What Is HTML

What is HTML?
HTML is a language for describing web pages.
HTML stands for Hyper Text Markup Language
HTML is not a programming language, it is a markup language
A markup language is a set of markup tags
HTML uses markup tags to describe web pages
HTML Tags
HTML markup tags are usually called HTML tags
HTML tags are keywords surrounded by angle brackets like <html>
HTML tags normally come in pairs like <b> and </b>
The first tag in a pair is the start tag, the second tag is the end tag
Start and end tags are also called opening tags and closing tags
HTML Documents = Web Pages
HTML documents describe web pages
HTML documents contain HTML tags and plain text
HTML documents are also called web pages
The purpose of a web browser (like Internet Explorer or Firefox) is to read HTML documents and display them as web
pages. The browser does not display the HTML tags, but uses the tags to interpret the content of the page:
<html>
<body>
<h1>My First Heading</h1>
<p>My first paragraph.</p>
</body>
</html>
Example Explained
The text between <html> and </html> describes the web page
The text between <body> and </body> is the visible page content
The text between <h1> and </h1> is displayed as a heading
The text between <p> and </p> is displayed as a paragraph
What You Need

You don't need any tools to learn HTML at W3Schools.
You don't need an HTML editor
You don't need a web server
You don't need a web site
Editing HTML
HTML can be written and edited using many different editors like Dreamweaver and Visual Studio.
However, in this tutorial we use a plain text editor (like Notepad) to edit HTML. We believe using a plain text editor is
the best way to learn HTML.
HTML Headings
HTML headings are defined with the <h1> to <h6> tags.
Example
<h1>This is a heading</h1>
HTML Paragraphs
HTML paragraphs are defined with the <p> tag.
Example
<p>This is a paragraph.</p>
<p>This is another paragraph.</p>
HTML Links
HTML links are defined with the <a> tag.
Example
<a href="http://www.w3schools.com">This is a link</a>
HTML Images
HTML images are defined with the <img> tag.
Example
<img src="w3schools.jpg" width="104" height="142" />
HTML Elements
An HTML element is everything from the start tag to the end tag:
Start tag *
Element content
End tag *
<p>
This is a paragraph
</p>
<a href="default.htm" >
This is a link
</a>
<br />
* The start tag is often called the opening tag. The end tag is often called the closing tag.
HTML Element Syntax
An HTML element starts with a start tag / opening tag
An HTML element ends with an end tag / closing tag
The element content is everything between the start and the end tag
Some HTML elements have empty content
Empty elements are closed in the start tag
Most HTML elements can have attributes
Tip: You will learn about attributes in the next chapter of this tutorial.
Nested HTML Elements

Most HTML elements can be nested (can contain other HTML elements).
HTML documents consist of nested HTML elements.
HTML Document Example

<html>
<body>
<p>This is my first paragraph.</p>
</body>
</html>
The example above contains 3 HTML elements.
HTML Example Explained

The <p> element:

The <p> element defines a paragraph in the HTML document.
The element has a start tag <p> and an end tag </p>.
The element content is: This is my first paragraph.
The <body> element:
<body>
</body>
The <body> element defines the body of the HTML document.
The element has a start tag <body> and an end tag </body>.
The element content is another HTML element (a p element).
The <html> element:
<html>
<body>
</body>
</html>
The <html> element defines the whole HTML document.
The element has a start tag <html> and an end tag </html>.
The element content is another HTML element (the body element).
Don't Forget the End Tag
Some HTML elements might display correctly even if you forget the end tag:
<p>This is a paragraph
The example above works in most browsers, because the closing tag is considered optional.
Never rely on this. Many HTML elements will produce unexpected results and/or errors if you forget the end tag .
Empty HTML Elements

HTML elements with no content are called empty elements.
<br> is an empty element without a closing tag (the <br> tag defines a line break).
Tip: In XHTML, all elements must be closed. Adding a slash inside the start tag, like <br />, is the proper way of
closing empty elements in XHTML (and XML).
HTML Attributes
HTML elements can have attributes
Attributes provide additional information about an element
Attributes are always specified in the start tag
Attributes come in name/value pairs like: name="value"
Attribute Example
HTML links are defined with the <a> tag. The link address is specified in the href attribute:
Example
<a href="http://www.w3schools.com">This is a link</a>
Always Quote Attribute Values

