11/25/2015

Instructor
Dr.RaymondRumpf
(915)7476958
rcrumpf@utep.edu

EE5320

ComputationalElectromagnetics(CEM)
Lecture#1

IntroductiontoCEM
Thesenotesmaycontaincopyrightedmaterialobtainedunderfairuserules.Distributionofthesematerialsisstrictlyprohibited
Lecture1
Slide1

Outline

WhatisCEM?
CEMwisdom
GeneralconceptsinCEM
Classificationofmethods
Overviewofmethods

Lecture1

Slide2

11/25/2015

WhatisCEM?

Lecture1

Slide3

ComputationalElectromagnetics
Definition
Computationalelectromagnetics(CEM)istheprocedurewemustfollowtomodeland
simulatethebehaviorofelectromagneticfieldsindevicesoraroundstructures.
Mostoften,CEMimpliesusingnumericaltechniquestosolveMaxwellsequationsinstead
ofobtaininganalyticalsolutions.

Whyisthisneeded?
Veryoften,exactanalyticalsolutions,orevengoodapproximatesolutions,arenot
available.Usinganumericaltechniqueofferstheabilitytosolvevirtuallyany
electromagneticproblemofinterest.

Zc
Lecture1

r
cosh 1 out
rin

Zc ?
Slide4

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PopularNumericalTechniques

Transfermatrixmethod
Scatteringmatrixmethod
Finitedifferencefrequencydomain
Finitedifferencetimedomain
Transmissionlinemodelingmethod
Beampropagationmethod
Methodoflines
Rigorouscoupledwaveanalysis
Planewaveexpansionmethod
Sliceabsorptionmethod
Finiteelementanalysis
Methodofmoments
Boundaryelementmethod
Spectraldomainmethod
DiscontinuousGalerkin method

Lecture1

Slide5

CEMWisdom

Lecture1

Slide6

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TheKeytoComputationisVisualization
Isthereanythingwrong?Ifso,whatisit?
i , j , k 1

Ezi , j 1,k Ezi , j ,k E y

E yi , j ,k

xxi , j ,k H xi , j ,k

xyi , j ,k H yi , j ,k xyi 1, j ,k H yi 1, j ,k xyi , j 1,k H yi , j 1,k xyi 1, j 1,k H yi 1, j 1,k

4

xzi , j ,k H zi , j ,k xzi , j ,k 1 H zi , j ,k 1 xzi 1, j ,k 1 H zi 1, j ,k 1 xzi 1, j ,k H zi 1, j ,k

4

i 1, j , k i 1, j , k
i , j ,k
i , j ,k
Hx
yxi , j 1,k H xi , j 1,k yxi 1, j 1,k H xi 1, j 1,k
Exi , j ,k 1 Exi , j ,k Ezi 1, j ,k E zi , j ,k yx H x yx

4
z
x
yyi , j ,k H yi , j ,k

yzi , j ,k H zi , j ,k yzi , j ,k 1 H zi , j ,k 1 yzi , j 1,k 1 H zi , j 1,k 1 yzi, j 1,k H zi, j 1,k

4

E yi 1, j ,k E yi , j ,k Exi , j 1,k E xi , j ,k zxi , j ,k H xi , j ,k zxi 1, j ,k H xi 1, j ,k zxi 1, j ,k 1 H xi 1, j ,k 1 zxi , j ,k 1 H xi , j ,k 1

4
x
y
i , j ,k H yi , j ,k zyi , j 1,k H yi , j 1,k zyi , j 1,k 1 H yi , j 1, k 1 zyi, j ,k 1 H yi , j ,k 1
zy
4
i , j ,k i , j ,k
zz H z

i, j,k
i , j , k 1
H zi , j ,k H zi , j 1,k H y H y

xxi , j , k Exi , j ,k
y
z

Response

xyi , j ,k E yi , j ,k xyi , j 1,k E yi , j 1, k xyi 1, j 1,k E yi 1, j 1, k xyi 1, j , k E yi 1, j ,k

4

xzi , j ,k Ezi , j ,k xzi , j , k 1 Ezi , j ,k 1 xzi 1, j , k 1 Ezi 1, j ,k 1 xzi 1, j , k Ezi 1, j ,k

