PRELIMINARY OUTLINE IN LOGIC

PHILOSOPHY philein w/c means LOVE and Sophia w/c means WISDOM
`- SIMPLY love of wisdom
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It is the search for meaning

An important part of human persons life whether he knows it
Deals with anything that is related to the whole being which concerns the
human person
It is a HUMAN ACTIVITY
It is a SOCIAL ACTIVITY since humans are social being interacting with one
another
It is AS PERENNIAL a never ending truth
It is a Disinterested search being less attractive as compared with other
sciences
It is a search for the INTELLIGIBLE STRUCTURE searching for the truth
therefore using REASON.
A SEARCH FOR THE TOTALITY OF BEING dealing with search for the whole
creation.

BRANCHES OF PHILOSOPHY
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METAPHYSICS, concerned with the ultimate reality and deals about

beginningness beyond the physical entity
EPISTEMOLOGY, study of knowledge or the Theory of Knowledge
ETHICS, study of moral judgments
SOCIAL PHILOSOPHY, philosophical study of society and institutions
POLITICAL PHILOSOPHY, discussion of society but dealing with political aspect
of a community
AESTHETICS, the philosophy of art
LOGIC, theory of correct reasoning.

PHILOSOPHIES-OF-DISCIPLINE
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PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE, inquiry on scientific investigation

PHILOSOPHY OF MATHEMATICS, provide an account on the nature and
methodology of mathematics
PHILOSOPHY OF LAW, deals with the whys of the law
PHILOSOPHY OF EDUCATION, provides understanding to the issues of
education
PHILOSOPHY OF BIOLOGY, provides explanation of biological traits
PHILOSOPHY OF PSYCHOLOGY, study of the soul

PHILOSOPHY-OF-SUBJECT
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PHILOSOPHY OF MIND, deals with the issues of mental and mind-body

problem
PHILOSOPHY OF RELIGION, known also as THEODICY, the study of God.
PHILOSOPHY OF HISTORY,dealing with matters off significance or possible
purpose of the historical processes
PHILOSOPHY OF SPORTS, relates sports with aesthetics
PHILOSOPHY OF LOVE, deals with affection and attachment
PHILOSOPHY OF CULTURE, study of all the aspects of human life such as
historical, anthropological and sociological dimensions of social life
PHILOSOPHY OF WOMEN, feminism or feministic philosophy, study of legal
and political rights of women

PHILOSOPHICAL TRADITIONS
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ANALYTIC PHILOSOPHY, focused on the problems that can be resolved

EXISTENTIALISM, focused on the problem
that arises from our living in a
world that in many unreasonable and absurd.

PHENOMENOLOGY, defaces assumptions and presuppositions and upholds

phenomenaas they are apprehended.

Philosophers - People who love wisdom

Wisdom deals with the principles of things, the first cause of all beings
BEGINNING OF PHILOSOPHY
- The first philosophers were called Milesians or Ionians because the birthplace of
philosophy was the seaport town of miletus thus making it the center of commerce.
The affluence of the people gave them luxury and time for thinking and reflection.
Later on the merchants and the rich people did not only trade their merchandises
but also their ideas and their beliefs brought about by their own reflections. This
caused arts and philosophy to flourish.
THALES provided an answer that everything must have come from water.
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Father of philosophy

Anaximander pupil of Thales that believed that a thing must have come from an
original stuff called indeterminate boundless.
Anaximenes he designates air as the primary substance from which all things
have originated. just as our soul, being air, holds us together, so do breath and air
encompass the whole world.
Phytagoras promulgated the belief that everything must have come from
numbers. Everything is measurable and can be numbered.
Heraclitus of Ephesus focuses on the problem of change. Everything is in constant
motion or change. He said no one can step on the same river twice.Everything
must have come from fire.
Parmenides of Elea change is an illusion. Everything is permanent. He believed
that the world consists of one indivisible thing.
Empodocles of Sicily change and motion are made possible because objects are
composed of many particles which are in themselves changeless. The 4 changeless
elements are: earth, air, fire and water.
Leucippus founder of the anatomist school
Democritus of abdera he said everything is made up of atoms moving in an empty
space. For him and Leucippus, everything was the product of the collision of atoms
moving in space.
PHYTHAGORAS believed that every human is incapable of knowing the whole
truth.
HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF PHILOSOPHY
PRE-SOCRATIC PHILOSOPHERS
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Primarily concerned with the nature and origin of the world.therefore, the
early philosophers were METAPHYSICIANS
Their concern is focused on the origin and nature of the universe thus
considering ancient philosophers as COSMOCENTRIC (centering on the
cosmos or the universe.)
The middle ages philosophers were THEOCENTRIC meaning they provide
explanation on the existence of God and the nature of his being,
Christian Medieval Ages, making the act of faith as the conclusion for the
logical process and negating the supra national character of faith.
The seventeenth century began the modern view wherein philosophy shift
away from metaphysics towards epistemology. This was spearheaded by
FRANCIS BACON, RENE DESCARTES and JOHN LOCKE.
RENE DESCARTES father of modern philosophy, study the process of
thinking itself. He believed in cognito ergo sum one being IDEOCENTRIC
which focused on the certitude of human knowledge.
The Contemporary period focused its attention not anymore on the human
mind but on the human person himself. ANTHROPOCENTRIC which means
MAN is the center or focused of the study?

MAIN GOAL OF PHILOSOPHY rediscovery of human dignity

IMPORTANCE OF PHILOSOPHY

IRREPLACEABLE MEANS FOR THE ENCOUNTER AND DIALOUGE BETWEEN

BELIEVERS AND NON-BELIEVERS.
Without philosophy there would be no agreement.
Since it deals with the search in attaining the meaning of human life then,
philosophy is important to a human person.
Helps students attain the capabilities to make careful distinctions in thought,
words and arguments.

