CHAPTER 5 ENERGY AND CHEMICAL CHANGES

5.1 Physical and Chemical Changes

5.2 Heat Change in Chemical Reactions
5.3 The Reactivity Series of Metals
5.4 Application of Reactivity Series of Metals
5.5 Electrolysis
5.6 Electrical Energy from Chemical Reactions
5.7 Light and Chemical Reactions
5.8
Innovative Efforts in the Design of Equipment
Using Chemical Reactions as Sources of Energy
5.1 Physical and Chemical Changes
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Physical Changes
1. The most important thing about a physical change is that only the
_________________________ of a substance change.
2. The following are the characteristics of a physical change.
a) It involves a ___________________________________________________
b) There is ___________________________ formed.
c) It does ______________________________
d) The ____________________________________________
e) The changes is _____________________________________
3. The following are examples of physical changes:
a) ____________________________________________
b) ____________________________________________
c) ____________________________________________
d) ____________________________________________
4. Observe the following experiment to understand a physical change.

Chemical Change
1. Chemical changes are changes which involve chemical reactions.
2. The characteristics of a chemical change are as follows.
a) A new substance which has a ________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
b) This change involves ______________________ because heat energy is used
___________________________
c) ____________________________________
3. The following are examples of chemical changes:
a) ____________________________________
b) ____________________________________
c) ____________________________________
d) ____________________________________
4. The products of heating cannot be changed back to the original substances (iron
powder and sulphur). So this reaction is __________________________________
5. The new substance also _______________________________________________

Experiment
Aim : To study chemical changes
Problem
_____________________________________________________________________
Hypothesis
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
Apparatus
____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
Variables
Manipulated: ________________________________________________________
Responding: ________________________________________________________
Constant: __________________________________________________________
Procedure
1. Set up the apparatus as shown in Figure 5.2.
2. The copper(ll) carbonate powder is heated.
3. The change is observed.

Result
1. The green solid turns black.
2. The limewater turns cloudy.
Analysis and Interpretation of Data
1. New substances which few different compositions and chemical properties, i.e. copper
oxide and carbon dioxide, are produced. This shows that this reaction is a chemical
change.
2. The equation of the reaction:
Copper(ll) carbonate-> copper oxide + carbon dioxide
Conclusion
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
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Exercises 5.1
Paper 2- Section C
Figure 1 below shows a physical change.

(a) State four reasons why the reaction in Figure 1 is a physical change. [4 marks]
(b) Study the information in Figure 2 and explain the concept of chemical change. Your
answer should be based on the following steps.
Making observations [1 mark]
Identifying similar characteristics of Figures 2(a) and 2(b) [2 marks]
Relating the characteristics of the chemical change in order to construct the
concept of a chemical change [1 mark]
Stating an example of chemical change and one example of non-chemical change
[1 mark]
State the actual concept of chemical change [1 mark]
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5.2 Heat Change in Chemical Reactions

1. In a chemical reaction, heat energy may be __________________________
2. Heat energy is absorbed to ________________________________ whereas heat
energy is released when ___________________________________
Endothermic and Exothermic Reactions

Industrial Chemical Reactions

The Haber Process (The production of ammonia in industry)
1. The production of ammonia through the Haber Process involves the reaction between
nitrogen and hydrogen gases mixed in the proportion of 1:3.

2. (a) The Haber process is an ______________________________________

(b) It is a reversible process (forward and backward reaction).

3. In the Haber process, the following conditions must be satisfied for the optimum
production of ammonia (i.e. for the forward reaction to occur).
(a) Temperature: It should be low, but low temperatures can slow down the reaction.
_______________________________________________________
(b) Pressure high, i.e. _______________________________________
(c) Catalyst _______________________________________________
The Contact Process

1. The contact process is an industrial process to produce ________________________

2. The optimum conditions to produce sulphuric acid are...
(a) temperature ___________________________
(b) pressure ______________________________
(c) catalyst _______________________________
3. Sulphuric acid is used...
(a) in the production of _____________________________
(b) in the production of _____________________________
(c) as the ______________________________________
(d) as a _______________________________________