4

i , j 1, k i , j 1, k
i , j ,k i , j ,k
yxi 1, j 1,k Exi 1, j 1, k yxi 1, j ,k Exi 1, j ,k
Ex
H xi , j ,k H xi , j ,k 1 H zi , j , k H zi 1, j , k yx Ex yx

z
x
4
yyi , j , k E yi , j ,k

yzi , j ,k Ezi , j ,k yzi , j , k 1 Ezi , j ,k 1 yzi , j 1, k 1 Ezi , j 1,k 1 yzi , j 1, k Ezi , j 1,k
4

H yi , j ,k H yi 1, j ,k H xi , j , k H xi , j 1, k zxi , j , k Exi , j ,k zxi 1, j ,k Exi 1, j , k zxi 1, j ,k 1 Exi 1, j , k 1 zxi , j ,k 1 Exi , j ,k 1

x
y
4

zyi , j ,k E yi , j ,k zyi , j 1,k E yi , j 1, k zyi , j 1,k 1 E yi , j 1,k 1 zyi , j ,k 1 E yi , j ,k 1

4

zzi , j , k Ezi , j ,k

Lecture1

Slide7

GoldenRule#1

Allnumbersshouldequal1.
Why?
(1.234567)+(0.0123456)=Losttwodigitsofaccuracy!!

Solution:NORMALIZEEVERYTHING!!!

1 m

E 0E

x k0 x

or

y k0 y

0
H
H

Lecture1

z k0 z

Slide8

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GoldenRule#2

Neverperformcalculations.
Why?
1. GoldenRule#1.
2. Finitefloatingpointprecisionintroducesroundofferrors.

Solution:MINIMIZENUMBEROFCOMPUTATIONS!!!
1. Takeproblemsasfaranalyticallyaspossible.
2. Avoidunnecessarycomputations.
r x2 y 2

R x2 y 2

r2
g r exp 2

R
g R exp 2

Lecture1

Slide9

GoldenRule#3

Writecleancode.
Wellorganized
Wellcommented

Compact
Nojunkcode

Why?
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

Itwillrunfasterandmorereliably.
Easiertocatchmistakes.
Easiertotroubleshoot.
Easiertopickupagainatalaterdate.
Easiertomodify.

Solution
1.
2.
3.
4.
Lecture1

Outlineyourcodebeforewritingit.
Deleteobsoletecode.
Commenteverystep.
Usemeaningfulvariablenames.
Slide10

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TheCEMProcess
Thereisarhythmto
computationalelectromagnetics
anditrepeatsitselfconstantly.
StartswithMaxwellsequationsandderivesallthenecessary
equationstoimplementthealgorithminMATLAB.
Equationseverywhere!Onlyafewareneeded.
Implementationdoesnotresembletheformulation.
Organizestheequationsderivedintheformulationand
considersothernumericaldetails.
Considerallnumericalbestpractices.
Shouldendwithadetailedblockdiagram.
Actuallyimplementsthealgorithmincomputercode.
Implementationshouldbesimpleandminimal.
Theartofsimulationbeginshere.
Practice,practice,practice!
Lecture1

Slide11

DontBeLazy
Alittleextratimemakingyourprogrammoreefficientorsimulatinga
deviceinamoreintelligentmannercansaveyoulotsoftime,energy,
andaggravation.

Lecture1

Slide12

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FormulationWisdom
Deriveequationsasfarandassimpleaspossible.
Buildbig/complicatedmatricesfromsmall/simple
matrices.
Thisusuallyrequiresconvertingtomatrixformearlyin
theformulation.

Makeyourformulationdocumentsverydetailed.
Agoodunderstandingoftheformulationgives
youtheabilitytomodifyyouralgorithmorto
add/subtractfeatures.

Lecture1

Slide13

ImplementationWisdom
Makeadetailedblockdiagram!
Includeonlytheequationsyouwillcode.
Addallothersteps
Sources
Buildingdevices
Extractinginformation
Postprocessingdata
Etc.

Lecture1

Slide14

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CodingWisdom
Workhardtowriteclean,simple,andwell
commentedcode.
Indentcodeinsideloops,ifstatements,etc.
Letlinearalgebradotheworkforyou.
Uselotsofcomments.

Matchyourcodetoyourformulation.
Trytousethesamevariables.

