Stone Dust & Rubber

EFFECT OF RECYCLED TYRE & RUBBER AS
COARSE AGGREGATE & STONE DUST AS

FINE AGGREGATE IN CEMENT CONCRETE
WORKS
DISSERTATION
SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE
REQUIREMENTS FOR THE AWARD OF THE DEGREE
OF
MASTER OF TECHNOLOGY
in
CIVIL ENGINEERING
(Structures)
By
BHANU PRATAP SINGH

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
INTEGRAL UNIVERSITY
LUCKNOW(INDIA)
2015
CONTENTS
Title
Page No.
CERTIFICATE
vii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
ABSTRACTS
CONTENTS
LIST OF TABLES
LIST OF FIGURE
LIST OF PHOTOGRAPHS
1. INTRODUCTION
1.1 General
1.2 Historical Background
1.3 Applications
1.4 Thesis Layout
2 LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Mortar Materials
MATERIALS STANDERED PROPERTIES
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Material Characteristics
3.2.1 Cement
3.2.2 Grit
3.2.2.1 Concrete Compressive Strength
3.2.3 Sand
3.2.4 Stone Dust
4. TEST PROGRAMME
4.1 Concrete
4.2 Concrete Cube
4.3 Proportioning of Concrete Mix
ii
4.4 Concrete Cubes

4.5 Concrete Units
4.6 Specimen Preparation
4.6.1 Concrete
4.6.2 Concrete Units
4.7 Testing Procedure
4.7.1 Concrete
4.7.1.1 Concrtete Characteristics
4.7.1.2 Compressive Strength Test
4.7.2 Concrete Cube specimens
4.7.2.1 Testing Compressive Strength
4.7.3 Concrete units
4.7.3.1 Compressive Strength
4.7.3.2 Factor for capacity of Concrete
5. TEST RESULTS
5.1 Behavior of Concrete
5.1.1 Compressive Strength
5.1.2 Discussion
5.2 Behavior of Concrete Units
5.2.2 Discussion
6. COMPARATIVE STUDY
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Comparison of Quarry Dust and Stone Dust in Mortar
6.3 Discussion
7. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
7.1 Conclusions
REFERENCES
iii
LIST OF TABLE
Table No.
Description
3.1
Properties of Cements
3.2
Properties of grit
3.3
Sieve Analysis of Different Type of Sand
2.4
Sieve Analysis of Different Type of Stone Dust
4.1
Proportions used in the Experiments

for concrete mix
5.1
Average Compressive Strength at 7 days
5.2
Average Compressive Strength at 28 days
5.3
Compressive Strength for concrete Units
5.4
Values for Different concrete Units
6..1
Values for Different concrete Units
iv
Page No.
LIST OF FIGURE
Fig. No.
Description
Page No.
Compressive strength of Concrete cubes ratio 1:1.5:3 with

respect % of sand at 14 days.
Compressive strength of Concrete cubes ratio 1:1.5:3 with
respect % of sand at 28 days.
Compressive strength variation of Concreter cubes ratio

1:1.5:3 with respect % of stone dust substituted to sand at 14
days.
Compressive strength variation of Concrete cubes ratio

1:1.5:3 with respect % of stone dust substituted to sand at
28days.
Compressive strength variation of Concrete ratio 1:1.5:3 with

respect % of stone dust substituted to sand and % tyre
substitute to grit at 14 days.
Compressive strength variation of Concrete ratio 1:1.5:3 with
respect % of stone dust substituted to sand and % tyre
substitute to grit at 28 days.
LIST OF PHOTOGRAPHS
Plate. No.
Description
Different Types of Material
Stone dust and tyre thrown as waste
Specimens ready for Testing(Concreter Cubes)
Specimens ready for Testing(Concrete)
Testing of Concrete
Testing of Concrete Cubes
Testing of Concrete
Cube after complete Failure in compression
Concrete after complete Failure in compression
vi
Page No.
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

INTEGRAL UNIVERSITY
LUCKNOW(INDIA)
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the Dissertation entitled EFFECT OF
RECYCLED TYRE & RUBBER AS COARSE AGGREGATE &
STONE DUST AS FINE AGGREGATE IN CEMENT CONCRETE
WORKS Which is being submitted by Mr. Bhanu Pratap Singh
(1200143002) in partial fulfillment of the award of Degree of

Master of Technology in Structures of the Integral University,
Lucknow, is a record of his own carried out by him under my
supervision and guidance. The matter embodied in the
dissertation has not been submitted for the award of any other
Degree or Diploma.
(SabhiAhmed)
H.O.D,
Department of Civil
Engineering, Integral
University, Lucknow,U.P.
vii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
For Almighty God, the Omniscient and Omnipotent, is all praise.
He is the Creator, Cherisher and Sustainer of the World. His ever
watchful grace Hows to all his creatures, protecting them,
preserving them, guiding them and leading them to clear light and
higher life.
It is my duty to express my sincere and grateful thanks to
my supervisor Er. Sabhi Ahmed (H.O.D, Civil Engineering
Department), who spared me a good deal of his extremely
precious time giving me helpful guidance throughout the
course of this work. His intellectual, moral, spiritual character
has been a great source of inspiration for me. Without his sage
advice and constructive criticisms, this work could not have taken
shape.
I must not omit this opportunity to show my deepest
indebtedness to my family and friend without whose care and
support I would have been nothing. By no means can pay them
back the favors they have done to me.
(BHANU PRATAP SINGH)
viii
OBJECTIVE-: The main objective of this dissertation isa) Use of waste materials making concrete or Green Concrete.
b) Find the maximum strength of concrete after mixing of %stone
Dust as fine aggregate in concrete.
c) Examine the effects of increasing the coarse aggregate replacement

percentage with recycled tire chips on concrete fresh properties,
compressive strength, split-tension, flexural strength, permeability and
freeze/thaw resistance, and determine an optimum replacement percentage
of coarse aggregate with recycled tire chips for pavement concrete
mixtures..
ix
ABSTRACT
The present investigation aims in the study of properties of concrete in which
stone dust is used as a partial replacement for natural sand and partial
replacement of tyre of size 4.7 to 100 mm for coarse aggregate by weight for
concrete.
Stone dust is replaced at replacement levels of 0%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%
and 40%.
A set of 6 numbers of concrete cubes were constructed with cement Concrete
ratio 1:1.5:2, , 6 numbers cube in each ratio, fine aggregate being river sand
and 150 micron free stone dust with replacement levels of 20%,
25%,30%,35% and 40% in each ratio i.e. substituting natural river sand.
After this 30% stone dust replace the sand cube gives max strength, then
replace coarse aggregate as tyre about 2%,5%,10% and checking strength.
In the investigation 6 numbers of standard cubes were constructed using
strength Nlmm2 with cement concrete. ratio 1:1.5:3, 6 numbers in each ratio,
fine aggregate being river sand and 150 micron free stone dust with
replacement levels of 0%, 10%, 20%, 35%, and 40% in each ratio i.e.
substituting natural river sand. fine aggregate with concrete ratios are
compared with allowable compressive strength requirements of concrete
specified by IS 516-1959.
The investigation indicates that the stone dust can replace natural sand
partially in concrete with higher or same strength and cheaper cost. All a
comparison between Stone dust as substitute to natural river sand and tyre as
substitute to grit.
Keywords-:OPC cement, Coarse Sand, Stone Dust, Tyre size 4.75 to 10mm
Chapter -1
Introduction
1.1 General
Sand collected from Aeolian deposit is expensive due to unwanted cost of
transportation from natural sources. Large scale exploitation of natural sand creates
environmental impact on society. River sand is most commonly used fine aggregate in
concrete but due to acute shortage in many areas, availability, cost &
environmental impact are the major concern. To overcome from this crisis, partial
replacement of sand with stone dust can be an economic alternative. In developing
countries like India, quarry dust has been rampantly used in different construction
purposes but replacement technology has emerged as an innovative development to
civil engineering material.
Grit collected from mountains is also expansive due to unwanted cost of transportation
from natural sources. Concrete is one of the most popular construction materials. Due to
this fact, the construction industry is always trying to increase its uses and applications and
improving its properties , while reducing cost. The objective of this experimental study is
to test the properties of concrete when recycled rubber from automotive tyres is used as a
partial aggregate. Test should be taken to concrete specimens contains 2%, 5%,10%
substitution of junk tyre rubber as a natural aggregate. The replacement of coarse aggregate
by junk rubber in concrete has resulted in reduced compressive strengths and densities. The
reductions in compressive strength and density depended on the amount of rubber added.
The use of such materials not only results in conservation of natural resources but also
helps in maintaining good environmental conditions. The inability of the nature to replace
it and increasing pressures from local bodies, to protect the environment, either
replacement or substitution for sand and grit is warranted during this decade and for
future.
Due to rapid growth in construction activity, the consumption of concrete is increasing
every year. This results in excessive extraction of natural river sand. The use of the material
is being constrained by urbanization, zoning regulations, increased cost and environmental
concern. Thus, it is becoming inevitable to use alternative materials in concrete waste
material like stone dust, tyre etc.
India has taken major initiative on developing the infrastructures such as express highways,
power projects and industrial structures etc.to meet the requirements of globalization. In
the construction of buildings and other structures concrete play rightful role and a large
quantum of concrete is being utilized. Coarse aggregate, which is one of the constituent
1
used in the production of conventional concrete has become highly expensive and also
scarce. In the backdrop ,there is large demand for alternative materials from wastes. Waste
tyre dumping or disposal of these materials causes environmental and health problems.
Waste tyre management is a serious global concern. Millions of waste tyres are generated
and stock piled every year, often in an uncontrolled manner, causing a major environmental
problem. As tyres are durable and not naturally biodegradable ,they remain in dump sites
with little degradation overtime, presenting a continuing environmental hazard. Therefore,
recycling of waste materials plays a vital role in concrete Tyre wastes increasing annually,
because now-a-days motor vehicle usage is rapidly increased. Waste tyre from vehicle is
used for various process like retarding and other works etc., These type of tyres shredded
to use shaped like a coarse aggregate to replace coarse aggregate partially in this process.
In this scrap tyre rubber modified concrete is termed as Rubberized concrete. The public,
governments and industry are all greatly interested in green design and engineering
approaches towards better environmental quality and sustainable development. At the same
time, these studies can help producers to take conservative action aimed at making the
environmental impact less harmful. An emerging use is the production of concrete, in
which junk tyre rubber particles partially replace natural aggregates. This has the additional
advantage of saving in natural aggregates used in the production of concrete which are
becoming increasingly scarce. This experiment investigated a wide range of physical and
mechanical properties of concrete containing recycled tyre aggregates assess its suitability
as a construction material.
The influence factors such as rubber aggregate content and size, as well as curing time was
also considered. The quantities of concrete produced worldwide for such applications could
ensure the viability of this product. Therefore, this type of concrete shows promise for
becoming an additional sustainable solution for tyre rubber waste management.
Stone dust
Quarry sand
Figure 1: Rubber Samples (Before Cutting)
Figure 2: Chipped Rubber Samples