Attribute values should always be enclosed in quotes.
Double style quotes are the most common, but single style quotes are also allowed.
HTML Tip: Use Lowercase Attributes

Attribute names and attribute values are case-insensitive.
However, the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) recommends lowercase attributes/attribute values in their HTML 4
recommendation.
Newer versions of (X)HTML will demand lowercase attributes.
HTML Attributes Reference

A complete list of legal attributes for each HTML element is listed in our:
Complete HTML Reference
Below is a list of some attributes that are standard for most HTML elements:
Attribute
Value
Description
class
classname
Specifies a classname for an element
id
Id
Specifies a unique id for an element
style
style_definition
Specifies an inline style for an element
title
tooltip_text
Specifies extra information about an element (displayed as a

tool tip)
HTML Tag Reference

W3Schools' tag reference contains additional information about these tags and their attributes.
You will learn more about HTML tags and attributes in the next chapters of this tutorial.
Tag
Description
<html>
Defines an HTML document
<body>
Defines the document's body
<h1> to <h6>
Defines HTML headings
<hr />
Defines a horizontal line

White-space is Preserved in XML

HTML truncates multiple white-space characters to one single white-space:
HTML:
Hello
Output:
Hello Tove
Tove
With XML, the white-space in a document is not truncated.
XML Stores New Line as LF

In Windows applications, a new line is normally stored as a pair of characters: carriage return (CR) and line feed (LF).
In Unix applications, a new line is normally stored as an LF character. Macintosh applications also use an LF to store a
new line.
XML stores a new line as LF.
What is an XML Element?

An XML element is everything from (including) the element's start tag to (including) the element's end tag.
An element can contain:
other elements
text
attributes
or a mix of all of the above...
<bookstore>
<book category="CHILDREN">
<title>Harry Potter</title>
<author>J K. Rowling</author>
<year>2005</year>
</book>
<book category="WEB">
<title>Learning XML</title>
<author>Erik T. Ray</author>
<year>2003</year>
</book>
</bookstore>
In the example above, <bookstore> and <book> have element contents, because they contain other elements.
<book> also has an attribute (category="CHILDREN"). <title>, <author>, <year>, and <price> have text
content because they contain text.
XML Naming Rules

XML elements must follow these naming rules:
Names can contain letters, numbers, and other characters
Names cannot start with a number or punctuation character
Names cannot start with the letters xml (or XML, or Xml, etc)
Names cannot contain spaces
Any name can be used, no words are reserved.
Best Naming Practices

Make names descriptive. Names with an underscore separator are nice: <first_name>, <last_name>.
Names should be short and simple, like this: <book_title> not like this: <the_title_of_the_book>.
Avoid "-" characters. If you name something "first-name," some software may think you want to subtract name from
first.
Avoid "." characters. If you name something "first.name," some software may think that "name" is a property of the
object "first."
Avoid ":" characters. Colons are reserved to be used for something called namespaces (more later).
XML documents often have a corresponding database. A good practice is to use the naming rules of your database for
the elements in the XML documents.
Non-English letters like are perfectly legal in XML, but watch out for problems if your software vendor doesn't
support them.
XML Elements are Extensible

XML elements can be extended to carry more information.
Look at the following XML example:
<note>
<to>Tove</to>
<from>Jani</from>
</note>
Let's imagine that we created an application that extracted the <to>, <from>, and <body> elements from the XML
document to produce this output:
MESSAGE
To: Tove
From: Jani
Don't forget me this weekend!
Imagine that the author of the XML document added some extra information to it:
<note>
<date>2008-01-10</date>
<to>Tove</to>
<from>Jani</from>
</note>
Should the application break or crash?
No. The application should still be able to find the <to>, <from>, and <body> elements in the XML document and
produce the same output.
One of the beauties of XML, is that it can be extended without breaking applications.
XML Attributes
In HTML, attributes provide additional information about elements:
<img src="computer.gif">
<a href="demo.asp">
Attributes often provide information that is not a part of the data. In the example below, the file type is irrelevant to
the data, but can be important to the software that wants to manipulate the element:
<file type="gif">computer.gif</file>
XML Attributes Must be Quoted