Donotfixyourcodewithincorrectequations.
Changingsignsarbitrarilyisacommonwaytomake
thingswork,butyouarehidingaproblemandpossibly
creatingmore.
Lecture1

Slide15

SimulationWisdom#1
Simulatedevicesinmultiplestepsusingmodelsof
increasingcomplexity.
Avoidthetemptationtojumpstraighttothebig,bad,andugly3D
simulationinallofitsgloriouscomplexity.
Modelyourdevicewithslowlyincreasinglevelsofcomplexity.
Youwillgettoyourfinalanswermuchfasterthisway!

Lecture1

R.C.Rumpf,Engineeringthedispersionandanisotropyinperiodic
electromagneticstructures,SolidStatePhysics66,2015.

Slide16

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SimulationWisdom#2
Itmustbestandardpracticetoensureyourresultsare
converged.
w

EffectiveRefractiveIndex

w 2.0 m
h 0.6 m
a 0.25 m

nrib
a

nsup 1.0
nrib 1.9

nsup

ncore
nsub

ncore 1.9
nsub 1.52

neff 1.750, t 1.1 sec

neff 1.736, t 6.1 sec

GridResolution
Lecture1

Slide17

SimulationWisdom#3

Thosewhosimulatethemost,
trustthesimulationstheleast.
Never trust your code or your results.
Benchmark. Benchmark. Benchmark.
Lecture1

Slide18

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FinalWordofWisdom

DonotEVERshareyourcodes!
Only bad things will happen.
Thebest thingthatcanhappen
isthatyoubecomeuseless.
Instead,offertosimulatedevicesfor
themandmakeyourselfacollaborator.
Lecture1

Slide19

GeneralConceptsin
ComputationalEM

Lecture1

Slide20

10

11/25/2015

PhysicalVs.NumericalBoundaryConditions
PhysicalBoundaryConditions
Tangentialcomponents
arecontinuous

Physicalboundaryconditionsrefertothe
conditionsthatmustbesatisfiedatthe
boundarybetweentwomaterials.Theseare
derivedfromtheintegralformofMaxwells
equations.

NumericalBoundaryConditions
Numericalboundaryconditionsrefertothewhat
isdoneattheedgeofagridormeshandhow
fieldsoutsidethegridareestimated.

Lecture1

Slide21

FullVs.SparseMatrices
FullMatrices

SparseMatrices

Fullmatriceshaveallnonzeroelements.

Sparsematriceshavemostoftheirelements
equaltozero.Theyareoftenmorethan99%
sparse.

Theytendtolookbandedwiththelargest
numbersrunningdownthemaindiagonal.

Itismostmemoryefficienttostoreonlythenon
zeroelementsinmemory.
Theytendtobandedmatriceswiththelargest
numbersrunningdownthemaindiagonal.

Lecture1

Slide22

11

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IntegralVs.DifferentialEquations(1of2)
IntegralEquations

f x, x dx g x

Integralequationscalculateaquantityataspecificpointusing
informationfromtheentiredomain.Theyareusuallywritten
aroundboundariesandleadtoformulationswithfullmatrices.They
donotrequireboundaryconditions.

DifferentialEquations

df x
f x g x
dx

Differentialequationscalculateaquantityataspecificpointusing
onlyinformationfromthelocalvicinity.Theyareusuallywrittenfor
pointsdistributedthroughoutavolumeandleadtoformulations
withsparsematrices.Theyrequireboundaryconditions.
Lecture1

Slide23

FrequencyDomainVs.TimeDomain

Thisiswhata
frequencydomain
codecalculates.

Thisiswhatatime
domaincode
calculates.

Frequencydomainsolutionsareatasinglefrequency.Timedomainsolutionslook
differentbecausethereareinherentlyabroadrangeoffrequenciesinvolved.
Lecture1

Slide24

12

11/25/2015

DefinitionofConvergence
Virtuallyallnumericalmethodshavesomesortofresolution
parameterthatwhentakentoinfinitysolvesMaxwellsequations
exactly.Inpractice,wecannotthisarbitrarilyfarbecauseacomputer
willrunoutofmemoryandsimulationswilltakeprohibitivelylongto
run.
Therearenoequationstocalculatewhatresolutionisneededto
obtainaccurateresults.Instead,theusermustlookfor
convergence.Thereare,however,somegoodrulesofthumbto
makeaninitialguessatresolution.
Convergenceisthetendencyofacalculatedparameterto
asymptoticallyapproachsomefixedvalueastheresolutionofthe
modelisincreased.Aconvergedsolutiondoesnotimplyan
accuratesolution!!!
Lecture1

Slide25

TipsAboutConvergence
Makecheckingforconvergenceahabitthatyou
always perform.
Whencheckingaparameterforconvergence,
ensurethatitistheonlythingaboutthe
simulationthatischanging.
Simulationsdonotgetmoreaccurateas
resolutionisincreased.Theyonlygetmore
converged.