3
1.2 Historical Background

STONE DUST
In order to conduct this study steps like field observation, data collection,
analysis, laboratory test, economic consideration, waste minimization practices etc.
measures are measured. For field observation extensive site visit is conducted including
identification of the position of past, present and future condition of the area, extraction
of an overall view on the life of labors, their economic status, employment opportunity,
number of labors working, economic value of sand and stone dust. Data is actually
collected based on survey, interviewing, case studies etc.
Location is visited several times to know the existing condition. Different laboratory tests
such as grain size analysis, normal Consistency, Fineness, and initial Setting time, Final
Setting time etc. for different concrete have been conducted, which were used in the study.
The tests were performed to determine their characteristics.
the stone dust, amounting to 25% of the coarse aggregates produced in stone
crushers which were considered to be waste material facing the solid waste disposal
problem, is being experimented as an alternate to river sand and coarse aggregate grit in
construction industry for concrete works. Equal or excess quantity of sand is required
for concrete in any construction project when compared to the concrete consumption in
the same project. The fines below 150 microns in crusher dust will have high affinity to
water which creates high water demand and reduced strength in concrete and hence as a
trial, these fines below 150 microns were removed. The micro fines below 150 microns
will be about 15% of the total volume of cm crusher dust. These micro fines can be
removed by vacuum de dusting system with bag filters in the crusher itself.
Investigations on the strength of concrete with crusher dust as partial and partial
replacement of fine aggregates are reported by several researchers. Shau etal and Shukla
`etal ' investigated the use of crusher dust for partial replacement of sand Prakash Rao 's
`etal ' investigations were with full replacement of sand with cm sherdust in concrete
only. Investigations on partial replacement of sand concrete with crusher dust as is
available from the crusher are reported in this paper. Also, the fines below 150 micron
size are removed from this unrefined cm crusher dust and the micro fines removed cm
sher dust is used for full replacement of sand in masonry and tested for basic
compressive strength. So, the experimental work with micro fines removed stone dust as
replacement for sand in concrete work is not reported so far.
In order to fulfill the requirement of fine aggregates, some alternative material
must be found Stone dust as replaced materials to natural sand has become beneficial and
is common in the world. Stone dust is manufactured by cashing larger stones of quarry
to particular size of sand. Its chemical & physical properties such as color, size & shape,
surface texture up particles depend upon types of stone & its source.
Use of crushed sand has become a good substitute for natural sand and it has
become essential keeping in view of technical, commercial & environmental
requirements. Proper quality control while using crushed sand/ manufactured sand can
result in better results.
RUBBER/TYRE
4
Various sizes of coarse aggregates and rubber aggregates were used in many studies,
and most investigators replaced the coarse aggregates in the concrete mixes partially or
wholly by a volume of rubber aggregate. The size and grading of rubber aggregates used
by various investigators varied considerably. In this study, we wanted to test rubber
aggregates of forms and sizes different from those used in most of the other studiesb
ecause the size and form of rubber aggregates play a major role in determining the
characteristics of the concretes. The present research study consists of a basic concrete
(control mix) whose formulation was given by the mean of the Gorisse-Dreux method to
replace each time a part of the weight of traditional gravels by rubber aggregates obtained
from cutting worn tires without any treatment which makes it accessible to everyone to
use.
Concrete has been the most widely used construction material nearly for the period
of century. Some of the peoples research the rubberized concrete : Eldin N.N and Senouci
A.B.(1993),"Rubber tyre particles as coarse aggregates" examined compressive and tensile
strengths of rubberized concrete. He notes that rubberized concrete did not perform as well
as normal concrete under repeated freeze-thaw cycles. It exhibited lower compressive and
tensile strength than of normal concrete but unlike normal concrete, rubberized concrete
had the ability to absorb a large amount of plastic energy under compressive and loads. It
did not demonstrate the typical brittle failure, but rather ductile, plastic failure mode.
1.3 Application
The present investigation aims in the study of properties of concrete in which stone dust
is used as a partial replacement for natural sand for cement concrete and tyre is used as
partial replacement of coarse aggregate. Stone dust is replaced at replacement levels of
20%, 25%, 30% ,35% and 40%. and coarse aggregate is partially replaced by tyre at
replacement levels of 2%, 5%, 10%. At maximum strength obtain by sand replacement by
stone dust.Firstly a set of 6 numbers of concrete cubes were constrained with concrete cube
of ratio 1:1.5:3. After that A set of 30 numbers of concrete cubes were constrained with
concrete ratio1:1.5:3, 6 numbers cubes for every replacement , fine aggregate being river
sand and 150 micron free stone dust with replacement levels of 20%, 25%, 30% and 35%
and 40% in this ratio i.e. substituting natural river sand and A set of 18 numbers of
concrete cubes of coarse aggregate is partially replaced by tyre at replacement levels of
2%, 5%, 10%.
In the investigation 54 numbers of standard concrete cubes were constructed with free
stone dust with replacement levels of 20%, 25%, 30% ,35% and 40%. in each ratio i.e.
substituting natural river sand and tyre with replacement levels of 2%, 5%, 10% in each
ratio 1:1.5:3.
All the concrete cubes were tested on the 14th and 28th day of casting.
1.4 Thesis Significance

