Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Fall 2015
Department of Mathematics
Hong Kong Baptist University
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i=m
The explicit sum appearing on the right side of the equation is the
expansion of the sum represented in sigma notation on the left
side. m is the lower limit, and n is the upper limit.
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n
X
i=1
n
X
i = 1 + 2 + + n =
n(n + 1)
.
2
i = m + (m + 1) + + n =
i=m
(c)
n
X
i 2 = 12 + 22 + + n2 =
n(n + 1)(2n + 1)
.
6
i 3 = 13 + 23 + + n3 =
n2 (n + 1)2
.
4
i=1
(d)
n
X
i=1
(e)
n
X
i=1
(n m + 1)(n + m)
.
2
r i1 = 1 + r + r 2 + + r n1 =
rn 1
.
r 1
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y = f (x)
R
a
-x
b
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i = 1, . . . , n.
The area of the ith rectangle is f (xi )xi . The sum of all these
areas is
n
X
Sn =
f (xi )xi .
i=1
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ba
n
or
i
xi = a + (b a).
n
lim Sn
baX
f (xi ).
= lim
n
n
i=1
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Example 1:
Find the area of the region bounded by the parabola y = x 2 and
the straight lines y = 0, x = 0, and x = b, where b > 0.
Solution: Let f (x) = x 2 . We use equal subintervals, each of
length b/n and xi = ib/n. Thus,
n
n
b 3 X 2 b 3 (n + 1)(2n + 1)
b0X
f (xi ) = 3
Sn =
i =
.
n
n
6n2
i=1
i=1
lim Sn
b 3 (n + 1)(2n + 1)
n
6n2
b3
=
.
3
lim
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1 i n.
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xi1 x xi .
and
U(f , P) = f (u1 )x1 + f (u2 )x2 + + f (un )xn
n
X
=
f (ui )xi .
i=1
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Example 2:
Calculate the lower and upper Riemann sums for the function
f (x) = x 2 on the interval [0, b] where b > 0, corresponding to the
partition Pn of [0, b] into n subintervals of equal length.
Solution: With equal length subintervals, we have x = b/n and
the division points are xi = ib/n for i = 0, 1, . . . , n.
Since f (x) = x 2 is increasing on [0, b], its minimum and maximum
values over the ith subintervals [xi1 , xi ] occur at li = xi1 and
ui = xi , respectively. Thus, the lower Riemann sum of f for Pn is
n
X
(n 1)(2n 1)b 3
L(f , Pn ) =
(xi1 )2 x =
,
6n2
i=1
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f (x)dx.
a
Z
The various parts of the symbol
(i)
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Example 3:
Show that f (x) = x 2 is integrable over the interval [0, b], and
Z b
evaluate
f (x)dx.
0
Z
f (x)dx =
x 2 dx =
b3
.
3
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Theorem
(c) If A and B are constants, then
Z
Z
(Af (x) + Bg (x)) dx = A
f (x)dx + B
a
g (x)dx.
a
Z
f (x)dx +
Z
f (x)dx =
f (x)dx.
a
Z
f (x)dx
g (x)dx.
a
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Theorem
(f) If a b, then
Z
Z
f (x)dx
|f (x)|dx.
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Proof: Let f (l) be the minimum value and f (u) be the maximum
value of f on [a, b]. By the property (e), We have
1
f (l) =
ba
Z
a
1
f (l)dx
ba
Z
a
1
f (x)dx
ba
f (u)dx = f (u).
a
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1
ba
f (x)dx.
a
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1 x 2 if 0 x 1
f (x)dx, where f (x) =
2
if 1 < x 2
x 2
if 2 < x 3.
=
=
1
+2+
4
2
+ 10
.
4
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F 0 (x) =
lim
This leads to
F 0 (x) = lim f (c) = lim f (c) = f (x).
h0
cx
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Definition
To facilitate the evaluation of definite integrals using the
Fundamental Theorem of Calculus, we define the evaluation
symbol:
b
F (x) = F (b) F (a).
a
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Example 5:
Z
Find the integral of
1
cosh(x)dx, where cosh(x) = (e x + e x ).
2
Solution: We have
Z
cosh(x)dx
1 x
(e + e x )dx
2
Z
Z
1
x
=
( e dx + e x dx)
2
1 x
(e e x ) + C
=
2
= sinh(x) + C ,
=
1
where sinh(x) = (e x e x ).
2
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Example 6:
Find the following integrals:
Z
(b)
sin(x)dx = cos(x)|0 = 2
(a)
(c)
sin(x)dx = cos(x)| = 2
sin(x)dx = cos(x)| = 0
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Example 7:
Find the area A of the plane region lying above the x-axis and
under the curve y = 3x x 2 .
Solution: Noting that y = 3x x 2 = x(3 x), the two intercepts
on the x-axis are (0, 0) and (3, 0). The area of the region is then
given by
Z 3
A =
(3x x 2 )dx
0
=
=
=
3 2
x
2
27 27
2
3
9
.
2
1 3 3
x
3
0
(0 0)
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Example 8:
Using the conclusion in Part I of the Fundamental Theorem to find
the derivatives of
Z the following functions:
Z
3
(a) F (x) =
e t dt,
(b) G (x) = x 2
e t dt.
Solution:
Rx
2
(a) Note that F (x) = 3 e t dt. By Part I we have
Z x
d
2
2
0
e t dt = e x .
F (x) =
dx 3
(b) By the Product Rule and Part I, we have
Z x
Z x
d
2
2
G 0 (x) = 2x
e t dt + x 2
e t dt
dx
4
Z4
x
2
2
e t dt + x 2 e x .
= 2x
4
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g (x)
g (x)
h(x)
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Example 9:
Find the derivatives of the following functions:
Z 5x
Z
t 2
(a) F (x) =
e dt,
(b) G (x) =
x3
e t dt.
x2
Solution:
2
R x3
0
e t dt
G 0 (t) = e (x
3 )2
= 3x 2 e
R x2
0
e t dt. We have
(3x 2 ) e (x
x 6
2xe
x 4
2 )2
(2x)
.
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Z
(Af (x) + Bg (x))dx = A
Z
f (x)dx + B
g (x)dx.
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Example 10:
Z
Find the indefinite integral I =
e x 1 + e x dx.
I =
udu
=
=
2 3/2
u +C
3
2
(1 + e x )3/2 + C .
3
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Example 11:
Z
Find the indefinite integral I =
1
e 2x
dx.
I =
dx =
dx.
e x 1 e 2x
1 e 2x
Let u = e x . Then du = e x dx. Using the method of
substitution,
Z
1
du
I =
1 u2
= sin1 (u) + C
= sin1 (e x ) + C .
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f (g (x))g (x)dx =
a
f (u)du.
A
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Example 12:
Z
Find the integral of
2
x2
dx.
x3 1
1
du
u
26
1
ln(u)
3
7
26
1
ln( ).
3
7
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Example 13:
Z
Evaluate the integral I =
0
Solution: Let u =
cos x + 1
dx.
x +1
x + 1. Then
1
dx.
du =
2 x +1
= 2 (sin(3) sin(1)) .
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