Lecture1

Slide26

13

11/25/2015

HowDoYouKnowifYourModelWorks?
Inmanycases,youmaynotknow.
1.BENCHMARK,BENCHMARK,BENCHMARK
2.CONVERGENCE,CONVERGENCE,CONVERGENCE
CommonSense Checkyourmodelforsimplethingslikeconservationofenergy,
magnitudeofthenumbers,etc.
Benchmark Youcanverifyyourcodeisworkingbymodelingadevicewitha
knownresponse.Doesyourmodelpredictthatresponse?
Convergence Yourmodelswillhavecertainparametersthatyoucanadjustto
improveaccuracyusuallyatthecostofcomputermemoryandruntime.Keep
increasingaccuracyuntilyouranswerdoesnotchangemuchanymore.
Whenmodelinganewdevice,benchmarkyourmodelusingassimilarofadevice
asyoucanfindwhichhasaknownresponse.Compareyourexperimentalresultsto
themodel.Dotheyagree?Reconcileanydifferences.
Lecture1

Slide27

ClassificationofMethods

Lecture1

Slide28

14

11/25/2015

ClassificationbySizeScale
LowFrequencyMethods

HighFrequencyMethods

0 a

0 a

Structuraldimensionsareontheorder
ofthewavelengthorsmaller.

Structuraldimensionsmuchlargerthan
thewavelength.

Polarizationandthevectornatureof
thefieldisimportant.

Fieldscanbeaccuratelytreatedas
scalarquantities.

Finitedifferencetimedomain
Finitedifferencefrequencydomain
Finiteelementanalysis
Methodofmoments
Rigorouscoupledwaveanalysis
Methodoflines
Beampropagationmethod
Boundaryelementmethod
Spectraldomainmethod
Planewaveexpansionmethod

Raytracing
Geometrictheoryofdiffraction
Physicaloptics
Physicaltheoryofdiffraction
Shootingandbouncingrays

Lecture1

Slide29

ClassificationbyApproximations
RigorousMethods
Amethodisrigorous ifthereexistsaresolutionparameterthatwhentakento
infinity,findsanexactsolutiontoMaxwellsequations.
Finitedifferencetimedomain
Finitedifferencefrequencydomain
Finiteelementmethod
Rigorouscoupledwaveanalysis
Methodoflines

FullWaveMethods
Amethodisfullwaveifitaccountsforthevectornatureoftheelectromagnetic
field.Afullwavemethodisnotnecessarilyrigorous.
Methodofmoments
Boundaryelementmethod
Beampropagationmethod

ScalarMethods
Amethodisscalarifthevectornatureofthefieldisnotaccountedfor.
Raytracing
Lecture1

Slide30

15

11/25/2015

ComparisonofMethodTypes
TimeDomain

FrequencyDomain
+resolvessharpresonances
+handlesobliqueincidence
+longitudinalperiodicity
+canbeveryfast

scalesatbestNlogN
canmisssharpresonances
active&nonlineardevices

+widebandsimulations
+scalesnearlinearly
+active&nonlineardevices
+easilylocatesresonances

FullyNumerical
+betterconvergence
+scalesbetterthanSA
+complexdevicegeometry

memoryrequirements
longuniformsections

SemiAnalytical

slowforlowindexcontrast

FourierSpace
+moderateindexcontrast
+periodicproblems
+veryfastandefficient

StructuredGrid
+easytoimplement
+rectangularstructures
+easyfordivergencefree

lessefficient
curvedsurfaces

volumemesh
spurioussolutions

fieldvisualization
formulationdifficult
resolvingfinedetails

UnstructuredGrid
+mostefficient
+handleslargerstructures
+conformstocurvedsurfaces

DifferentialBased
+sparsematrices
+easiertoformulate
+easiertoimplement

convergenceissues
scalespoorly
complexdevicegeometry

+veryfast&efficient
+layereddevices
+lessmemory

RealSpace
+highindexcontrast
+metals
+resolvingfinedetails
+fieldvisualization

longitudinalperiodicity
sharpresonances
memoryrequirements
obliqueincidence

difficulttoimplement
spurioussolutions

IntegralBased
fullmatrices
+surfacemesh
+Veryefficientformanystructures moredifficulttoformulate
moredifficulttoimplement

Lecture1

Slide31

MultiphysicsSimulations
Amultiphysics simulationisonethataccountsformultiple
simultaneousphysicalmechanismsatthesametime.