INTRODUCTION TO LOGIC
LOGIC as science and art which helps our mind to distinguish between the correct
from incorrect.
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Purpose is to attain clarity in our thoughts and validity in our processes of

inference.
Specific task is to separate the good from the bad reasoning
Three distinct activities are: ANALYSIS, CLASSIFICATION AND ASSESSMENT
ANALYSIS: determine between argument and non argument
CLASSIFICATION: determine between deductive and inductive reasoning
ASSESSMENT: determine correctness and incorrectness of certain arguments

IMPORTANCE OF LOGIC
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A means to obtain the truth

We are convinced that knowledge is better than ignorance
Makes one a better person
We are able to determine the value of our existence
Enhances our ability to clarify our belief
FIDES QUAERENS INTELLECTUM, faith follows reason so that our beliefs will
become greater value
Aid us in our quest for knowledge
We can make wise decision

HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF LOGIC

THE NYAYA PHILOSOPHY, a system of philosophy which was studied in India in
the 5th century. Authored by GOTAMA or GAUTAMA (SIDDHARTHA GAUTAMA called
BUDDHA) NYAYA means logical argument or syllogism
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This is the attainment of knowledge to liberate the soul

The 4 means of obtaining knowledge are: PERCEPTION (PRATYAKSA), error
free recognition comes from direct contact between the senses and the
object. INFERENCE (ANUMANA), acquiring knowledge by means of
implications. ANALOGY OR COMPARISON (UPAMANA), knowledge is obtained
through the use of analogy and comparison by the use as well of our direct
perception of a thing. VERBAL TESTIMONY (SABDA), knowledge is due to
direct authority and not by direct experience.

PRE-ARISTOTELIAN LOGIC IN GREECE

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Consider the art of argumentation to a high degree of perfection in order to

prove their point.
ZENO, became the founder of DIALECTICS

ARISTOTELIAN LOGIC
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ARISTOTLE, THE FATHER OF LOGIC

ORGANON, the compilation of aristotles treatises on reasoning which in turn
became the so called LOGIC.

POST-ARISTOTELIAN LOGICIANS AMONG THE GREEKS

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THEOPHRASTUS and EUDEMUS, disciple of Aristotle who continue their

attention to logic.

THE GREEK AND LATIN COMMENTATORS

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They merely explain and defended the work of Aristotle

GALEN, introduced the fourth syllogistic figure and wrote special work

THE SCHOLASTICS AND CRUSADERS

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PRIOR ANALYTICS, devised mnemonic names for valid moods

BARBARA and CELARENT, the moods that do not need validation
The most popular work during this time is the DE NUPTIIS MERCURIIET
PHILOLOGIAE CAPELLA
BOETHIUS, translated in latin which was actually the work of
AristotleNOMINALISM, the art of dialectical disputation
DIALECTICA, wrote by Peter Abelard which were topics on conversation,
opposition, quantity, quality, tense of logic and reduction of de dicto to de re
modality.
CRUSADERS, responsible in bringing Christian in Europe
LOGICA DOCENS, logic as theoretical science
LOGICA UTENS, applied art or the practical logic

THE MODERN LOGIC

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GOTTFRIED WILHELM LEIBNIZ, envisioned development of universal language

to be specified in mathematics
The three overlapping traditions in the development of logic: ALGEBRAIC
SCHOOL, focused on correct reasoning and operations like addition and
multiplication. LOGICIST SCHOOL, aimed to codify the underlying logic of all
rational, scientific discourse into a single system. MATHEMATICAL SCHOOL,
can be traced back to EUCLID, which axiomatization of particular branches of
mathematics such as geometry, arithmetic, analysis and set thery.
FRANCIS BEACON, THE FATHER OF MODERN LOGIC.

PROBLEM SOLVING
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In trying to solve a problem it is imperative to apply reason in a problematic

way or situation in order to understand the problem and identify the proper
method to be used
in order to obtain a solution to the problem.

DIVISIONS OF LOGIC
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The 2 main divisions of logic are:

TRADITIONAL LOGIC, first known method in order to attain a certain
demonstrated knowledge and was also known as the Aristotelian logic which
uses deductive method of reasoning (from general to specific)
Example:
All Filipinos are hospitable individuals.
But the Mangyans are Filipinos.
Therefore, the mangyans are hospitable individuals.
LOGIC maybe FORMAL LOGIC and MATERIAL LOGIC
In FORMAL LOGIC, the validity of statement is governed by rules of structure
and validity of argument forms a pattern while MATERIAL LOGIC, is concerned
with the meaning and truth of a concept and sentences which comprise a
syllogism.
Statement 1: ALL HUMAN BEINGS ARE GODS CREATURE
AND JOHN POE IS A HUMAN BEING;
IT FOLLOWS THAT JOHN POE IS GODS CREATURE.
Statement 2: ALL FILIPINOS ARE GOD-FEARERS.
BUT JOSE RIZAL IS A FILIPINP.
ERGO, MABINI IS A GOD-FEARE.
Statement 2 does not follow the logical reasoning.
In FORMAL LOGIC there must be THREE ACTS OF THE MIND:
SIMPLE APPREHENSION
JUDGMENT

REASONING
So this suggest of the NATURAL THREEFOLD DIVISION OF FORMAL LOGIC:
1. TERMS OR CONCEPTS
2. PROPOSITIONS
3. ARGUMENTS

SYMBOLIC LOGIC, also known as mathematical logic which may also be

deductive in its approach.

THREE BASIC FUNCTIONS OF LANGUAGE

1. INFORMATIVE use to communicate information
2. EXPRESSIVE example of which is a poem
3. DIRECTIVE intended to cause or to prevent actions