The main constituents of concrete such as sand, grit and water are mainly natural
resources. They are not produced in laboratory or in any industry; they are obtained from
the nature and processed to make it perfect for aggregate. For example, sand is carried by
river water and then collected These resources of engineering materials (sand stone) are
limited and day by day the dependency on them must be minimized So some other
options should be introduced to replace instead of sand Stone dust is one of such
alternative of Sand and tyre is alternative of grit can fulfill the demand of aggregate. In
Jaflong and Vulagong a huge numbers of Stone crushers are available, as a result of
these extensively labor oriented economic activities, a large number of low income
workers live in Jaflong and Vulagong. A huge amount of Dust produced during
stone crushing They are often considered as a waste in the locality. They are not given
any interest and thrown here and there. Sometime these stone powders are used for land
filling and hence the lands are losing their fertility to produce crops. Tyres are cannot
be recycled and they are dumped in to ground or used as fuel in cement factories The main
objective of the study is the evaluate relative performance of the concrete made by
normal sand and stone dust, grit and tyre.
Stone dust thrown as waste
tyre thrown as waste
This study ensures the stone powder or as an appropriate alternative of sand in concrete
manufacturing as a building materials. Stone dust considered to be a solid waste
materialist 1) posing a serious disposal problem is utilized as a partial material for sand in
concrete works.
Further, the micro fines below 150 micron size, presenting in the stone dust are removed
by sieving and micro fine free stone dust is used as the alternative to sand.
Three sets of experiments with concrete having fine aggregate as
i) sand
ii) stone dust
and coase aggregate as
i)grit
ii)Tyre
has been undertaken in the investigations and a comparative study on the mechanical
properties and behavior of concrete using fine stone dust and tyre,.
The investigation indicates that the crusher dust can replace natural sand and grit
can replace by tyre partially in concrete construction with same strength for replacing the
sand and cheaper cost after replacing of tyre as grit.
Chapter - 2
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Introduction
Almost every repair to historic concrete requires the use of concrete. The
significance of selecting an appropriate concrete, whether for repainting or rebuilding,
cannot be underestimated due to the structural and aesthetic roles that concrete plays in
concrete construction. Physically inappropriate concrete can cause a repair to fail and can
damage the original concrete. Visually inappropriate concrete alters the original intent of
the building's designer by changing our perception of the design. For these reasons
analysis of historic concrete is a topic of abiding interest to most preservation
professionals.
The publication of Blaine Cliver's article " Tests for the Analysis of concrete Samples" in
the APT Bulletin in 1974 acknowledged the importance of concrete analysis when
designing repairs to historic masonry structures. The simple, accessible aciddigestion method presented in his article was an important step in the pursuit of a deeper
and fuller understanding of the nature of historic mortar materials and how best to
evaluate them (Fig. 1). However, in the subsequent 30 years there have been many
developments in our understanding of historic mortar materials, in our appreciation of the
interactions between masonry and mortars, and in the analytical methods applied to
mortars and other cementitious material.
Accordingly, a series of three Practice Points has been developed to review the rationale
for mortar analysis and to explore the current directions in the field. The intent is not to
provide a comprehensive literature review of the subject but to present my view of the
subject based on nearly 20 years of experience and practice. Because an
understanding of the components of mortar and how they relate to one another inessential
to evaluating mortar-analysis techniques, this first article reviews mortar-making
materials; subsequent articles will cover analytical methods and buying mortar-analysis
services.
2.2 Concrete Materials
Historically, a variety of materials were used to make concrete, but generally
speaking concrete is composed of an coarse and fine aggregate and a binder that are
combined with water to form a coherent, plastic mass. The following discussion
addresses these three primary ingredients as they are typically found in Indian Concrete;
8
though the distinctive materials used in other localities are well worth reviewing,
discussion of concrete from other countries is beyond the scope of the article.
Aggregate is volumetrically the most significant part of any concrete. Aggregate is
generally considered to be inert in a concrete, in that it does not change during the process
of mixing or curing and does not react with the other concrete ingredients The primary
purpose of aggregate in a concrete is to limit shrinkage. Properly graded aggregate also
improves workability, thereby permitting the addition of less water into a concrete mix than
would otherwise be required.
Natural coarse sand, the most commonly used fine aggregate in concrete, typically is
either primarily quartz or primarily carbonate (Fig. 2). Quartz sands are the product of
the breakdown of quartz-bearing rocks, such as granite, sandstone, schist, and gneiss. They
are the typical beach and river sands, although most sands quarried for mortar are from
ancient deposits, not modem beach and river environments. Carbonate sands typically
come from marine environments and may include coral sands. They are found and used
most commonly in coastal areas.
Historically, local sources of sand would have been used for making concrete. Transporting
coarse sand has always been costly due to its weight and bulk, so most sands used in
modem construction are also obtained locally. Much information can be gained about the
source of a sand by careful examination of the size and shape of the grains and by
carefully identifying the trace (non-quartz or non-carbonate) constituents. For example,
abundant glauconite in sand suggests a marine source; well-rounded litchi (rock) grains
indicate deposition from a river or stream
Some aggregates used in mortar are
manufactured by crushing rock The crushed rock is processed through a series of screens
or sieves to provide aggregate of proper grading. Crushed shells have also been used as
aggregate where locally abundant.
There are two principal types of binders. Non-hydraulic binders set through loss of water,
or dehydration. Hydraulic binders use up water as they set; water is an essential part of the
chemical reactions that produce a hardened material. Non-hydraulic binders used
historically include clay and lime; historic hydraulic binders include gypsum, hydraulic
lime, natural cement, and Portland cement. The array of modern binders is even broader,
including such materials as masonry cement and mortar cement.
Some limestone contain clay (alumino- silicates) and quartz (silicon dioxide).When these
limestone are burned, some of the calcium combines with the aluminum and silicon to
create calcium silicates, while the remainder forms lime. The calcium silicates are
hydraulic: when combined with water they form a different solid material. As they take on
water, these silicates become hydrated to form a gel, which is called the initial set. This gel
then crystallizes to form a network of interlocking needles of hydrated calcium and
aluminum silicates. The distinction between a hydraulic lime and a natural cement is that
an hydraulic lime will slake when water is added; a natural cement will not. The curing of a
hydraulic lime is a hybrid process of carbonation and gel formation. Natural cements and
Portland cements were introduced in the mid- to late-nineteenth century. Natural cements
predominated in the mid- to late-nineteenth century, while Portland cements came into use
late in the nineteenth century. Natural and Portland cements are composed primarily of
calcium silicates. As implied by their name, natural cements are made from rocks that
contain just the right proportions of calcium, aluminum, and silica to yield a purely
9
hydraulic material when burned at the correct temperature. Portland and other
"manufactured" cements are produced from mixtures of natural materials proportioned to
provide the correct Due to rapid growth in construction activity, the consumption of
mortar is increasing every year. This results in excessive extraction of natural river sand.
The use of the material is being constrained by urbanization, zoning regulations,
increased cost and environmental concern. Thus, it is becoming inevitable to use
alternative materials in mortar like quarry sand, stone dust etc.
Sand is the one of main constituents of concrete making. Major amount of sand is used in
construction industry. Natural sand is mainly excavated from river beds and always contain
high percentages of inorganic materials, chlorides, sulphates, silt and clay that adversely
affecting the strength & durability of concrete & reinforcing steel there by reducing the life
of structure.
Fine particles below 600 microns must be up to at least 30 % to 50% for good results.
Normally particles are not present in river sand up to required quantity. Digging sand, from
river bed, in access quantity is hazardous to environment. The deep pits dug in the river
bed, affects the ground water level. Erosion of nearby land is also due to excessive sand
lifting.
In order to fulfill the requirement of fine aggregates, some alternative material must be
found.
Stone dust
1)Nagraj T.S et.al (1996)(1), reported that rock dust due to its higher surface area
consumes more cement in comparison to sand which increases workability. He studied to
effect of rock dust and pebble as aggregate in cement and concrete and found that crushed
stone dust could be used to replace the natural sand in concrete.
2)Nagaraj T.S(2), reported that there are three possibilities of ensuring the workability
namely combination of rock dust and sand, use of super plasticizers and change water
content.
3)Shukla et al. (1998)(3), investigated the behavior of concrete made by partial or full
replacement of river sand by crushed stone dust as fine aggregate and reported that 40
percent sand can be replaced by crushed stone dust without effecting the strength of
concrete.
4)Venugopal (1998) et al.(4), examined the effect of rock dust as fine aggregate in cement
and concrete mixes. They have suggested a method to proportion the concrete using rock
dust as fine aggregate.
5)A.K Sahu et al. (2003)(5), investigated the basic properties of conventional concrete and
concrete made using quarry dust have compared. They have studied M20 and M30
concretes. Equivalent mixes are obtained by replacing stone dust partially/fully. Test results
indicate effective usage of stone dust with same compressive strength, comparable tensile
strength and modulus of rupture. Workability of 40% replacement of stone dust with 2%
Superplasticizer is equal to the workability of conventional concrete. Workability is
increased by the addition of perplasticizer.as replaced materials to natural sand has become
beneficial and is common in the world. Stone dust is manufactured by crushing larger
stones of quarry to particular size of sand. Its chemical & physical properties such as color,
10
size & shape, surface texture up particles depend upon types of stone & its source.
Use of crushed sand has become a good substitute for natural sand and it has become
essential keeping in view of technical, commercial & environmental requirements. Proper
quality control while using crushed sand/ manufactured sand can result in better results.
Different researchers have carried out research to study the effect of use of crushed sand on
properties of mortar.
6)Hadassa Baum and Amnon Katzl(6), studied the percentage of fines in crushed sand
and its effects on the concrete mixes. They pointed out that the addition of fine filler (mesh
0.O75mm) has a positive potential on the properties of the mortar. But, at the same time,
the fraction of less than 5 microns of the fine filler used for plastering may have a bad
effect on the concrete. They also studied the effect of the composition of water reducing
agent on mixes containing crushed sand that exhibited the lowest properties. They noted
that Compressive strength improved, chlorides permeability and the shrinkage reduced.
7)M. Shukla and A K Sachan (2000)(7), studied environmental hazardous stone dust
utilization in building construction. It is found that partial replacement will not affect the
strength and also solve the problem of disposal of stone dust. The workability of concrete
reduces with the increase in stone dust and this can be improved by adding suitable
admixtures.
8)Thaniya Kaosol (2010) (8), has made study on the reuse of concrete waste as crushed
stone for hollow concrete masonry units. The main objective was to increase the value of
the concrete waste, to make a sustainable and profitable disposal alternative for the
concrete waste. Attempts were made to utilize the concrete waste as crushed stones in the
concrete mix to make hollow concrete blocks. Various percentages of crusted stones have
been tried the amount (i.e. 0%, 10%, 20%, 50% and 100%). From the results they found
concrete waste can used to produce hallow concrete block masonry units. Suitability of
Crushed granite fine (CGF) to replace river sand in concrete production was investigated
9)Manaseeh Joel [2010] (9), Slump, compressive and indirect tensile strength tests were
performed on fresh and hardened concrete. Twenty eight days peak compressive and
indirect tensile strength values of 40.70 N/mm2 and 2.30 N/mm2 respectively were
obtained with the partial replacement of river sand with 20% CGF, as against values of
35.00N/mm2 and 1.75N/mm2 obtained with the use of river sand as fine aggregate. Based
on economic analysis and results of tests, river sand replaced with 20% CGF is
recommended for use in the production of concrete. Conservation of river sand in addition
to better ways of disposing wastes from the quarry sites are some of the merits of using
CGF.
10)Sivakumar and Prakash M.(10), carried out an investigation on the mechanical
properties of concrete with quarry dust. They reported that the quarry dust may be used as
an effective replacement material for natural river sand which increased the strength.
11) Ilangovana. R et al.(11) carried out an investigation on strength and durability
properties of concrete containing quarry rock dust as fine aggregate. It was reported that
the physical and chemical properties of quarry rock dust as well as the durability of quarry
rock dust concrete under sulphate and acid action was better than that of conventional
concrete. Nima Farzadnia et al. explored the possibility of incorporating mineral
admixtures in sustainable high performance concrete. It was found that mineral admixtures,
11
whether industrial by products or agro-waste minerals, used to reduce cost of concrete.

