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Marxs general ideas about society are known as his theory of historical
materialism. Materialism is the basis of his sociological thought because for
Marx material conditions or economic factors affect the structure and
development of society. His theory is that material conditions essentially
comprise technological means of production and human society is formed by
the forces and relations of production.
Marxs theory of historical materialism is historical. It is historical because
Marx has traced the evolution of human societies from one stage to another. It
is called Materialistic because Marx has interpreted the evolution of societies
in terms of their material or economic bases. Materialism simply means that it
is matter or material reality, which is the basis for any change.
According to Friedrich Engels, the theory of historical materialism was
discovered by Karl Marx, but Marx thought it was Engels who has conceived
the materialist formulation of history independently. We shall say that both of
them used this theory, to quote Marx, as the guiding thread of all their
works.
Materialism means the materialist structure of society. It is how the super
structure of society is based on economic infrastructure. Marxs theory of
historical materialism is the materialistic interpretation of the history of
societies. All the societies have experienced similar pattern of history and
every history is built upon its materialist foundations.
Marx has tried to suggest that all society passes through unilinear evolution,
every society progresses stage by stage and every society has marched ahead.
He has suggested about the history of society, i.e.
Primitive Communism Slavery Feudalism Capitalism Socialism
Communism
Historians recorded history in the manner it is found. But Marx had a vision
for future, how is history taking man through time. Each stage sows the seeds
of its own destruction. One will go and other will come. Such precision and
succession will continue till the ultimate i.e. communism is reached.
Marxs theory sought to explain all social phenomena in terms of their place
and function in the complex systems of society and nature. This was without
recourse to what may be considered as metaphysical explanations clearly
outlined in those early writings of Hegal and his followers. This eventually
became a mature sociological conception of the making and development of
human societies.
Basic Assumptions:
Historical materialism is based upon a philosophy of human history. But it is
not strictly speaking, a philosophy of history. It is best understood as
sociological theory of human progress. As a theory it provides a scientific and
systematic research programme for empirical investigations. At the same time
it also claims to contain within it a revolutionary programme of intervention
into society. It is this unique combination of scientific and revolutionary
characters which is the hall mark of Marxs original formulation.
new forces of production take roots and give rise to new relations of
production.
Thus we can see that for Marx it is the growth of new productive forces which
outlines the course of human history. The productive forces are the powers
society uses to produce material conditions of life. So for Marx, human history
is an account of development and consequences of new forces of material
production. This is the reason why his view of history is given the name of
Historical Materialism.
The terms mentioned in Marxs theory of Historical materialism:
1. Social relations, over and above individuals:
Marx says that as a general principle, the production of material requirements
of life, which is a very basic necessity of all societies; compel individuals to
enter into definite social relations that are independent of their will. This is the
basic idea of Marxs theory of society. He stresses that there are social
relations which impinge upon individuals irrespective of their preferences. He
further elaborates that an understanding of the historical process depends on
our awareness of these objective social relations.
2. Infrastructure and Super-structure:
According to Marx, every society has its infrastructure and superstructure.
Social relations are defined in terms of material conditions which he called
infrastructure. The economic base of a society forms its infrastructure. Any
changes in material conditions also imply corresponding changes in social
relations. Forces and relations of production came in the category of
According to Marx, every part of history has its end point. So primitive
communism was to go and slavery came into being. People who had physical,
political and material strength had authority over others. So two classes were
found and this is where the concept of private property emerged. There were
two classesthe owning class, they are the masters, and non-owning class,
they were the slaves.
Marx has tried to suggest that in course of time different people grabbed
certain plots of land as a result of which there was grabbing and as a result of
which a large number were left wretched. So they had to depend on these
owners in order to make a living and it went on rising and so when they would
not pay their debts they were sold and engaged under the so called masters.
Slaves were mere chattels. They had no right and were used like commodities
and they could be bought and sold. So individuals were slaves and it went on
resulting in a family of slaves and masters were masters. So it became very
heinous of people worked without any voice, even if the torture was
unbearable. Slaves were made to work under stringent physical conditions.
They were engaged in agricultural, menial and physical labour.
If the society has experienced heinous system at any point of time, it is slavery.
So it was to go and another stage was to come. So, towards its end, a sort of
internal struggle was found so that the slaves, peasants started a revolution
against the masters so as to release certain slaves from the clutches of the
masters. Slavery is called the stage of initial agriculture.
Futuristic. Socialism is the stage where the society is classless and it is based
on the principle of equality. Marx had experienced socialism and there was
spread of socialism based on his ideas.
Communism is the ultimate final stage where there is prevalence of equality
among all. Everybody works according to his capacity and gets according to
his due, when capitalism goes and communism comes into being there are
some elements found in some form or other of capitalism in socialism.
As per Marx, socialism is the initial communism and communism is the later
socialism because everybody is equal and can stand in the same queue and
communist society is thoroughly equal and no concept of private property
ownership.
In socialism, there are two ownership structures:
1. State ownership
2. Ownership by co-operatives.
But under communism there is single ownership; i.e. State /Community
ownership. Everybody gets as per his due and works as per his capacity. This
stage was difficult to find. So we find that with spread of Marxs ideas we find
communism in Russia and China. But socialism is the gap that still remains.