Electromagnetic
Thermal
Fluids
Motion
Chemical
Acoustic
Optical

Lecture1

Slide32

16

11/25/2015

AnyMethodCanDoAnything

Anymethodcanbe
madetodoanything.
Therealquestionsare:
Whatdevicesandinformationisa
particularmethodbestsuitedfor?
Howmuchofaforcefitisitforthat
method?
Lecture1

Slide33

OverviewoftheMethods

Lecture1

Slide34

17

11/25/2015

TransferMatrixMethod(1of2)
Transfermatricesarederivedthat
relatethefieldspresentatthe
interfacesbetweenthelayers.

E x ,trn
E x ,2
E T3 E
x ,2
y ,trn

T3
Ex ,trn
E
y ,trn

Ex ,2
Ex ,1
E T2 E
x ,2
x ,1

T2
E x ,ref
Ex ,1
E T1 E
x
,1

y ,ref

Ex ,2
E
x ,2

T1

Tglobal T3T2 T1
Ex ,1
E
x ,1

Ex ,ref
E
y ,ref

Lecture1

Ex ,trn
Ex ,ref
E Tglobal E
y ,trn
y ,ref

Transmissionthroughallthelayers
isdescribedbymultiplyingallthe
individualtransfermatrices.
Slide35

TransferMatrixMethod(2of2)
Thismethodisgoodfor
1. Modelingtransmissionandreflectionfromlayereddevices.
2. Modelinglayersofanisotropicmaterials.

Benefits

Veryfastandefficient
Rigorous
Near100%accuracy
Unconditionallystable
Robust
Simpletoimplement
Thicknessoflayerscanbeanything
Abletoexploitlongitudinalperiodicity
Easilyincorporatesmaterialdispersion
Easilyaccountsforpolarizationand
angleofincidence
Excellentforanisotropiclayered
materials

Lecture1

Drawbacks
Limitednumberofgeometries
itcanmodel.
Onlyhandleslinear,
homogeneousandinfinite
slabs.
Cannotaccountfordiffraction
effects
Inefficientfortransientanalysis

Slide36

18

11/25/2015

FiniteDifferenceFrequencyDomain(1of2)
SpaceisconvertedtoagridandMaxwells
equationsarewrittenforeachpointusing
thefinitedifferencemethod.

y
y
Ez E z x, y 2 , z Ez x, y 2 , z

y
y

Thislargesetofequationsiswrittenin
matrixformandsolvedtocalculatethe
fields.
Ez E y

j H x
y
z
Ex Ez

j H y
z
x
E y Ex

j H z
x
y
H y

H z

j Ex
y
z
H x H z

j E y
z
x
H y H x

j Ez
x
y

D Ey e z D Ez e y j xx h x
D Ez e x D Ex e z j yy h y
D Ex e y D Ey e x j zz h z

source
Ax b
x A 1b

D Hy h z D Hz h y j xx e x
j e
D Hz h x D Hx H
z
yy y
D Hx h y D Hy h x j zz e z

e x
x e y
e z

Lecture1

Slide37

FiniteDifferenceFrequencyDomain(2of2)
Thismethodisgoodfor
1. Modeling2Ddeviceswithhighvolumetriccomplexity.
2. Visualizingthefields.
3. Fastandeasilyformulationofnewnumericaltechniques.

Benefits

Accurateandrobust
Highlyversatile
Simpletoimplement
Easilyincorporatesdispersion
Excellentforfieldvisualization
Errormechanismsarewell
understood
Goodmethodformetaldevices
Excellentforvolumetrically
complexdevices
Goodscalingcomparedtoother
frequencydomainmethods
Lecture1

Drawbacks
Doesnotscalewellto3D
Difficulttoincorporate
nonlinearmaterials
Structuredgridisinefficient
Difficulttoresolvecurved
surfaces
Slowandmemoryinnefficient

Slide38

19

11/25/2015

FiniteDifferenceTimeDomain(1of2)
FieldsareevolvedbyiteratingMaxwells
equationsinsmalltimesteps.
Maxwellsequationsareenforcedateachpointat
eachtimestep.