12)Shanmugapriya .T and Uma .R. N.(12), made an investigation on optimization of
partial replacement of M-sand by natural sand in high performance concrete with silica
fume. It was reported that M-sand and silica fume increased the flexural and compressive
strength.
13)Devi .M and Kannan. K.(13) carried out an investigation on strength and corrosion
resistance behavior of inhibitors in concrete containing quarry dust as fine aggregate. The
incorporation of inhibitors as admixture did not show any adverse effects on the strength
properties and there was an increase in strength up to certain percentage. The addition of
inhibitors as admixture to concrete was found to lower the permeability and water
absorption.
14)Mahendrana et al(14), studied on feasibility of the usage of Quarry Rock Dust as
hundred percent substitutes for Natural Sand in concrete. It is found that the compressive,
flexural strength and Durability Studies of concrete made of Quarry Rock Dust are nearly
10% more than the conventional concrete.
15)Hameed and Sekar (2009) (15) studied the effect of crushed stone dust as fine dust and
found that flexural strength increases than the concrete with natural sand but the values
decreases as the percentage of crusher dust increases.
16)Divakar et al. (2012) (16) have experimented on the behavior of M20 grade concrete
with the use of granite fines as a partial replacement for sand in 5%, 15%, 25%, 35% and
50%; and based on the results obtained for compressive, split-tensile and flexural tests, it
was recommended that 35% of sand can be replaced by granite fines.
17)Mahzuz et al. (2011) (17) have investigated on the use of stone powder in concrete as
an alternative of sand using three concrete mix proportions, 1:1.5:3, 1:2:4 and 1:2.5:5.
When the results of compressive strength were compared for these mixes between use of
sand and stone powder, it was found that stone powder gives higher value than sand by
about 14.76%, 4% and 10.44% respectively. In another study conducted by
18)Wakchaure et al, (2012) (18) using artificial sand in place of river sand, it was found
that for M30 mix using artificial sand, the compressive strength increased by 3.98%,
flexural strength by 2.81% and split tensile strength by a marginal value than concrete
which used river sand.
19)Seeni et al. (2012) (19) have made an attempt to partially replace fine aggregates with
waste material obtained from China Clay industries. Out of the replacement percentages of
10% to 50%, the highest strength was achieved at 30% in compressive, split and flexural
strength.
12
The PWD has accepted a proposal from Sumer Infrastructure to use crushed sand on an
experimental basis. Deepak Shah, its managing director, said they had used crushed sand
for their slum rehabilitation project in Chandivali, where slum-dwellers encroaching on
the Sanjay Gandhi national park have been rehabilitated. Shah claimed he had also used it
for another building of a reputed construction company in Prabhadevi.
"We got the crushed sand from hills in Chandivali and Navi Mumbai. The crushed sand has
been sent to the Indian Institute of Technology (IIT), Powai, for testing its binding strength
and other qualities. Once we get the IIT's go-ahead, we will use it for PWD buildings," said
Shah.
The huge demand for sand has resulted in the destruction of rivers and the emergence of
mafias. Villagers have protested against the rampant sand-mining resulting in dried
riverbeds, particularly during summer, causing water scarcity in state. Sand absorbs water
and during summer, and villagers dig wells in the riverbed to access the water.
The Bombay high court had stayed the auctioning of riverbeds for sand mining after a
public interest litigation was filed. The HC told the government to frame a policy on the
issue. A cabinet committee was set up to frame a policy, which was finalized and submitted
to the high court. The court has since lifted the stay but told the government to improve the
policy.
During a old legislative session, revenue minister Balasaheb Thorat had informed the
upper house that a major reason for sand shortage was that auctions could not be conducted
" We have now started the process but it is taking time," he said.
Thorat said the state government was considering crushed sand and was aware that there
would be an environmental issue.
An acute shortage of river sand has been affecting the construction sector. The scarcity has
led to the skyrocketing price of sand and escalating construction costs. The situation has
dashed the dreams of many in the lower- and middle-income groups to own a house.
Indiscriminate mining of sand has depleted the natural resource and ravaged the rivers of
the State. The Bharathapuzha, flowing through Palakkad district, is a classical example of
the malady.
Indanur Gopi, secretary, Bharathapuzha Samrakashana Samithi (protection
committee), says indiscriminate mining has caused an environmental disaster, destroying
rivers and streams throughout the State. Now, inferior-quality sand, impurities such as mica
and coal, is being sold. Unscrupulous persons exploit the scarcity and high price by selling
river sand adulterated with cheap sea sand, which causes structural failures in buildings.
The report of a study on Ker ala model of sand mining system," taken up as part of a
University Grants Commission project by N.M Namboodiri, says the possibility ofa
scientific method of sand-mining should be looked into to save the rivers and also to
provide the much-needed construction material.
"It is difficult to find out availability of sand on the river-bed because it is a
replenishing product by the geological work of the running water. Therefore, it is
necessary to find out the quantity of products settling on the riverbed and the quantity
transported from the riverbed in a year."
13
It is calculated that a minimum of 3,35,710 loads of sand might have been taken from the
Bharathapuzha every year by the earlier auctioning system from 50 centres. Almost all
sources of the river have been blocked by 11 big darns in different locations on the
riverhead. Hence, the flow of products of erosion from the upper reaches has been blocked.
Manufactured sand following the shortage of river sand, some research institutions are
developing alternatives that can be used for construction.
The Faculty of Civil Engineering of the Government College of Engineering,
Thiruvananthaparam, has developed a technology, to produce sand from hard granite.
Called manufactured sand (M-sand), it is made by Poabs Group in its plants at Emakulam,
using what the company calls a state-of-the-art manufacturing process. It is meant for use
in concreting and plastering The cubical-shaped M-sand has a surface that gives better
binding strength and saves cement, labour and water. One of the pioneers of M-sand in
Palakkad, Sainudeen Pathiripala, says it is cheaper that river sand. But the Government is
not promoting it, though it is of great importance to the State. M-sand can save the rivers of
the State, preventing an environmental disaster. In the State budget, a 4 per cent tax was
imposed onit. Mani Shankar, founder general-secretary of Licensed Engineers and
Supervisors' Federation, says that M-sand manufacturing units should be started in every
district in the cooperative sector.
Tyre
Concrete has been the most widely used construction material nearly for the period of
century. Some of the peoples research the rubberized concrete :
1) Eldin N.N and Senouci A.B.(1993),"Rubber tyre particles as coarse aggregates
examined compressive and tensile strengths of rubberized concrete. He notes that
rubberized concrete did not perform as well as normal concrete under repeated freeze-thaw
cycles. It exhibited lower compressive and tensile strength than of normal concrete but
unlike normal concrete, rubberized concrete had the ability to absorb a large amount of
plastic energy under compressive and tensile loads. It did not demonstrate the typical brittle
failure, but rather ductile, plastic failure mode.
2) Toutanji,H.A (1996) "The use of rubber tyre particles in concrete to replace mineral
aggregates" Cement concrete investigated the effect of replacement of mineral coarse
aggregate by rubber tyre aggregate. Shredded rubber tyres used had a maximum size of
12.7mm and a specific gravity of about 0.61. The incorporation of these rubber tyre chips
in concrete exhibited a reduction in compressive and flexural strength. The specimens
which contained rubber tyre aggregate exhibited ductile failure and underwent significant
displacement before fracture. The toughness of flexural specimens was evaluated for plain
and rubber tyre concrete specimens. The test revealed that high toughness was displayed by
specimens containing rubber tyre chips as compared to control specimens.
3) Khatib Z.K and Bayon F.M (1999) has developed "Rubberized portland cement
concrete" to conduct experimental program in which two types of rubber fine Crumb
Rubber and coarse tyre chips were used in Portland cement concrete (PCC) mixtures.
Rubberized PCC mixes were developed by partially replacing the aggregate with rubber
and tested for compressive and flexural strength in accordance to ASTM standards. Tyre
chips were elongated particles that ranged in size from about 10 to 50mm. Results show
that rubberized PCC mixes can be made and are workable to a certain degree with the tyre
14
rubber content being as much as 57% of the total aggregate volume. However, strength
results show that large reductions in strength would prohibit the use of such high rubber
constant. It is suggested that rubber contents should not exceed 20% of the total aggregate
volume.
4) Mohammed Mustafa Al Bakari. A. Syed NuzulFazl S.A, Abu Bakar M. Dand
Leong K.W (2007) "Comparison of rubber as aggregate and rubber as filler in concrete"
this research will attempt to use rubber waste replacement of coarse aggregates to produce
early age concrete. It carry out two different type of concrete which are rubberized
concrete and rubber filler in concrete. In rubberized concrete, rubbers were used to replace
coarse aggregates and river sand as fine aggregate. Coarse aggregate usually gravel or
crushed stone and shredded rubber as filler in concrete. The compressive strength was
reduced in rubberized concrete for several reasons including the inclusion of the waste
tyres rubber aggregate acted like voids in the matrix. This is because of the weak bond
between the waste tyres rubber aggregate and concrete matrix. With the increase in void
content of the concrete, there will be a corresponding decrease in strength. Portland cement
concrete strength is dependent greatly on the coarse aggregate, density, size and hardness.
Since the aggregates are partially replaced by the rubber, the reduction in strength is only
natural.
5) Mavroulido.M and Figueiredo.J (2010) "Discarded tyre rubber as concrete aggregate:
a possible outlet for used tyres" it can be concluded that despite the observed lower values
of the mechanical properties of concrete there is a potential large market for concrete
products in which inclusion of rubber aggregate would be feasible. These can also include
nonprime structural applications of the medium to low strength requirements ,benefiting
from other features of this type of concrete. Even if the rubber tyre aggregate was used at
relatively low percentages in concrete,the amount of waste tyre rubber could be greatly
reduced due to the very large market for concrete products worldwide. Therefore the use of
discarded tyre rubber aggregates in concrete shows promise for developing an additional
route for used
6) Humphrey (1999), some of the advantageous properties of tyre chips include low
material density, high bulk permeability, high thermal insulation, high durability, and high
bulk compressibility. In many cases, scrap tyre chips may also represent the least expensive
alternative to other fill materials. Crumb rubber has been successfully used as an
alternative aggregate source in both asphalt concrete and PCC. This waste material has
been used in several engineering structures like highway base courses, embankments, etc.
7) Zheng et al. 2008 worked on rubberized concrete and replaced the coarse aggregate in
normal concrete with ground and crushed scrap tyre in various volume ratios. Ground
rubber powder and the crushed tyre chips particles range in size from about 15 to 4 mm
were used. The effect of rubber type and rubber contenton strength, modulus of elasticity
were tested and studied. The stress strain hysteresis loops were obtained by loading,
unloading and reloading of specimens. Brittleness index values were calculated by
hysteresis loops. Studies showed that compressive strength and modulus of elasticity of
crushed rubberized concrete were lower than the ground rubberized concrete
8) Taha et al. 2008 used chipped tyre rubber and crumb tyre rubber to replace the coarse
and fine aggregate respectively in the concrete at replacement levels of 25%, 50%, 75%,
and 100% by volume. The tyre rubber was chipped in two groups of size 5 to 10mm and 10
to 20 mm. the crumb tyre rubber of size 1 to5 mm was used. These were mixed with a ratio
15
of 1:1.
9) Khallo et al. 2008 determined the hardened properties of concrete using different types
of tyre rubber particle as a replacement of aggregate in concrete. The different types of
rubber particles used were tyre chips, crumb rubber and combination of tyre chips and
crumb rubber. These particles were used to replace 12.5%, 25%, 37.5%, and 50% of the
total mineral aggregate by volume. The results showed that the fresh rubberized concrete
