Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Mukesh N. Tekwani
Elphinstone College
Mumbai
The OSI model has 7 layers. The following principles were applied to arrive at the
seven layers:
1. The complex task of network architecture is divided into a set of functions.
2. A layer should be created where a different level of abstraction is needed.
3. Each layer should perform a well defined function.
4. The layer boundaries should be chosen to minimize the information flow across
the interfaces.
5. The number of layers should be large enough that distinct functions need not be
thrown together in the same layer out of necessity, and small enough that the
architecture does not become unwieldy. Functions which are similar are grouped
together within layers.
6. The internal design of a layer is independent of the function it provides.
7. Each layer knows only about its immediately adjacent layers. A layer utilizes the
services of the layer below and provides services to the layer above.
8. Each layer can be regarded as a black box
Network Model:
What is a model? – A model is a hypothetical description of a complex entity
or process. The process of data communication along a network is very
complex involving hardware and software.
Network model - A method of describing and analyzing data communications
networks by breaking the entire set of communications process into a number
of layers.
Network Architecture:
A set of layers and protocols is called a network architecture
It refers to the physical and logical design of a network
Protocol:
It is a formal description of message formats and the rules that two computers must
follow in order to exchange messages. This set of rules describes how data is
transmitted over a network. OSI is not a protocol. Protocols are needed for the
following reasons:
Application
Presentation
Session
Transport
Network
Data Link
Physical
Application Layer:
• This is the top layer of the reference model.
• Examples: email client, Internet browser, file transfer
• How can two applications communicate in a meaningful way? - The particular
needs of an application specify the communication characteristics at the
application layer.
• Contains protocols that allow the users to access the network (FTP, HTTP,
SMTP, etc
• Does not include application programs such as email, browsers, word processing
applications, etc
• Protocols contain utilities and network-based services that support email via
SMTP, Internet access via HTTP, file transfer via FTP, etc
Presentation Layer:
• Examples: compression, encryption
• What does the data look like? - The Presentation layer provides services that
affect how data passed between applications will look, such as character set
conversion, or encryption/decryption.
• Translation
o Different computers use different encoding systems (bit order
translation)
o Convert data into a common format before transmitting.
Session Layer
• Main functions of this layer are:
o Dialog control – allows two systems to enter into a dialog, keep a track
of whose turn it is to transmit
o Synchronization – adds check points (synchronization points) into
stream of data.
• How can more than one resource talk to only one of me? – The session layer
answers the need for individual hosts to support more than one active
connection at a time.
Transport Layer
• Main functions of this layer are:
o Responsible for source-to-destination delivery of the entire message
o Segmentation and reassembly – divide message into smaller segments,
number them and transmit. Reassemble these messages at the receiving
end.
o Error control – make sure that the entire message arrives without errors –
else retransmit.
• What if data arrives garbled or out of order or too fast? – The Transport Layer
provides end-to-end communication integrity. If a packet is missing or garbled,
or arrives out-of-order, or too soon, the protocol at this layer will attempt to
correct.
Network Layer
Main functions of this layer are:
o Responsible for delivery of packets across multiple networks
o Routing – Provide mechanisms to transmit data over independent
networks that are linked together.
o Network layer is responsible only for delivery of individual packets and
it does not recognize any relationship between those packets
Physical layer
• Functions of Physical Layer:
o Bit representation – encode bits into electrical or optical signals
o Transmission rate – The number of bits sent each second
o Physical characteristics of transmission media
o Synchronizing the sender and receiver clocks
o Transmission mode – simplex, half-duplex, full duplex
o Physical Topology – how devices are connected – ring, star, mesh, bus
topology
• Transmit raw bit-stream over physical cable.
• Define physical aspects of media, network cards, etc.
When a connection is established, the sender and receiver may conduct a negotiation
about parameters to be used such as maximum message size, data transfer speed, etc.
Connectionless service is modelled after the post office system. Each message
(letter) carries the full address of the destination system. Each message is routed
through the network system independent of the other messages. If two messages
are sent to the same destination, normally the first one to be sent should arrive
first. But it is possible that the second message arrives first. Since each message
(packet) is routed independently, the network cannot guarantee that all the
messages will arrive at the destination in the transmitting order. Different parts of
a message may travel along different routes.
Application
Transport
Internet
Data Link
Physical
The TCP / IP suite does not define any specific protocols at the data link and physical
layers.
The Application layer: This is equivalent to the combined OSI Session, Presentation,
and Application layers. All the functions handled by these 3 layers in the OSI model
is handled by the Application layer. This layer contains the higher level protocols:
a. FTP – File Transfer Protocol – basic file transfer between hosts (computers)
b. SMTP – Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (for email)
c. HTTP – Hyper Text Transfer Protocol (for web browsing)
Transport Layer:
• This layer is represented by two protocols – TCP (Transmission Control
Protocol ) and UDP (User Datagram Protocol).
• UDP is simpler but is used when reliability and security are less important
than size and speed – such as speech and video where a loss of few data is
not significant, but speed is important.
At the destination, the lower layer passes the received information to its higher levels,
which in turn passes the data to the destination application. Each protocol layer
performs various functions which are independent of the other layers. Each layer
communicates with equivalent layers on another computer; this is called peer
interaction
• the application layer passes the data to the transport layer of the source
computer
• the transport layer
- divides the data into TCP segments
- adds a header with a sequence number to each TCP segment
- passes the TCP segments to the IP layer
• the IP layer
- creates a packet with a data portion containing the TCP segment
- adds a packet header containing the source and destination IP
addresses
- determines the physical address of the destination computer
- passes the packet and destination physical address to the datalink
layer
• the datalink layer transmits the IP packet in the data portion of a frame
Questions
======= X =======