Attribute values must always be quoted. Either single or double quotes can be used. For a person's sex, the person
element can be written like this:
<person sex="female">
or like this:
<person sex='female'>
If the attribute value itself contains double quotes you can use single quotes, like in this example:
<gangster name='George "Shotgun" Ziegler'>

or you can use character entities:
<gangster name="George "Shotgun" Ziegler">
XML Elements vs. Attributes

Take a look at these examples:
<person sex="female">
<firstname>Anna</firstname>
<lastname>Smith</lastname>
</person>
<person>
<sex>female</sex>
<firstname>Anna</firstname>
<lastname>Smith</lastname>
</person>
In the first example sex is an attribute. In the last, sex is an element. Both examples provide the same information.
There are no rules about when to use attributes or when to use elements. Attributes are handy in HTML. In XML my
advice is to avoid them. Use elements instead.
My Favorite Way
The following three XML documents contain exactly the same information:
A date attribute is used in the first example:
<note date="10/01/2008">
<to>Tove</to>
<from>Jani</from>
</note>
A date element is used in the second example:
<note>
<date>10/01/2008</date>
<to>Tove</to>
<from>Jani</from>
</note>
An expanded date element is used in the third: (THIS IS MY FAVORITE):
<note>
<date>
<day>10</day>
<month>01</month>
<year>2008</year>
</date>
<to>Tove</to>
<from>Jani</from>
</note>
Avoid XML Attributes?

Some of the problems with using attributes are:
attributes cannot contain multiple values (elements can)
attributes cannot contain tree structures (elements can)
attributes are not easily expandable (for future changes)
Attributes are difficult to read and maintain. Use elements for data. Use attributes for information that is not relevant
to the data.
Don't end up like this:
<note day="10" month="01" year="2008"

to="Tove" from="Jani" heading="Reminder"
body="Don't forget me this weekend!">
</note>
XML Attributes for Metadata

Sometimes ID references are assigned to elements. These IDs can be used to identify XML elements in much the
same way as the id attribute in HTML. This example demonstrates this:
<messages>
<note id="501">
<to>Tove</to>
<from>Jani</from>
</note>
<note id="502">
<to>Jani</to>
<from>Tove</from>
<heading>Re: Reminder</heading>
<body>I will not</body>
</note>
</messages>
The id attributes above are for identifying the different notes. It is not a part of the note itself.
What I'm trying to say here is that metadata (data about data) should be stored as attributes, and the data itself
should be stored as elements.
Well Formed XML Documents

A "Well Formed" XML document has correct XML syntax.
The syntax rules were described in the previous chapters:
XML documents must have a root element
XML elements must have a closing tag
XML tags are case sensitive
XML elements must be properly nested
XML attribute values must be quoted

<note>
<to>Tove</to>
<from>Jani</from>
</note>
Valid XML Documents

A "Valid" XML document is a "Well Formed" XML document, which also conforms to the rules of a Document Type
Definition (DTD):

<!DOCTYPE note SYSTEM "Note.dtd">
<note>
<to>Tove</to>
<from>Jani</from>
</note>
The DOCTYPE declaration in the example above, is a reference to an external DTD file. The content of the file is shown
in the paragraph below.
XML DTD
The purpose of a DTD is to define the structure of an XML document. It defines the structure with a list of legal
elements:
<!DOCTYPE
[
<!ELEMENT
<!ELEMENT
<!ELEMENT
<!ELEMENT
<!ELEMENT
]>
note
note (to,from,heading,body)>
to (#PCDATA)>
from (#PCDATA)>
heading (#PCDATA)>
body (#PCDATA)>
If you want to study DTD, you will find our DTD tutorial on our homepage.
XML Schema
W3C supports an XML-based alternative to DTD, called XML Schema:
<xs:element name="note">
<xs:complexType>
<xs:sequence>
<xs:element name="to" type="xs:string"/>
<xs:element name="from" type="xs:string"/>
<xs:element name="heading" type="xs:string"/>
<xs:element name="body" type="xs:string"/>
</xs:sequence>
</xs:complexType>
</xs:element>
XML Errors Will Stop You

Errors in XML documents will stop your XML applications.
The W3C XML specification states that a program should stop processing an XML document if it finds an error. The
reason is that XML software should be small, fast, and compatible.
HTML browsers will display documents with errors (like missing end tags). HTML browsers are big and incompatible
because they have a lot of unnecessary code to deal with (and display) HTML errors.
With XML, errors are not allowed.
Syntax-Check Your XML