had lower unit weight and workability compared to plain concrete. Result showed large
reduction in strength and modulus of elasticity in concrete when combination of tyre
rubber chips and crumb rubber were used as compared to that when these were used
individually. It was found that the brittle behavior of concrete was decreased with increased
rubber content. The maximum toughness index indicated the post failure strength of
concrete with 25%rubber content.
10) Ganjian et al. 2008 investigated the performance of concrete mixture incorporating
5%, 7.5% and 10% tyre rubber by weight as a replacement of aggregate and cement. Two
set of concrete mix were made. In the first set chipped rubber replaced the coarse aggregate
and in the second set scrap tyre powder replaced cement. The durability and mechanical
test were performed. The result showed that up to 5%replacement in both sets no major
changes occurred in concrete characteristic.
11) Schimizze developed two rubberized concrete mixes using fine rubber granulars in one
mix and coarse rubber granulars in the second. While these two mixes were not optimized
and their design parameters were selected arbitrarily, their results indicate a reduction in
compressive strength of about 50% with respect to the control mixture. The elastic
modulus of the mix containing coarse rubber granular was reduced to about 72% of that of
the control mixture, whereas the mix containing the fine rubber granular showed a
reduction in the elastic modulus to about 47% of that of the control mixture. The reduction
in elastic modulus indicates higher flexibility, which may be viewed as a positive gain in
rubberized PCC (RPCC) mixtures used as stabilized base layers in flexible pavements.
12) I.B. Topu in investigated the effect of particle size and content of tire rubbers on the
mechanical properties of concrete. The researcher found that, although the strength was
reduced, the plastic capacity was enhanced significantly.
13) Zaher et al concluded that RPCC mixtures can be made using ground tire in partial
replacement by volume of CA and FA. Based on the workability, an upper level of 50% of
the total aggregate volume may be used. Strength data developed in their investigation
(compressive and flexural) indicates a systematic reduction in the strength with the
increase of rubber content. From a practical viewpoint, rubber content should not exceed
20% of the aggregate volume due to severe reduction in strength. Once the aggregate
matrix contains nontraditional components such as polymer additives, fibers, iron slag, and
other waste materials, special provisions would be required to design and produce these
modified mixes. At present, there are no such guidelines on how to include scrap tire
particles in PCC mixtures.
14) Serge et al. used saturated NaOH solution to treat waste tire rubber powders. They
found that NaOH surface treatment increased rubber/cement paste interfacial bonding
strength and resulted in an improvement in strength and toughness in waste tire powder
modified cement mortar.
15) Hernandez-olivares et al used crumbed waste tire fibers (average length 12.5 mm)
and short polypropylene (pp) fibers (length from 12-10 mm) to modified concrete.
16) Gregory Garrick shows the analysis of waste tire modified concrete used 15% by
16
volume of coarse aggregate when replaced by waste tire as a two phase material as tire
fiber and chips dispersed in concrete mix. The result is that there is an increase in
toughness, plastic deformation, impact resistance and cracking resistance. But the strength
and stiffness of the rubberized sample were reduced. The control concrete disintegrated
when peak load was reached while the rubberized concrete had considerable deformation
without disintegration due to the bridging caused by the tires. The stress concentration in
the rubber fiber modified concrete is smaller than that in the rubber chip modified concrete.
This means the rubber fiber modified concrete can bear a higher load than the rubber chip
modified concrete before the concrete matrix breaks.
17) Kamil et al. analyzed the properties of Crumb Rubber Concrete, The unit weight of the
CRC mix decreased approximately 6 pcf for every 50 lbs of crumb rubber added. The
compressive strength decreased as the rubber content increased. Part of the strength
reduction was contributed to the entrapped air, which increased with the rubber content.
Investigative efforts showed that the strength reduction could be substantially reduced by
adding a de-airing agent into the mixing truck just prior to the placement of the concrete.
18) Guoqiang Li, conducted investigation on chips and fibers. The tire surfaces are treated
by saturated NaOH solution and physical anchorage by drilling hole at the center of the
chips were also investigated and they concluded that fibers perform better than chips:
NaOH surface treatment does not work for larger sized tire chips: using physical anchorage
has some effect. Further efforts will be geared toward the enlarging he hole size and
insuring that the hole be through the chip thickness entirely. Fibre length restricted to less
than 50mm to avoid entangle: steel belt wires provide positive effect on increasing the
strength of concrete. From the above literature review it is seen that waste tire rubber
modified concrete is characterized as having high toughness and low strength and stiffness.
Various methods have been tried to improve the strength and stiffness of waste tire
modified concrete. However preparing waste tire powders and thin tire fibres is time, effort
and money consuming. Sometimes, the cost may be so high that it cannot be justified by its
gain in performance. Because larger sized chips or fibres are very easy to produce, it is
expected that the cost of larger sized chips or fibre modified concrete will be very low.
However, it is not clear if larger sized fibres or NAOH treated chips work or not. Further
experimental analyses are needed.
19) Eldin and Senouci conducted experiments to examine the strength and toughness
properties of rubberised concrete mixtures. They used two types of tyre-rubber, with
different tyre-rubber content. Their results indicated approximately 85% reduction in
compressive strength, whereas the splitting tensile strength reduced by about 50% when
the coarse aggregate was fully replaced by chipped tyre-rubber. A smaller reduction in
compressive strength (65%) was observed when sand was fully replaced by fine crumb
rubber. Concrete containing rubber did not exhibit brittle failure under compression or
splitting tension and had the ability to absorb a large amount of energy under compressive
and tensile loads. A more in-depth analysis of their results indicates an optimized mixture
proportion is needed to optimize the tyre rubber content in the mixture.
20) Biel and Lee had used recycled tyre in concrete mixtures made with magnesium
oxychloride cement, where aggregate was replaced by fine crumb rubber up to 25% by
volume. 5 Their results of compressive and tensile strength indicated that there is better
bonding when magnesium oxychloride cement is used. They discovered that structural
applications could be possible if the rubber content is limited to 17% by volume of the
aggregate.
17
21) Schimizze et al. developed two rubberised concrete mixtures using fine rubber crumbs
in one mixture and coarse chipped rubber in the second. While these two mixtures were not
optimised and their mixture proportioning parameters were selected arbitrarily, their results
indicated a reduction in compressive strength of about 50% with respect to the control
mixture. The elastic modulus of the mixture containing coarse chipped rubber was reduced
by about 72% of that of the control mixture, whereas the mixture containing the fine rubber
crumbs showed a reduction in the elastic modulus by about 47% of that of the control
mixture. The reduction in elastic modulus indicates higher flexibility, which may be
viewed as a positive gain in mixtures used in stabilized base layers in flexible pavements.
In recent years, used tyre chipped rubber containing Portland cement concrete for uses in
sound/crash barriers, retaining structures, and pavement structures has been extensively
studied [4, 6, 9, 15, 16, 17]. Test results showed that the introduction of used tyre chipped
rubber considerably increases toughness, impact resistance, and plastic deformation but in
almost all cases a considerable decrease in strength was observed.
22) Khatib and Bayomy studied the influence of adding two kinds of rubber, crumb (very
fine to be replaced for sand) and chipped (at the size of 10 50 mm to be replaced for
gravel). They made three groups of c concrete mixtures. In group A, crumb rubber to
replace fines, in group B, chipped rubber to replace coarse aggregate, and in group C both
types of rubber were used in equal volumes. In all, the three groups had eight different
rubber contents in the range of 5 100 % were used. They found that the compressive
strength of concrete would decrease with increasing rubber content. For 6 example,
replacing 100% gravels by chipped rubber would decrease the compressive strength of
concrete up to 90%. Meanwhile, they showed that the rubberized concrete made with
chipped rubber has less strength than concrete made with crumb rubber.
23) Topcu investigated the particle size and content of tyre rubbers on the mechanical
properties of concrete. He found that, although the strength was reduced, the plastic
capacity was enhanced significantly. Serge and
24) Joekes in their study, added rubber particles in cement paste (rubber particles had a
size with maximum 500 mm). In order to decrease hydrophobic nature of rubber surface,
NaOH was chosen. At first, the surface of rubber particles were modified by saturated
NaOH for 20 minutes. They concluded that the rubber particles treated by NaOH show
better cohesion with cement paste. Their results indicated that there was an improvement in
flexural strength by this procedure, but a 33% decrease occurred in compressive strength.
25) Naik et al studies concluded that among the surface treatments tested to enhance the
hydrophilicity of the rubber surface, a sodium hydroxide (NaOH) solution gave the best
result. The particles were surface-treated with NaOH saturated aqueous solutions for 20
minutes before using them in concrete. Then, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and
measurements of water absorption, density, flexural strength, compressive strength,
abrasion resistance, modulus of elasticity, and fracture energy tests were performed, using
test specimens (water-to-cementitious materials ratio of 0.36) containing 10% of powdered
rubber or rubber treated with 10% NaOH. The test results showed that the NaOH treatment
enhances the adhesion of tyre rubber particles to cement paste, and mechanical properties
such as flexural strength and fracture energy were improved with the use of tyre rubber
particles as addition instead of substitution 7 for aggregate. Some reduction in the
compressive strength (33%) was observed, which was lower than that reported in the
literature.
26) Li et al tried to improve the strength and stiffness of used tyre modified concrete by
18
using larger sized (approximately 25, 50, and 75 mm long and 5 mm thick) chipped rubber
fibers and NaOH-treating. They concluded that such fiber-rubbers perform better than
chipped rubbers (approximately 25 25 mm square shaped with 5 mm thickness) do but
the NaOH surface treatment does not work for larger sized chipped tyres. Researchers [4,
6, 9, 14, 16, 21] found that the dynamic modulus of elasticity and rigidity decreased with
an increase in the rubber content, indicating a less stiff and less brittle material. Also the
impact resistance of concrete increased when rubber aggregate were incorporated into the
concrete mixtures. The increase in resistance was derived from the enhanced ability of the
material to absorb energy. From the above literature survey, it is seen that used tyre rubber
concrete is characterized as having high toughness but low strength and stiffness. By
comparing and contrasting these studies, it is clear that these differences in their results are
due to the quality of gravel materials and cement, as well as various procedures used for
attaining to concrete mixture proportions. Meanwhile, in all of these studies, replacing
gravel had been done by volume percentage. In the research program reported in this paper,
to review the influence of using used rubber, the percent replacement by weight was
considered for replacing the standard Iranian coarse aggregate. Various mixtures were
proportioned and mechanical tests were performed.
Chapter - 3
19
Materials and Properties
3.1 Introduction
Before making a concrete mixture, the selection of proper constituent materials and
determination of their proportions is the first step toward obtaining a mortar that will
meet the specified strength. Generally selection of materials for use in mortar is based on
economic considerations. In spite of this various codes of practice, which are mandatory,
lay down the minimum requirements of certain properties of each material and provide
for both field
and 3.1
laboratory
tests,ofto
ensure that the structures built are satisfactory and
Table
Properties
Cement
safe?
Properties
Average
The basic materials required formortar are:
1. consistency
Cement
Standard
2. Sand/Stone dust(as replacement)
Initial Setting time (min.)
3. water
4. Grit/Tyre
( as replacement)
Final Setting
time (min.)
30.0
3-days compressive Strength (MPa)
28.8
3.2 Material
Characteristics
7-days
compressive
Strength (MPa)
43.1

