminds of common menwho by their naturewant to live in
friendshipwith their fellow-men.But all these evilswould cease to exist if there were one Government all over the
world.
1. What divides people of a country against another?
(a) Different religions
(b) Different language
(c) Different social and political systems of different people
(d) Government of various countries
2. What is the urgent heed of the world today?
(a) The establishment of an international economic order.
(b) The establishment of a world government.
(c) The creation of a cultural international social order.
(d) The raising of an international spiritual army.
3. What will the world Government be expected to do?
(a) it will arrange for interplanetary contacts
(b) it will end all wars for all time to come
(c) it will bring about a moral regeneration of mankind
(d) it will kill the evil spirit In man.
4. Choose the word which is SIMILAR in meaning as the word "righteousness" as used in the passage.
(a) rectitude (b) religiosity
(c) requirement (d) scrupulousness5. Which of the following problems has not been mentioned in the passage as
likely to be solved with the establishment of world Government?
(a) Social Problems (b) Political Problems
(c) Cultural Problems (d) Economic Problems

6. Choose the word which is most OPPOSITE in meaning of the word 'implediments' as used in the passage.
(a) handicaps (b) furtherance
(c) providence (d) hindrances
7. The most appropriate title of the above passage may be ...........
(a) The evils of the world order.
(b) The man can make his destiny.
(c) The need of world Government.
(d) The role of Religion in theModern Times.
8. What was the factor, according to the passage, that set one man against another?
(a) Material prosperity of certain people in the midst of grinding poverty.
(b) Superior physical strength of some persons.
(c) Colour of skin or shape of the body.
(d) Some people being educated and other illiterate.
9. The theory of racial superiority stands falsified today by ........
(a) knowledge derived from scientific advances.
(b) the ascendancy of peoplewhowere here to fore considered of inferior racial stock.
(c) the achievements of the so called backward countries in every field of life.
(d) the precedence given to the physical powers of different races.
10. In the part religious sects .............
(a) united the people with one another.
(b) Interfered in political affairs.
(c) did a good job by way of spreading message of
love and peace.
(d) divided one set of people from another.
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Topic 20: Jumbled Sentences
Duration: 1 hour
Topics to be covered:

How to solve Para jumbles with ease.

Explaining the importance of reading and understanding.

How to identify continuity of a statement to give the best possible meaning.

METHOD:
Step1: Identify the Introduction or the first sentence.
Step2: Identifying the conclusion.
Step3: Logically arrange the rest of the sentences there after.

Homework:
Choose the most logical order of sentences from among the given choices to construct a coherent paragraph.
1. A. The two neighbours never fought each other.
B. Fights involving three male fiddler crabs have been recorded, but the status of the participants was unknown.
C. They pushed or grappled only with the intruder.
D. We recorded 17 cases in which a resident that was fighting an intruder was joined by an immediate neighbour, an
ally.
E. We therefore tracked 268 intruder males until we saw them fighting a resident male.
1. BEDAC 2. DEBAC 3. BDCAE 4. BCEDA

2. A. He felt justified in bypassing Congress altogether on a variety of moves.

B. At times he was fighting the entire Congress.
C. Bush felt he had a mission to restore power to the presidency.
D. Bush was not fighting just the democrats.
E. Representative democracy is a messy business, and a CEO of the White House does not like a legislature of second
guessers and time wasters.
1. CAEDB 2. DBAEC 3. CEADB 4. ECDBA
3. A. In the west, Allied Forces had fought their way through southern Italy as far as Rome.
B. In June 1944 Germanys military position in World War Two appeared hopeless.
C. In Britain, the task of amassing the men and materials for the liberation of northern Europe had been completed.

D. The Red Army was poised to drive the Nazis back through Poland. E. The situation on the eastern front was
catastrophic.
1. EDACB 2. BEDAC 3. BDECA 4. CEDAB
4. A. Experts such as Larry Burns, head of research at GM, reckon that only such a full hearted leap will allow the
world to cope with the mass motorisation that will one day come to China or India.
B. But once hydrogen is being produced from biomass or extracted from underground coal or made from water,
using nuclear or renewable electricity, the way will be open for a huge reduction in carbon emissions from the whole
system.
C. In theory, once all the bugs have been sorted out, fuel cells should deliver better total fuel economy than any
existing engines.
D. That is twice as good as the internal combustion engine, but only five percentage points better than a diesel
hybrid.
E. Allowing for the resources needed to extract hydrogen from hydrocarbon, oil, coal or gas, the fuel cell has an
efficiency of 30 %.
1. CEDBA
2. CEBDA
3. AEDBC
4. ACEBD
ANSWERS:

1. (1) 2. (2) 3. (2) 4. (1)