Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg

Chair for PROCESS SYSTEMS ENGINEERING

Prof. K. Sundmacher
Winter term 2015/2016
Script 2. Momentum and energy balances

Contents
0.1

Moment um Balance .............................................................................................................1

0.2

Energy Balance ...................................................................................................................3

0.2.1

Balance of Total Energy ....................................................................................................3

0.2.2

Balance of Internal Energy ................................................................................................5

0.2.3

Balance of Enthalpy ..........................................................................................................6

0.2.4

Differential Equation of a Temperature Field .......................................................................7

0.1

Momentum Balance

Contrary to the material balances, for which various choices of quantity measures exist, the momentum
has only one measure, this is the mass multiplied by the velocity of center of gravity. Apart from this it is
possible to convert mass and velocity into other measures, e.g. volume or velocity of volumetric center.
The momentum balance is based on the Law of Newton, which says that the temporal change of
momentum of a body is equivalent to the sum of forces on a body:

d mv j
dt

Fj, f

(1.1)

with
m

Mass

kg

vj

Velocity of center of mass

ms

Time

Fj,f

Force Vector

-1

Derivating the momentum balance is analogous to derivating a mass balance. The change of momentum
inside a volume is equivalent to the change of the integral taken over the volume of momentum density:

d mv j
dt
with

v j dV v j dV

dt V
t
V

(1. 2)

Volume

Density

kgm

-3

Momentum is transported convectively with in- and outflow through the surface of a volume. The
transported momentum density is written as vj , the velocity of the momentum entering the volume is
equivalent to the fluid velocity in opposite direction to the surface normal vector.

v j vk nk dA

(1.3)

with
nk

Surface normal vector

Surface area of volume

Besides the convective momentum transport, the momentum in a volume can also be changed by forces,
e.g. forces which work at the surface of a volume. Surface forces are not only scalar, hydrostatic pressure
p, but also shear stresses jk in a fluid, which are caused by friction. Both pressures are summarized in a
pressure tensor Pjk=p jk+jk . Hence the non-convective term is

Pjk nk dA

(1.4)

with
Pjk

Pressure tensor

Nm

-2

Hydrostatic pressure fraction

Nm

-2

jk

Unit tensor

jk

Friction tensor

Nm

-2

Additionally to the surface forces there may be forces acting on the masses within the volume. These
volume forces are usually caused by fields like the gravitation field of the earth or a centrifugal force field.
Another source of a volume force may be an electric fields, if the fluid contains ions.

j ,

dV

(1.5)

with
fj,

Unit-mass volume force on component

-1

Nkg

After application of the Gaussian Theorem we get, analogous to the derivation of the material balance,
the local form of the momentum balance:


v j v j vk Pjk f j ,
t
z k

0.2

(1.6)

Energy Balance

0.2.1 Balance of Total Energy

Analogous to the material balance, an energy balance can be set up for various energy measures. In
classical physics, where engineering science can be found in most cases, we will find a law of
conservation only for total energy. Hence we derivate the balance of this energy at first.
The derivation of total energy in a respective volume is equal to the integral taken over the volume of the
change of energy density:

dE d

edV e dV
dt dt V
t
V

(1.7)

with
E

Total energy

Time

Density

kgm

Unit-mass total energy

Jkg

Volume

-3

-1

While material flows through the surface of a volume, energy is also transported convectively. This can be
expressed via the integral taken over the surface of the mass -flux density in opposite direction to the
surface normal vector, multiplied by the energy density of the mass flow

ev k nk dA

(1.8)

with
vk

Velocity of center of gravity of a fluid

ms

nk

Surface normal vector

Surface area of volume

-1

The change of energy within the respective volume may have two causes besides convective transport.
On the one hand this can be work done on the volume, and on the other hand heat transfer in or out of
the system.

Work performed on a volume may itself be composed of two different terms. On the one hand surface
forces, i.e. hydrostatic pressure or friction tension, can cause work on a volume. This is equivalent to the
pressure perpendicular to the surface, multiplied by the flow velocity in the same direction