3.2.1 Cement
Specific Surface (m2/kg)
56
30
600
298.4
Cement:
IS 12269:1987 Specification for 53 Grade Ordinary Portland Cement

whose properties were determined and given in the Table 3.1 was used for preparing the cement concrete.
Table 3.1 Properties of Cement

Properties
Average
20
30.0
30
600
28.8
43.1
56
Standard consistency
Initial Setting time (min.)
Final Setting time (min.)

OPC Cement Compressive Strength
Material
1:3
Cement(1,85kg):Fine
Sand (3,555kg)
15X15X15cm cube
Type of Cement
OPC Cement
Compressive Strength
3 days
7 days
28 days
Compressive
strength
21N/mm2
54N/mm2
32N/mm2
3.2.2 Grit/Coarse Aggregate

Properties and performance of concrete are dependent to a large extent on the
characteristics and properties of the aggregates themselves. In general, an aggregate to be
used in concrete must be clean, hard, properly shaped and well graded. They should not
contain deleterious materials which may cause physical and chemical changes such as
cracks, swelling. Softening or leaching.
The strength of concrete cannot be exceed that of bulk of aggregate contained therein.
Mechanical properties of aggregate is Hardness and toughness which are measured by as
per IS2386(part-IV).
Specific gravity as per IS2386(part-III)1963

21
Specific gravity of used aggregate is 2.65.

Grading Limits as per IS383-1970
Table 3.3
Weight
of
Sample
in
Gram
5000
IS
Sieve
In mm
Weight
Retain
in
Gram
Cumulative Weight
weight
Passed
retain
in
Gram
%pass
Acceptability
against each sieve
Graded
40
20
16
12.5
10
4.75
Pan
0
78
1510
1120
1000
1050
242
0
78
1588
2708
3708
4758
5000
5000
4922
3312
2275
1292
242
100
96
25.84
4.84
100
95-100
25-55
0-10
Non
Graded
100
85-100
0-20
0-5
3.2.3 Sand/Fine sand

The sand used was natural river sand passing through the 4.75 mm sieve. available locally
were taken for analysis as per IS: 383-1970 for sand and concrete respectively. The results,
in terms of particle size distribution, are given in
Table3.4
22
Weigh
t
of
Sampl
e
in
Gram
IS
Sieve
Desig
natio
n
In
mm
Weight
Retain
In gram
Cumula
tive
weight
retain
Weigh %
t
passed
passe
d in
gram
1000
Acceptability against each sieve
Zone I Zone
II
Zone
III
Zone
IV
70
70
930
93
90100
90100
90100
95-100
2.36
60
130
870
87
60-95
75100
85100
95-100
1.18
170
300
700
70
30-70
55-90
75100
90-100
600
260
560
440
44
15-34
35-59
60-79
80-100
300
300
860
140
14
5-20
8-30
12-40
15-50
150
130
990
40
0-10
0-10
0-10
0-15
75
996
0.4
Pan
1000
% Retain
4.75
Sieve Size
23
Finesse Modulus
Type of Sand
Fineness modulus
Fine Sand
2.2-2.6
Medium Sand
2.6-2.9
Coarse Sand
2.9-3.2
Table-3.5
Table 3.4 Sieve Analysis of Different Type of Stone Dust
Weigh IS Sieve Weig Cumula Weight %
%
Weight
retained
(kg)
Sieve size t
q|O Cumulative
of Designati ht
tive
passed Retains passe
Sampl
on
Retai
weight
inweight
grampassing
d
(mm)
Sample
2
Sample
1
Sample
3
Sample
1
Sample
2 S
e
in In mm
n In retain
a
Gram
gram
0.05
4.75
0.10
0.10
98
98
9
0.15
4.75
700.15 70
93
2.36
.20 930
687
68
2.36
60
130
870
13
87 1
0.15
0.13
1.18
0.20
46
46
1.18
170
300
700
30
70 8
0.17
0.15 560 0.14440
3556
35
boom
600
260
44
0
300
300
860
140
86
14
27
27
0.25
0.27
0.20
300 m
150
130
990
10
99
4
8
0.20
0.25
0.25
22
22
150 m
Total
291
3
Finesse
Modulus=291/100=2.91
1.0
1.0
1.0
296
296
Total
0
weight Table 3.6 Silt Content
9
= 3.01
2.96Sample3 2.96
Fineness
Volume Modulus Sample1
Sample2
Silt Level h1
Silt Level h2
100
100
100
Silt Level h3
3%
2%
3%
.
Average Fineness
Modulus
3
3.2.4 Stone Dust

24
The stone dust used was passing through the 4.75 mm sieve. Available
locally were taken for analysis as per IS: 383-1970 for sand and concrete
respectively. The results, in terms of particle size distribution, are given in
Table3.7
Weight of
IS Sieve
Weight
Sample in
Designati
Retain
Gram
on
gram
In
Cumulative
Weight
weight retain
passed in
% passed
Acceptability against each sieve
gram
In mm
1000
Zone I
Zone II
Zone
III
Zone IV
20
20
980
98
90-100
90-100
90-100
95-100
2.36
110
130
870
87
60-95
75-100
85-100
95-100
1.18
330
460
540
57
30-70
55-90
75-100
90-100
600
170
630
370
37
15-34
35-59
60-79
80-100
300
120
750
250
25
5-20
8-30
12-40
15-50
150
100
850
150
15
0-10
0-10
0-10
0-15
75
70
920
80
Pan
80
1000
% Retain
4.75
Seieve Size
Sieve Size
25
Finesse Modulus
Type of Sand
Fineness modulus
Fine Sand
2.2-2.6
Medium Sand
2.6-2.9
Coarse Sand
2.9-3.2
Table-3.7
Weigh
t
of
Sampl
e
in
Gram
IS Sieve
Designati
on
In mm
Weig
ht
Retai
n In
gram
Cumula
tive
weight
retain
Weight %
%
passed Retains passe
in gram
d
4.75
20
20
980
98
2.36
110
130
870
87
13
1.18
330
460
540
57
44
600
170
630
370
37
63
300
120
750
250
25
75
150
100
850
150
15
85
1000
Total
282
Finesse Modulus=282/100=2.82
3.2.5 TYRE-:
Chemical properties
Tyres are complex combination of metals, minerals and hydrocarbons. Car and
van tyres made of artificial rubber (styrene and butadiene). Lorry tyres mostly made of
natural rubber. They made of vulcanized (cross linked polymer chains). Most commonly
used tyre rubber is styrene-butadiene co-polymer- SBR containing 25% styrene. However
this may be virgin rubber, synthetic rubber or recycled tyre rubber. Rubber constitutes
approximately 30% of a tyre by weight with the remainder made up from other
constituents including steel, nylon, rayon, carbon black, fiber glass, agamid and brass. In
this process we have taken to find chemical components in the shredded pieces tyres.
Physical properties of Tyres.
26
S. No.
Physical Properties
Typical Values
Particle Size
4.75 to 10mm
Abrasion
Water Absorption
Basic casting specimen cement: sand/stone dust: /Grit/Tyre for concrete has been
prepared in accordance with IS Code 10262-2009, 1:1.5:3, for cube testing.
27
Chapter - 4
Test Programme
4.1 concrete Cubes
These were carried out to clearly understand the effect of different
levels of Substitution of stone dust and tyre addition on the compressive
strength of concrete of varying composition. Whereas cubes measuring
225cm2 (area of one face) were used to measure the compressive strength.
specimens ready for Testing(concrete Cubes)
A set of 60 numbers of concrete cubes were constructed with cement

concrete ratio 1:1.5:3, 6 numbers in each ratio, fine aggregate being river
sand and stone dust with replacement levels of 0%, 20%, 40% and 60% in
each ratio i.e. substituting natural river sand.
After getting max strength at % mixing of stone dust then mix tyre of
size 4.75 to 10 mm with replacement of grit levels 2%, 5% and 10%.
_concrete cubes are tested at 14 and 28 days.
4.2 Proportioning of concrete Mix
With these cement concrete ratio cubes were constructed.
Following the Table 4.1 proportion.
28
mix
S.
No.
Table 4.1
Proportions used in the Experiments for concrete
Water Cement W/C Fine

Aggregate
sand
%stone %
Tyre Coarse
dust
tyre
aggregate
Stone
dust
10
to
4.75
mm
20mm
1:1.5:3 6.4
12.8
0.5
19.2
38.4
6.4
12.8
0.5
15.35 3.85
20%
38.4
6.4
12.8
0.5
14.4
25%
38.4
6.4
12.8
0.5
13.44 5.76
30%
38.4
6.4
12.8
0.5
12.48 6.72
35%
38.4
6.4
12.8
0.5
11.52 7.78
40%
38.4
6.4
12.8
0.5
13.44 5.76
30%
2%
0.77
37.63
6.4
12.8
0.5
13.44 5.76
30%
5%
1.92
36.48
6.4
12.8
0.5
13.44 5.76
30%
10% 3.84
34.56
4.8
Note: 6 Samples are prepared for each proportion.
4.3 Methods of tests for strength of concrete as per IS: 516-1959

4.3.1 MAKING AND CURING COMPRESSION TEST SPECIMENS IN THE
LABORATORY
1 This clause specifies the procedure for making and curing compression test
specimens of concrete in the laboratory where accurate control of the

quantities of materials and test conditions are possible and where the
maximum nominal size of aggregate does not exceed 38 mm. The method is
especially applicable to the making of preliminary compression tests to
ascertain the- suitability of the available materials or to determine suitable
29
mix proportions.
2 Sampling of Material. - Representative samples of the materials of
concrete for use in the particular concrete construction work shall be
carefully obtained by careful sampling. Test samples of cement shall be made
up of a small portion taken from each of a number of bag on the site, test
samples of aggregate shall be taken from larger lots by quartering.
3 Preparation of Materials - All materials shall be brought to room
temperature, preferably 27 ' 3 before commencing the test.
The cement samples, on arrival at the laboratory, shall be thoroughly mixed
dry either by hand or in a suitable mixer ill such a manner as to ensure the
greatest possible blending and uniformity in material. Care being taken to
avoid the intrusion of foreign matter. The cement shall be stored in a dry
place, preferably in air-tight metal containers.
Samples of aggregates for each batch of concrete shall be of The desired
grading and shall be in an air dried condition. In general. the aggregate shall
be separated into tint- and coarse fractions and recombined for each concrete
batch in such a manner as to produce the desired grading. IS Sieve 480 shall
be normally used for separating in to the fine and coarse fractions, but where
special gradings are being investigated, loth fine and coarse fractions shall
be further separated into different sizes.
4 Proportioning - The proportions of the materials, including water, in
concrete mixes used for determining the suitability of the materials available,
shall be similar in all respects to those to be employed in the work. Where as
the proportions of the ingredients of the concrete as used in the site are to be
specified by volume, they shall be calculated turn the proportion, by weight
used in the test cubes and the unit weights of the materials.
5 Weighing - The quantities of cement, each size of aggregate, and water for
each batch shall be determined by weight, to an accuracy of 01 percent of the
total weight of the batch.
6 Mixing Concrete - The concrete shall be mixed by hand, or preferably, in a
laboratory batch mixer, in such a manner as to avoid loss of water or other
materials, Each batch of concrete shall be of such size as to leave about 10
percent excess after molding the desired number of test specimens,
30
6.1 Machine Mixing-- When the mixing drum is charged by a power loader,
all the mixing water shall be introduced into the drum before the solid
materials: the skip shall be loaded with about one-halt of the coarse
aggregate, then with the fine aggregate, then with the cement and finally with
the remaining coarse aggregate on top. (If all aggregate used, the skip shall be
loaded first with about one-half of the aggregate then with the cement and
finally with the remaining aggregate on top.) "'where the mixing drum is
hand-loaded it shall he charged with the dry materials in a similar manner,
and the water shall be added immediately before the .rotation of the drum is
started. The period of mixing shall be not less than 2 minutes after all the
materials are in the drum, and shall continue till the resulting concrete is
uniform in appearance. When using pan mixers, the concrete shall be heaped
together before sampling.
6. Hand Mixing -- The concrete batch shall be mixed on a watertight, nonabsorbent platform with a shovel, trowel or similar suitable implement, using
the following procedure: a) The cement and fine aggregate shall be mixed dry
until the mixture is thoroughly blended and is uniform in colour,
b) The coarse aggregate shall then be added and mixed with the cement and
fine aggregate until the coarse aggregate is uniformly distributed throughout
the batch, and
c) The water shall then be added and the entire batch mixed until the concrete
appears to be homogeneous and has the desired consistency. If repeated
mixing is necessary, because of the addition of water in increments while
adjusting the consistency, the batch shall be discarded and a fresh batch made
without interrupting the mixing to make trial consistency tests.
7 Workability -- Each batch of concrete shall be tested for consistency
immediately after mixing, by one of the methods described in IS: 1199-1959.
Provided that care is taken to ensure that no water or other material is lost,
the concrete used for the consistency tests may be remixed with the
remainder of batch before making the test specimens. The period of remixing shall be as short as possible yet sufficient to produce a homogeneous
mass.
8 Size of Test Specimens -. Test specimens cubical in shape shall be 15 X 15
X 15 cm. If the largest nominal size of the aggregate does not exceed 2 cm,
10 cm cubes may be used as an alternative. Cylindrical test specimens shall
have a length equal to twice the diameter. They shall be 15 cm in diameter
and 30 cm long. Smaller test specimens shall have a ratio of diameter of
specimen to maximum size of aggregate of not less than 3 to 1, except that
the diameter of the specimen shall be not less than 75 mm for mixtures
31
containing aggregate more than 5 percent of which is retained on IS Sieve