5.3 The Reactivity Series of Metals

Reactions of Metals with Water
1. Reactive metals react with water to produce alkaline solutions and hydrogen.
2. Potassium, sodium and calcium are the only three metals that can
_________________
______________________
3. The following are the equations for the reactions of metals with water.
A. Potassium and sodium react actively with cold water
Potassium + water
Sodium + water

potassium hydroxide + hydrogen

sodium hydroxide + hydrogen

B. Zinc can only react with steam or hot water

Zinc + water

zinc hydroxide + hydrogen

C. Non-reactive metals such as ________________________ do not react either with

cold water or hot water

Reactions of Metals with Acids

1. Very reactive metals _______________________________ react actively with dilute
acids.
2. The products of these reactions are salt and hydrogen.
3. The reaction between a reactive metal and an acid may cause an explosion.

Example
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Metal

Acid

Reaction

Lighted
splinter test

Products

magnesium
magnesium
zinc
zinc
copper
copper

Reactions of Metals with Oxygen

1. When metals are heated in the presence of oxygen, they will be oxidised to produce
metal oxides.
Metal + Oxygen

Metal Oxide

2. A very reactive metal will burn with a ______________________in oxygen.

3. The more reactive the metal is, the ______________________ will be.
4. The reactivity of metals _____________when going down the reactivity series of
metals.

Position of Carbon in the Reactivity Series of Metals

1. Carbon is placed in between _________________________ in the reactivity series.
2. There are two methods that can be used to determine the position of carbon in the
reactivity series.
(a) __________________________________________________
During the reaction, the metal will glow and change in colour.
All metals placed _________________ in the reactivity series can react with carbon
(b) _____________________________________________________
During the reaction, the metal will glow and black spots will be formed on the wall of
the gas jar.
All metals placed ____________ in the metal reactivity series will react with carbon
dioxide.
Reactivity

Metal

Reaction with

Reaction with

Reaction with

water
All react vigorously
with a hissing
sound
Hydrogen gas is
released
Metal hydroxides
are formed
Reacts readily
Hydrogen gas is
released
Calcium hydroxide
is formed
Do not react with
cold water
React with hot
water or steam
Hydrogen gas is
released

dilute acids
All react very
violently (These
reactions are
extremely
dangerous
because they may
cause explosions)

oxygen

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React readily and

give off gas
bubbles
Hydrogen gas is
released
Metal salts are
formed

Exercises 5.3
1. Diagram 2 shows the set-up of apparatus for an experiment carried out to study the
reactivity of metals with oxygen.

The experiment is carried out three times with three different metals, X, Y and Z. Table 2
shows the results of the experiment.
Metal
X
Y
Z

Observation
Burns brightly
Glows
Burns less brightly

Table 2
(a) How can you know that a reaction has taken place?
__________________________________________________________________
[1mark]
(b) (i) What is formed when a metal reacts with oxygen?
__________________________________________________________________
[1mark]
(ii) Write a general word equation to show the reaction between a metal and
oxygen.
__________________________________________________________________
[1mark]
(c) Arrange metals X, Y and Z according to their reactivity with oxygen in descending
order
__________________________________________________________________
[1mark]

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5.4 Application of Reactivity Series of Metals

Extraction of Metal
1. Metals are ____________________________________
2. The methods of extraction of metals depend on _______________________________
3. The table below shows the methods of extraction of certain metals.
Metal

Method of extraction

Potassium
Sodium
Calcium
Magnesium
Aluminium
(Carbon)
Zinc
Iron
Tin
Lead
Copper
Mercury
Silver
Gold

Extraction of Tin
The extraction of tin involves two processes, i.e. the _____________________________
___________________________________

Heating process
1. This process is carried out to ______________________________________________
____________________________________________
2. During this process, ____________________________________________ _________
whereas ________________________________________________
3. The tin ore is heated with coal (carbon) at ____________________________________
Reduction process
1. When heated, the tin ore will be reduced to tin (pure metal)
2. The _____________________ flows out into _________________________________

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3. _____________________________________________ is mixed into the blast furnace

__________________________________________________________
Exercises 5.4
Diagram 7 shows the extraction of tin ore at high temperature in a blast furnace.

(a) Name two elements in P.