Pjk v j nk dA

(1.9)

with
Pressure tensor

Pjk

Nm

-2

Added to this is the work induced by volumetric forces. This is the unit -mass force on a component,
multiplied by the mass flow density of the component

v j , dV

j ,

(1.10)

with
-1

fj,

Unit-mass volumetric force on component

Nkg

v j,

Velocity of component

ms

-1

Heat put in or drawn out of the system can be subdivided into a heat flux which is not connected to
material transport and a heat flow connected to material transport. The first one is based on processes
like heat conduction or radiation of heat, while the second one is connected to diffusion of components
that have different specific enthalpy. Both heat fluxes are summarized to one expression:

q'k q k h j k ,

(1.11)

with
qk

Total heat-flux density

Wm

-2

qk

Heat-flux density because of material transport

Wm

-2

Partial specific enthalpy of component

Jkg

-1

The heat quantity introduced to the system is equivalent to the integral taken over the surface of the
volume of heat-flux density:

q'k nk dA

(1.12)

As a result we get the total energy balance in local form

e ev k Pjk v j q'k f j , v j ,
t
z k

(1.13)

0.2.2 Balance of Internal Energy

For engineering tasks often balancing internal energy is more useful than balancing total energy. The
difference between both energies lies in the kinetic energy. It holds

1 2
vj u
2

(1.14)

with
Unit-mass internal energy

-1

Jkg

In multiplying density to each side of the equation and forming the partial derivation by time of it, we get
the following equation

u e 1 v 2j
t
t
2 t

(1.15)

The second term on the right side is replaced with the help of the local momentum balance of equation
1.23 multiplied with vj . The resulting equation is the balance equation of kinetic energy.

Pjk
1
2
v 2j
f j , v j
v j vk v j
2 t
z k 2
z k

(1.16)

Using this relation plus the global continuity equation 1.15 and rearranging the equation we receive the
local balance of internal energy

u uvk q'k f k , jk , Pjk j

t
z k
z k

(1.17)

In the case of closed systems this is the balance of the first law of thermodynamics.
Important for understanding both elaborated energy balances is to realise the differences between them.
The work done by surface forces can be found within the total energy balance. It itself can be subdivided
into two parts:

Pjk v j v j Pjk Pjk v j

z k
z k
z k

(1.18)

The first part is also found in the balance of kinetic energy. It is equivalent to the work introduc ed to the
flow when flowing through a pressure gradient. Since the kinetic energy is not an internal energy, we do
not find this term here.
The second term is in the balance equation of internal energy. It poses the conversion of mechanical into
internal energy. This happens via compression, so p jk of the pressure tensor P jk, or via friction, that is the
term jk inside the pressure tensor P jk.

At this point we may ask ourselves where to find potential energy in the equation. Well, this energy is
incorporated in the work done by volume forces. In the case of gravitation on earth, the specific
volumetric force is the gravity g j , which is the gradient of the gravitation potential

gj

z j

(1.19)

with
-1

gj

Gravity force

Nkg

Gravitation potential

Jkg

-1

As a result we can write the term for the volumetric force as follows:

j ,

v j , g j v j v j

z j

(1.20)

In the case of a flow alongside equipotential lines, i.e. at constant height level, this term is irrelevant and
becomes zero. For movements alongside the gradient of a potential field, this term describes the increase
or decrease in potential energy.

0.2.3 Balance of Enthalpy

Derivating the enthalpy balance from the balance of internal energy is made via the definition of enthalpy

hu

(1.21)

with
-1

Unit-mass enthalpy

Jkg

Multiplying this with mass density and forming it into differential form results to

u h p
t
t
t

(1.22)

Putting this equation into the balance of internal energy and using the following equation

v j
z j

v j
z k

jk

(1.23)

as well as the continuity equation 1.15 results in the local enthalpy balance

h p hvk q'k vk p f k , jk , jk j
t
t
z k
z k
z k

(1.24)

Comparing this balance to the balance of internal energy we can find a modified pressure term. In
enthalpy work via compression is not considered, but only the friction term.

0.2.4 Differential Equation of a Temperature Field

Finally we can derivate an enthalpy balance in temperature form out of the general enthalpy balance. This
form can directly be used to calculate temperature fields. We start with the total differential of the enthalpy

D
DT h Dp
Dc
hT , p, c c p

h
Dt
Dt p Dt
Dt

(1.25)

with
T

Temperature

Molar concentration of component

molm

-3

This total differential is to be converted into its local form:

h p
h
h
T
T h p
vj
cp
v jcp

v j

t
z j
t
z j p t
p z j

vj

c
z j

(1.26)

Using these equations as well as the mass balance for components we receive the following differential
equation for the temperature field in local form

c p

T h p
p
1
vj

t p t
z j

q
h
T
h k c p v j
j k , f k ,
z k
z j
z k

jk j
z k

(1.27)

The energy source term h which can be found in the equation, represents the released reaction
enthalpy. In other energy balances the released reaction enthalpy is given only in its implicit form.