480.
9 Moulds
9.1 Cube Moulds - 'The mould shall be of metal, preferably steel or cast
iron, and stout enough to prevent distortion. It shall be constructed in such a
manner as to facilitate the removal of the moulded specimen without damage,
and shall be so machined that, when it is assembled ready for use, the
dimensions and internal faces shall be accurate within the following limits:
'The height of the mould and the distance between opposite faces shall be the
specified size + 02 mm. The angle between adjacent internal faces and
between internal faces and top and bottom planes of the mould shall be 90
+0-5. The interior faces of the mould shall be plane surfaces with a
permissible variation of 003 mm. Each mould shall he provided with a metal
base plate having a plane surface. The base plate shall be of such dimensions
as to support the mould during the filling without leakage and it shall be
preferably attached to the mould by springs or screws, The parts of the mould
when assembled shall be positively and rigidly held together. and suitable
methods of ensuring this, both during the filling and on subsequent handling
of the filled mould, shall be provided.
9.1.1 In assembling the mould for use, the joints between the sections of
mould shall be thinly coated with mould oil and a similar coating of mould
oil shall be applied between the contact surfaces of the bottom of the mould
and the base plate in order to ensure that no water escapes during the filling.
The interior surfaces of the assembled mould shall be thinly coated with
mould oil to prevent adhesion of the concrete.
9.1.2 Temping Bar - The tamping bar shall be a steel bar 16 mm in diameter,
06 m long and bullet pointed at the lower end.
10 Compacting -- The test specimens shall be made as soon as practicable
after mixing, and in such a way as to produce full compaction of the concrete
with neither segregation nor excessive laitance. The concrete shall be filled
into the mould in layers approximately 5 cm deep, In placing each scoopful
of concrete, the scoop shall he moved around the top edge of the mould as the
concrete slides from it, in order to ensure the symmetrical distribution of the
concrete within the mould. Each layer shall be compacted either by hand or
by vibration as described below). After the top layer bas been compacted. The
32
surface of the concrete shall be finished level with the top of the mould, using
a trowel, and covered with a glass or metal plate to prevent evaporation.
2.10.1 Compacting by Hand - When compacting by hand, the standard
tamping bar shall be used and the strokes of the bar shall he distributed in a
uniform manner over the cross-section of the mould. The number of strokes
per layer required to produce specified, conditions will vary according to the
type of concrete. For cubical specimens, in no case shall the concrete be
subjected to less than 35 strokes per layer for 15 cm cubes or 25 strokes per
layer for 10 cm cubes. For cylindrical specimens, the number of strokes shall
not be less than thirty per layer. The strokes shall penetrate into the
underlying layer and the bottom layer shall be rodded throughout its depth.
Where voids arc left by the tamping bar, the sides of the mould shall be
tapped to close the voids.
10.1 Compacting by Vibration - When compacting by vibration, each layer
shall be vibrated by means of an electric or pneumatic hammer or vibrator or
by means of a suitable vibrating table until the specified condition is attained.
NOTE --- The mode and quantum of vibration of the laboratory specimen
shall he as nearly the same (15 those adopted in actual concreting operations.)
11 Capping Specimens - The ends of all cylindrical test specimens that are
not plane within 005 mm shall be capped. Capped surfaces shall not depart
from a plane by more than 005 rom and shall be approximately at right
angles to the axis of the specimens. The planeness of the cap shall be checked
by means of a straight edge and feeler gauge, making a minimum of three
measurements on different diameters, Caps shall be made as thin as
practicable and shall not flow or fracture when the specimen is tested.
Capping shall be carried out according to one of the following methods.
11.1 Neat Cement - Test cylinders may be capped with a thin layer of stiff,
neat Portland cement paste' after the concrete has ceased settling in the
moulds, generally for two to four hours or more after moulding. The cap shall
be formed by means of glass plate not less than'65 mm in thickness or a
machined metal plate not less than 13 mm in thickness and having a
minimum surface dimension at least 25 mm larger than the diameter of the
mould. It shall he worked on the cement paste until its lower surface rests on
the top of the mould, The cement for capping shall be mixed to a stiff paste
for about two to four hours before it is to be used in order to avoid the
tendency of the cap to shrink. Adhesion of paste to the capping plate may be
33
avoided by coating the plate with a thin coat of oil or grease.

11.2 Hard Plaster -. Just prior to testing, specimens may be capped with
hard plaster having a compressive strength of at least 420 kg/cm in one hour.
Such plasters are generally available as proprietary material. The cap shall be
formed by means of a glass plate not less than 13 mm in thickness, having a
minimum surface. dimension at least 25 mm larger than the diameter of the
mould. The glass plate shall be lightly coated with oil to avoid sticking.
NOTE Ordinary plaster of paris wall not serve the purpose of the capping
material due to . low compressive strength].
11.3 As soon as possible after the concrete is mixed, a mortar shall be gauged
using a cement similar to that used in the concrete and sand which passes IS
Sieve 30 but is retained on IS Sieve 15). The mortar shall have a water
cement ratio not higher than that of the concrete of which the specimen is
made. and shall be of a stiff consistence. If an excessively wet mix of
concrete is being tested, any free water which has collected on the surface of
the specimen shall be removed with a sponge, blotting paper or other suitable
absorbent material before the cap is formed. The mortar shall then be applied
firmly and compacted "pith a trowel to a slightly convex surface above the
edges of the mould, after which the capping plate shall be pressed down on
the cap with a rotary motion uatil it makes complete contact with the rim of
the mould. The plate shall be left in position until the specimen is removed
from the mould.
12 Curing - The test specimen- shall be stored in a place, free from
vibration, in moist air of at least 90 percent relative humidity and at a
temperature of 27 2e for 24 hours l hour from the time of addition of
water to the dry ingredients, After this period, the specimens shall be marked
and removed from the moulds and, unless required for test within 24 hours,
immediately submerged in clean, fresh water or saturated lime solution and
kept there until taken out just prior to test. The water or solution in which the
specimens are submerged shall be renewed every seven days and shall be
maintained at a temperature of 27 2C. The specimens shall not be allow
to become dry at any time until they have been tested.
13. MAKING AND CURING COMPRESSION TEST SPECIMEN IN THE FIELD
13.1 This clause deals with the procedure for making and curing compression
test specimens of concrete sampled during the progress of construction where
34
the nominal maximum size of the aggregate does not exceed 38 mm.
13.2 Size of test specimen, apparatus to be used and procedure to prepare
specimens shall be the same as specified in 2.
13.3 Curing - The test specimens shall be stored on the site at a place free
from vibration, under damp matting, sacks or other similar material for 24
hours i hour from the time of adding the water to the other ingredients. The
temperature of the place of storage shall be within the range of 220 to 32C.
After the period of 24 hours. they shall be marked for later identification,
removed from the moulds and. unless required for testing within 24 hours,
stored in clean water at a temperature of 24 to 30C until they are
transported to the testing laboratory. They shall be sent to the testing
laboratory well packed in damp sand, damp sacks, or other suitable material
so as to arrive there in a damp condition not less than 24 hours before the
time of test. On arrival at the testing laboratory, the specimens shall be stored
in water at a temperature of 27 2C until the time of test. Records of the
daily maximum and minimum temperature shall be kept both during the
period of the specimens remain on the site and in the laboratory.
14. SECURING AND PREPARING SPECIMENS OF HARDENED CONCRETE
FOR COMPRESSION TEST
14.1 This clause deals with the procedure for securing and preparing
compression test specimens obtained from hardened concrete after the
concrete has been laid in position.
14.2 The test specimens shall be procured from hardened concrete according
to the method described in 4 of IS: 1199-1959:
14.3 Cores to be tested for compression strength shall have ends that are
reasonably even, perpendicular to the axis and of the same diameter as the
body of the specimen. A core which, before capping, has a maximum height
of less than 95 percent of the diameter. or after capping. a height less than its
diameter shall not be used.
4.4 Capping - The ends of the specimen shall be capped before testing. The
material used for the capping shall be such that its compressive strength IS
greater than that of the concrete in the core. Caps shall be made as thin as
practicable and shall not flow or fracture before the concrete fails when the
specimen is tested. The capped surfaces shall be at right angles to the axis of
35
the specimen and shall not depart from a plane by more than 005 mm. The
capping of specimens shall be carried out as described in 2.11.
14.5 After checking for irregularities) the core shall be placed in water at a
temperature of 24 to JOC for 48 hours before testing. The overall height of
the specimens, with capping shall be measured to the nearest millimeter.
15. TEST FOR COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH OF CONCRETE
SPECIMEN
15.1 This clause deals with the procedure for determining the compressive
strength of concrete specimens.
15.l Apparatus
15.1.1 Testing Machine - The testing machine may be of any reliable type,
of sufficient capacity for the tests and capable of applying the load at the rate
specified in 5.5. The permissible error shall be not greater than 2 percent of
the maximum load. The testing machine shall be equipped with two steel
bearing platens with hardened faces. One of the platens (preferably the one
that normally will bear on the upper surface of the specimen) shall be fitted
with a ball seating in the form of a portion of a sphere, the centre of which
coincides with the central point of the face of the platen. The other
compression platen shall be plain rigid bearing block. The bearing faces of
both platens shall be at least as large as, and preferably larger than the
nominal size of the specimen to which the load is applied. The bearing
surface of the platens. when new, shall Dot depart from a plane by more than
001 rom at any point, and they & ban be maintained with a permissible
variation limit of 002 mm. The movable portion of the spherically seated
compression platen shall be held OD the spherical seat, but the design shall
be such that the bearing face CUI be rotated freely and tilted through small
angles in any direction.
15.3 Age of Test - Tests shall be made at recognized ages of the test
specimens, the most usual being 7 and 28 days. Ages of 13 weeks and one
year are recommended if tests at greater ages are required. Where it may be
necessary to obtain the early strengths. tests may be made at the ages of 24
hours i hour and 72 hours 2 hours. The ages shall be calculated from the
time of the addition of water to the dry ingredients.
15.4 Number of Specimen - At least three specimens, preferably from
36
different batches, shall be made for testing at each selected age.