To help you syntax-check your XML, we have created an XML validator.
Paste your XML into the text area below, and syntax-check it by clicking the "Validate" button.
Note: This only checks if your XML is "Well formed". If you want to validate your XML against a DTD, see the last
paragraph on this page.
Syntax-Check an XML File

You can syntax-check an XML file by typing the URL of the file into the input field below, and then click the "Validate"
button:
Filename:
http://w w w .w 3schools.com/xml/note_error.xml
Validate
Note: If you get an "Access denied" error, it's because your browser security does not allow file access across
domains.
The file "note_error.xml" demonstrates your browsers error handling. If you want see an error free message,
substitute the "note_error.xml" with "cd_catalog.xml".
Viewing XML Files

- <note>
<to>Tove</to>
<from>Jani</from>
</note>
Look at this XML file: note.xml
The XML document will be displayed with color-coded root and child elements. A plus (+) or minus sign (-) to the left
of the elements can be clicked to expand or collapse the element structure. To view the raw XML source (without the
+ and - signs), select "View Page Source" or "View Source" from the browser menu.
Note: In Safari, only the element text will be displayed. To view the raw XML, you must right click the page and select
"View Source"
Displaying your XML Files with CSS?

It is possible to use CSS to format an XML document.
Below is an example of how to use a CSS style sheet to format an XML document:
Take a look at this XML file: The CD catalog
Then look at this style sheet: The CSS file
Finally, view: The CD catalog formatted with the CSS file
Below is a fraction of the XML file. The second line links the XML file to the CSS file:

<?xml-stylesheet type="text/css" href="cd_catalog.css"?>
<CATALOG>
<CD>
<TITLE>Empire Burlesque</TITLE>
<ARTIST>Bob Dylan</ARTIST>
<COUNTRY>USA</COUNTRY>
<COMPANY>Columbia</COMPANY>
<PRICE>10.90</PRICE>
<YEAR>1985</YEAR>
</CD>
<CD>
<TITLE>Hide your heart</TITLE>
<ARTIST>Bonnie Tyler</ARTIST>
<COUNTRY>UK</COUNTRY>
<COMPANY>CBS Records</COMPANY>
<PRICE>9.90</PRICE>
<YEAR>1988</YEAR>
</CD>
.
.
.
</CATALOG>

What Is HTML

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What is HTML?

HTML is a language for describing web pages.

HTML stands for Hyper Text Markup Language

HTML is not a programming language, it is a markup language

A markup language is a set of markup tags

HTML uses markup tags to describe web pages

HTML tags are keywords surrounded by angle brackets like <html>

HTML tags normally come in pairs like <b> and </b>

HTML Documents = Web Pages

HTML documents describe web pages

HTML documents contain HTML tags and plain text

HTML documents are also called web pages

The text between <h1> and </h1> is displayed as a heading

The text between <p> and </p> is displayed as a paragraph

What You Need

You don't need an HTML editor

You don't need a web server

You don't need a web site

<a href="default.htm" >

HTML Element Syntax

An HTML element starts with a start tag / opening tag

An HTML element ends with an end tag / closing tag

Some HTML elements have empty content

Empty elements are closed in the start tag

Most HTML elements can have attributes

Nested HTML Elements

HTML Document Example

HTML Example Explained

<p>This is my first paragraph.</p>

Don't Forget the End Tag

Empty HTML Elements

HTML elements can have attributes

Attributes provide additional information about an element

Attributes are always specified in the start tag

Attributes come in name/value pairs like: name="value"

Always Quote Attribute Values

HTML Tip: Use Lowercase Attributes

HTML Attributes Reference

Specifies a classname for an element

Specifies a unique id for an element

Specifies an inline style for an element

Specifies extra information about an element (displayed as a

HTML Tag Reference

Defines an HTML document

Defines the document's body

Defines HTML headings

Defines a horizontal line

HTML Line Breaks

<br> or <br />

HTML Output - Useful Tips

HTML Text Formatting

This text is big

This is subscript and

HTML Text Formatting Tags

Defines bold text

Defines big text

Defines emphasized text

Defines italic text

Defines small text

Defines strong text

Defines subscripted text

Defines superscripted text

Defines inserted text