__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
[2 marks]
(b) State one reason why carbon is a suitable element to use in the extraction of tin ore
from P.
__________________________________________________________________
[1 mark]
(c) Name gas Q.
__________________________________________________________________
[1 mark]
(d) What is the function of limestone in this process?
__________________________________________________________________
[1 mark]
(e) Name product R.
__________________________________________________________________
[1 mark]
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5.5 Electrolysis
Electrolyte, Current and Electrode
1. Electrolysis is __________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
2. The three main components of electrolysis are...
a) the electrolyte ______________________________________________________
b) a direct current source - _______________________________________________
__________________________
c) two electrodes - _____________________________________________________
___________________________________________
3. The electrodes which are involved in electrolysis are known as the
_________________
a) The anode is a ______________________________________________________
b) The cathode is a
_____________________________________________________
4. You have to know that positively charged ions are known as ___________. Cations are
____________________________________
5. Anions are __________________________ which are attracted to the ____________

6. Example Electrolysis of _________________________________

a) At the anode -________________________________________________________
b) At the cathode - ______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
c) Electrodes _____________________________________________________
d) Electrolyte - molten lead (II) bromide is used (lead (II) bromide powder is heated until
it melts before the experiment is started),
e) Word equation: ________________________________________________
Application of Electrolysis - Extraction of Reactive Metal
1. Metals such as aluminium, magnesium and calcium are _________________________
These metals __________________________________ by using carbon (please refer
to the process of extraction of metals by using a blast furnace).
2. Aluminium is extracted from its ore, bauxite (aluminium oxide) by __________________
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3. The extraction of aluminium is described below.

Application of Electrolysis - Purification of Metals

1. Impure metals can be changed into pure metals by electrolysis.
2. In this process, the impure metal is used as _____________ whereas a piece of the
pure metal is used as _________________
3. A salt solution containing the ions of the metal that is to be purified is used as the

Application of Electrolysis Electroplating

1.A metal object can be ______________________________________ by electrolysis.
2.Metal objects made of iron rust easily in the presence of water and oxygen.
3.So, the process of electroplating can be used to __________________________
4.Other than that, electroplating can make metal objects look more attractive and shiny.

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5.6 Electrical Energy from Chemical Reactions

1. Cells can be classified into two groups, i.e
a) primary cells - ____________________________________.
b) secondary cells - ___________________________________
2. Primary cells are the ____________________________________________________
3. Secondary cells are the __________________________________________________
Type of cell

Advantages

Disadvantages

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Dry cell

Lead-acid
accumulator

Alkaline battery

Nickel-cadmium
battery

Silver oxide
Mercury battery

Experiment 5.6
Aim:
Material:
Apparatus:
Procedure:
1. Both the copper plate and zinc plate are sandpapered.
2. A simple cell is set up as shown in Figure 5.40.

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3. The circuit is closed.

4. The changes to the ammeter, zinc plate and copper plate are observed.
Observation:
Observation

Inference

Ammeter
Zinc plate
Copper plate
Copper sulphate
solution

Discussion:
1. (a) Zinc, which is more reactive than copper, acts as the _________________________
(b) The zinc atoms release electrons to form __________________________________
which move into the solution.
(c) Thus, the zinc plate _________________________________
2. The electrons flow from the zinc plate to the copper through the connecting wire. It is
detected by ____________________________________________________
3. (a) The copper plate acts as ______________________________________________
(b) Positively charged copper ions in the electrolyte are _________________________
and _____________________________ from the copper plate to form copper
atoms.
(c) Copper atoms are ________________________________________________
(d) Hence, the copper plate ______________________________________
4. The blue colour of the copper sulphate solution _________________________ as the
copper ions in it __________________________________________
Conclusion:
A simple cell converts chemical energy to electrical energy.

Exercise 5.6
(a) State two advantages and two disadvantages of the lead-acid accumulator.
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_____________________________________________________________________
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[4 marks]
(b) A student found that the iron spoons in his school laboratory were rusty.
Explain how he could prevent the spoons from rusting.
Your explanation should include the following aspects:
Identify the problem

[1 mark]

The method used

[1 mark]

Explanation of the method

[4 marks]

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