ReflectionPlane
TF/SFPlanes
SpacerRegion
Unitcellof
realdevice
SpacerRegion

TransmissionPlane

Lecture1

Slide39

FiniteDifferenceTimeDomain(2of2)
Thismethodisgoodfor
1. Modelingbig,badanduglyproblems.
2. Modelingdeviceswithnonlinearmaterialproperties.
3. Simulatingthetransientresponseofdevices.

Benefits

Excellentforlargescalesimulations.Easily
parallelized.
Excellentfortransientanalysis.
Accurate,robust,rigorous,andmature
Highlyversatile
Intuitivetoimplement
Easilyincorporatesnonlinearbehavior
Excellentforfieldvisualizationandlearning
electromagnetics
Errormechanismsarewellunderstood
Goodmethodformetaldevices
Excellentforvolumetricallycomplexdevices
Scalesnearlinearly
Abletosimulatebroadfrequencyresponseinone
simulation
Greatforresonancehunting

Lecture1

Drawbacks
Tedioustoincorporatedispersion
Typicallyhasastructuredgrid
whichislessefficientanddoesnt
conformwelltocurvedsurfaces
Difficulttoresolvecurved
surfaces
Slowforsmalldevices
Veryinefficientforhighly
resonantdevices

Slide40

20

11/25/2015

TransmissionLineModelingMethod(1of2)
Spaceisinterpretedasagiant3Dcircuit.
Wavespropagatingthroughspaceare
representedascurrentandvoltagein
extendedcircuits.

Alsocalledtransmissionlinematrix
method(TLM).

Lecture1

Slide41

TransmissionLineModelingMethod(2of2)
Thismethodisgoodfor
1. Modelingbig,badanduglyproblems.
2. Hybridizingmodelswithmicrowavedevices.
3. Representingdigitalwaveforms.

Benefits

Drawbacks

Essentiallythesamebenefitsat
FDTDandFDFD.
Excellentforlargescale
simulations.Easilyparallelized.
Excellentfortransientanalysis.
Noconvergencecriteria.
Inherentlystable.
Time andfrequencydomain
implementationsexist.
Excellentfitwithnetworktheory
inmicrowaveengineering.

Essentiallythesamedrawbacks
asFDTDandFDFD.

Lecture1

Slide42

21

11/25/2015

BeamPropagationMethod(1of2)
Thebeampropagationmethod(BPM)isasimplemethodtosimulate
forwardpropagationthroughadevice.Itcalculatesthefieldone
planeatatimesoitdoesnotneedtosolvetheentiresolutionspace
atonce.

2
A i xx ,i D Hx zz1,i D Ex xx ,i yy ,i neff
I
1

j z
j z i
eiy1 I
A i 1 I
Ai e y
4
4
n
neff
eff

Lecture1

Slide43

BeamPropagationMethod(2of2)
Thismethodisgoodfor
1. Nonlinearopticaldevices.
2. Deviceswherereflectionsandabruptchangesinthe
fieldarenegligible(i.e.forwardonlydevices)

Benefits
Simpletoformulateandimplement
(FFTBPMiseasiest)
Numericallyefficientforfaster
simulations
Wellestablishedfornonlinear
materials(uniqueforfrequency
domainmethod).
Easilyincorporatesdispersion
Excellentforfieldvisualization
Errormechanismsarewell
understood
Wellsuitedforwaveguidecircuit
simulation
Lecture1

Drawbacks
Notarigorousmethod
Limitedinthephysicsitcan
handle
Typicallyusesparaxial
approximation
Typicallyneglectsbackward
reflections
FFTBPMisslower,lessstable,
andlessversatilethanFDM
BPM
Slide44

22

11/25/2015

MethodofLines(1of2)
source

reflected

x
y

BCs

Themethodoflinesisasemianalytical
method.

BCs

Modesarecomputedinthetransverseplane
foreachlayerandpropagatedanalyticallyin
thez-direction.
Boundaryconditionsareusedtomatched
thefieldsattheinterfacesbetweenlayers.

BCs

Transmissionthroughtheentirestackof
layersisthenknownandtransmittedand
reflectedfieldscanbecomputed.

Lecture1

transmitted

BCs

Slide45

MethodofLines(2of2)
Thismethodisgoodfor
1. Longdevices.
2. Longdeviceswithmetals.

Benefits
Excellentforlongitudinally
periodicdevices
Rigorousmethod
Excellentfordeviceswithhigh
indexcontrastandmetals
Goodforresonantstructures
Lessnumericaldispersionthan
fullynumericalmethods
Easierfieldvisualizationthan
RCWA
Lecture1

Drawbacks
Scalesverypoorlyinthe
transversedirection
Cumbersomemethodforfield
visualization
LessefficientthanRCWAfor
dielectricstructures.
Rarelyusedin3Danalysis,but
thismaychangewithmore
moderncomputers
Slide46

23

11/25/2015

RigorousCoupledWaveAnalysis(1of2)
Fieldineachlayeris
representedasasetof
planewavesat
differentangles.
Planewavesdescribe
propagationthrough
eachlayer.
Layersareconnected
bytheboundary
conditions.

Lecture1

Slide47

RigorousCoupledWaveAnalysis(2of2)
Thismethodisgoodfor
1. Modelingdiffractionfromperiodicdielectricstructures
2. Periodicdeviceswithlongitudinalperiodicity

Benefits

Excellentformodelingdiffractionfrom
periodicdielectricstructures.
Extremelyfastandefficientforalldielectric
structureswithlowtomoderateindex
contrast
Accurateandrobust
Unconditionallystable
Thicknessoflayerscanbeanythingwithout
numericalcost
Excellentforlongitudinallyperiodic
structures.
Excellentforstructureslargeinthe
longitudinaldirection.
Easilyincorporatespolarizationandangleof
incidence.

Lecture1

Drawbacks
Scalespoorlyintransverse
dimensions.
Lessefficientforhighdielectric
contrastandmetalsdueto
Gibbsphenomenon.
Poormethodforfinite
structures.
Slowconvergenceiffast
Fourierfactorizationisnot
used.
Slide48

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11/25/2015

PlaneWaveExpansionMethod(1of2)
Theplanewaveexpansionmethod
(PWEM)calculatesmodesthatexistin
aninfinitelyperiodiclattice.It
representsthefieldinFourierspaceas
thesumofalargesetofplanewavesat
differentangles.

Lecture1

Slide49

PlaneWaveExpansionMethod(2of2)
Thismethodisgoodfor
1. Analyzingunitcells
2. Calculatingphotonicbanddiagramsandeffectivematerialproperties.

Benefits
Excellentforalldielectricunit
cells
Fastevenfor3D
Accurateandrobust
Rigorousmethod

Lecture1

Drawbacks
Scalespoorly.
Weakmethodforhigh
dielectriccontrastandmetals.
Limitedtomodalanalysis.
Cannotmodelscattering.
Cannotincorporatedispersion.

Slide50

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SliceAbsorptionMethod(1of2)
VirtuallyanymethodthatconvertsMaxwellsequationstoamatrixequationcan
orderthematrixtogiveitthefollowingblocktridiagonal form.

Thisallowstheproblemtobesolvedonesliceatatime.

Lecture1

Slide51

SliceAbsorptionMethod(2of2)
Thismethodisgoodfor
1. Modelingstructureswithhighvolumetriccomplexity
2. Modelingfinitesizestructures(i.e.notinfinitely
periodic)

Benefits
Excellentformodelingdevices
withhighvolumetriccomplexity
Easilyincorporatesdispersion
Easilyincorporatepolarization
andobliqueincidence
Potentialfortransversedevices
Excellentforfinitesizedevices
Excellentframeworktohybridize
differentmethods.
Transversesources
Stackinginthreedimensions.
Lecture1

Drawbacks
Newmethodandnotwell
understood.

Slide52

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FiniteElementMethod(1of2)
Step1:DescribeStructure

Step2:MeshStructure
ThisisaVERY
importantand
involvedstep.

1 1.0

r 1.50

2 2.5

Step3:BuildGlobalMatrix

Step4:SolveMatrixEquation
Incorporatea
source.

Iteratethrough
eachelementto
populatethe
globalmatrix.

Ax b
Calculatefield.

x A 1b

Ax 0
Lecture1

Slide53

FiniteElementMethod(2of2)
Thismethodisgoodfor
1. Modelingvolumetricallycomplexstructuresinthefrequency
domain.

Benefits

Drawbacks

Verymaturemethod
Tedioustoimplement
Excellentrepresentationof
Requiresameshingstep
curvedsurfaces
Unstructuredgridishighly
efficient
Unconditionallystable
Scalingimprovedwithdomain
decomposition

Lecture1

Slide54

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MethodofMoments(1of2)

f an v n

Lf g

a Lv
n

v1 , Lv1

v 2 , Lv1

Galerkin Method

IntegralEquation

Convertsalinear
equationtoamatrix
equation

UsuallyusesPECapproximation
Usuallybasedoncurrent

v m , Lv n v m , g

v1 , Lv 2
v 2 , Lv 2

a v , Lg
1 1
a1 v 2 , Lg

aN v N , Lg

Ezinc

L2

L 2

2 e jkr
I z z k 2 2
dz
z 4 r

TheMethodofMoments
i1

v1

i2

v2

i3

v3

i4

v4

i5

i6

i7

v5

v6

v7

z11
z
21
z31

z41
z51

z61
z
71

z12
z22

z13
z23

z14
z24

z15
z25

z16
z26

z32
z42

z33
z43

z34
z44

z35
z45

z36
z46

z52
z62
z72

z53
z63
z73

z54
z64
z74

z55
z65
z75

z56
z66
z76

z17 i1 v1
z27 i2 v2
z37 i3 v3

z47 i4 v4
z57 i5 v5

z67 i6 v6
z77 i7 v7

Lecture1

Slide55

MethodofMoments(2of2)
Thismethodisgoodfor
1. Modelingmetallicdevicesatradiofrequencies
2. Modelinglargescalemetallicstructuresatradiofrequencies

Benefits
Extremelyefficientanalysisof
metallicdevices
Fullwave
Veryfast
Excellentscalingusingthefast
multipole method
Noboundaryconditions
Simpleimplementation
Maturemethodwithlotsof
literature
CanbyhybridizedwithFEM
Lecture1

Drawbacks
Notarigorousmethod
Poormethodforincorporating
dispersionanddielectrics
Longatediousformulation
Inefficientforvolumetrically
complexstructures

Slide56

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BoundaryElementMethod(1of2)
Theboundaryelementmethod(BEM)isalsocalledtheMethodof
Moments,butisappliedto2Delements.Themostfamouselementis
theRaoWiltonGlisson (RWG)edgeelement.
S.M.Rao,D.R.Wilton,A.W.Glisson,
ElectromagneticScatteringbySurfacesof
ArbitraryShape,IEEETrans.Antennasand
Propagation,vol.AP30,no.3,pp.409418,
1982.

Governingequationexistsonlyattheboundaryofadevicesomany
fewerelementsareneeded.

5000elements

400elements

Lecture1

Slide57

BoundaryElementMethod(2of2)
Thismethodisgoodfor
1. Modelinglargedeviceswithsimplegeometries.
2. Modelingscatteringfromhomogeneousblobs.

Benefits
Highlyefficientwhensurface
tovolumeratioislow
Excellentrepresentationof
curvedsurfaces
Unstructuredgridishighly
efficient
Unconditionallystable
CanbehybridizedwithFEM
Domaincanextendtoinfinity
SimplermeshingthanFEM
Lecture1

Drawbacks

Tedioustoimplement
Requiresameshingstep
Notusuallyarigorousmethod
Inefficientforvolumetrically
complexgeometries

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DiscontinuousGalerkin Method(1of2)
ThediscontinuousGalerkin method(DGM)combinesfeaturesofthe
finiteelementandfinitevolumeframeworktosolvedifferential
equations.

Lecture1

Slide59

DiscontinuousGalerkin Method(2of2)
Thismethodisgoodfor
1. Solvingverycomplexequations.
2. Modelingveryelectricallylargestructures.
3. Timedomainfiniteelementmethod.

Benefits
Meshelementscanhaveany
arbitraryshape.
Fieldsmaybecollocated
insteadofstaggered.
Inherentlyaparallelmethod.
Easilyextendedtohigherorder
ofaccuracy.
Allowsexplicittimestepping
Lowmemoryconsumption(no
largematrices)
Lecture1

Drawbacks

Tedioustoimplement
Requiresameshingstep
Notusuallyarigorousmethod
Inefficientforvolumetrically
complexgeometries

Slide60

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