NOT& - When a full investigation is being carried out. It 15 advisable for
three separate batches to be made for each given variable. An equal number
of specimens for each variable should he made.
15.5 Procedure - Specimens stored in water shall be tested immediately on
removal from the water and while they are still in the wet condition. Surface
water and grit shall be wiped off the specimens and any projecting fins
removed. Specimens when received dry shall be kept in water for 24 hours
before they are taken for testing. The dimensions of the specimens to the
nearest 0-2 mm and their weight shall be noted before testing.
15.5.1 Placing of Specimen in the Testing Machine _.. The bearing surfaces
of the testing machine shall be wiped clean and any loose sand or other
material removed from the surfaces of the specimen which are to be in
contact with the compression platens. In the case of cubes, the specimen shall
be placed In the machine In such a manner that the load shall be applied to
opposite sides of the cubes as cast, that IS. not to the top and bottom If he
axis of the specimen shall be carefully changed with the centre of thrust of
the spherically seated platen No packing shall be used between the faces of
the test specimen and the steel platen of the testing machine As the
spherically seated block is brought to bear on the specimen. the movable
portion shall be rotated gently by hand so that uniform seating may be
obtained. The load shall be applied without shock and Increased continuously
at a rate of approximately 140 kg/sqcm/min until the resistance of the
specimen to the Increasing load breaks down and no greater load can be
sustained. The maximum load applied to the specimen shall then be recorded
and the appearance of the concrete and any unusual features In the type of
{allure shall be noted.
15.6 Calculation - The measured compressive strength of the specimen shall
be calculated by dividing the maximum load adopted to the specimen during
the test by the cross-sectional area. calculated from the mean dimensions of
the section and shall be expressed to the nearest kg per sqcm, Average of
three values shall be taken as the representative of the batch provided the
Individual variation is not more than 1S percent of the average. Otherwise
repeat tests shall be made.
15.6.1 A correction factor according to the height/diameter ratio of specimen
37
after capping shall be obtained from the curve shown 10 Fig. 1. The product
of this correction factor and the measured compressive strength shall be
known as the corrected compressive strength, this being the equivalent
strength of a cylinder having a height/diameter ratio of two. The equivalent
cube strength of the concrete shall be determined by multiplying the
corrected cylinder strength by 5/4 5.6.]
Report - The following information shall be Included In the report on each
test specimen:
a) Identification mark.
b) date of test,
c) age of specimen,
d) curing conditions, moulding date of manufacture of specimen in the field,
e) weight of specimen,
f) dimensions of specimen,
g) cross-sectional area,
h) maximum load,
J) compressive strength, and
k) appearance of fractured faces of concrete dud type of fracture,
38
Chapter - 5
TEST RESULTS
5.1 Behavior of concrete

Tests were conducted on normal and substituted concrete. The
details of test specimens, casting, test setup and testing procedures were
discussed in Chapter 4. The data obtained from the tests is discussed in
the following sections, in light of the following:
a) Compressive strength
Concrete cubes were tested for compressive strength to find the
ultimate load for cement concrete
The specimens were tested under load control, and only the
ultimate load was noted.
Three specimens were tested under each condition and Table 5.1 and
5.2 shows
the average compressive strength and variation for the different cases
for1 4 days and 28 days respectively. The relative changes in the
compressive strength with substituted
percentage of stone dust is shown in Table 5.1, 5.2,5.3 and 5.4 for the
different cases for 14 days and 28days respectively
Table 5.1 Average
Table 5.1 Average

39
Without
any mix
Compressive Strength Compressive Strength

at 14 days
at 28 days
Cube Compressive Strength in Mpa
1:1.5:3
26.41
30.87
As per IS:456 The target mean strength of the concrete mix should be
equal to the characteristic strength plus 1.65 times the standard deviation.
Table 8 Assumed Standard Deviation (Clause 9.2.4.2 and Table 11)
Grade of concrete
Assumed
Standard
Deviation N/mm2*
M10
3.5
M15
M15
4
M20
M25,M30, M35, M40, 5
M45, M50
NOTE-The above values correspond to the site control having proper
storage of cement; weigh batching of all materials; controlled addition of
water; regular checking of all materials. Aggregate grading and moisture
content; and periodical checking of workability and strength. Where there
is deviation from the above the values given in the above table shall be
increased by l N/inm*
Table 5.2 Average Compressive Strength at 14 days
% of stone
Dust Mix
1:1.5:3
20
27.84
25
27.82
30
31.15
35
27.84
40
24.91
Note It was found from the 14 days compressive strength of mixes with
30% substitution of stone dust to sand was maximum.
40
% of Stone Dust
BAR CHART
% of Stone Dust
GRAPH CHART
% of
Tyre
Mix
2
5
10

% of
stone
1:1.5:3
Dust Mix
30
23.12
30
22.30
30
19.50
Note It was found from the 14 days compressive strength of mixes with 5%
substitution of tyre to coarse aggregate without considerable reduction in
strength of concrete.
41
% of Tyre
BAR CHART
GARPH
% of stone
Dust Mix
20
25
30
35
40

1:1.5:3
32.57
32.55
36.45
32.57
29.14
Note It was found from the 28 days compressive strength of mixes with
30% substitution of stone dust to sand was maximum.
42
% of Stone Dust
BAR CHART
% of Stone Dust
GRAPH CHART
% of
Tyre
Mix
2
5
10
Table 5.5
1:1.5:3
Stone
Dust
27.05
30%
26.09
22.82
Note It was found from the 28 days compressive strength of mixes with 5%
substitution of tyre to coarse aggregate without considerable reduction in
strength of concrete.
43
% of Tyre
BAR CHART
GARPH
% of Tyre
Graph
44
5.1.2 Discussion
Stone Dust
In the present investigation as the substitution of natural river sand to
stone dust is taken to 30% replacement of weight of sand in ratio
1:1.5:3 of concrete the maximum strength to gain of concrete. ( As
shown in Figure 5.1 to 5.4 )However a further increase in the
substitution of natural river sand to stone dust up to 35% replacement
of weight of sand in ratio 1:1.5:3 of concrete led to a
corresponding drop in the strength. This is due to the fact that above
the 30% weight the presence of stone dust tends to reduce the bonding
between cement and aggregate leading to a consequent decrease in
strength. Coefficient of variation shown in Table 5.1 and Table 5.2 In
further increase in the substitution of natural river sand to stone dust
up to 40% replacement of weight of sand in ratio 1:1.5:3 of
concrete showed not except able strength i.e. very low. So no further
replacement of natural river sand to stone dust in concrete mix
proportion was done.
Tyre
In the present investigation as the substitution of aggregate to tyr e is
taken to 5% replacement of weight of aggregate in ratio 1:1.5:3
of concrete the strength to gain of concrete is that beyond which
sudden more loss in strength. ( As shown in Figure 5.1 to 5.4 )However a
further increase in the substitution of aggregate to t yr e up to 10%
replacement of weight of aggregate in ratio of concrete led to a
corresponding drop in the strength. This is due to the fact that above
the 5% weight the presence of tyre tends to reduce the bonding
between cement and aggregate leading to a consequent decrease in
strength. Coefficient of variation shown in Table 5.1 and Table 5.2 In
further increase in the substitution of aggregate to tyre up to 10%
replacement of weight of sand in ratio1:1.5:3 of concrete showed
not except able strength i.e. very low. So no further replacement of
aggregate to tyre in concrete mix proportion was done.
45
Chapter - 6
Comparative Study
6.1 Introduction
Granite fines or rock dust is a by-product obtained during crushing of
granite
rock and is also called Quarry dust. The reference paper deals with
using quarry dust as an alternative to fine aggregate and tyre as
alternative to coarse aggregate.
Concrete is an assemblage of cement, f i n e aggregate, Coarse
Aggregate and water. The most commonly used fine aggregate is sand
derived from river banks. The global consumption of natural sand is too
high due to its extensive use in mortar. The demand for natural sand
is quite high in developing countries owing to rapid infrastructural
growth which results supply scarcity. Therefore, construction
industries of developing countries are in stress to identify alternative
materials to replace the demand for natural sand. On the other hand, the
advantages of utilization of byproducts or aggregates obtained as waste
materials are pronounced in the aspects of reduction in environmental
load & waste management cost, reduction of production cost as well
as augmenting the quality of concrete. In this context, fine aggregate
has been replaced by quarry dust a byproduct of stone crushing unit
and few admixtures to find a comparative analysis for different
parameters which are tested in the laboratories to find the
suitability of the replacement adhered to the Indian Standard
specifications for its strength.
Quarry dust has been used for different activities in the
construction industry such as road construction and manufacture of
building materials such as light weight aggregates, bricks, and tiles.
Attempts have been made to investigate some property of quarry
dust and
the suitability of those properties to enable quarry dust (Celik et. al.,
1996) to be used as partial replacement material for sand in concrete.
Tyre
46
Concrete is a synthetic construction material made by mixing of cement,

fine aggregates, coarse aggregate and water in the proper proportions.
Each of these components contribute to the strength their concrete
possesses Gambhir, (2004). It is also a well-known heterogeneous mix of
cement, water and aggregates. But according to Akinwonmi, (2012), in its
simplest form, concrete is a mixture of paste and aggregates. The
admixtures may be added in concrete in order to enhance some of the
properties desired specially. These materials are very expensive and have
hindered the development of shelter and other infrastructural facilities in
developing countries. The key to achieving a strong, durable concrete
rests in the careful proportioning, mixing and compacting of the
ingredients. Satish, et al (2011).
According to El- Gammal, et al (2010), recycled waste tyre rubber is a
promising material in the construction industry due to its lightweight,
elasticity, energy absorption, sound and heat insulating properties.
Society finds it difficult to management waste-tyre rubber is because of
its non-biodegradable nature even after long-period of landfill treatment.
However, recycling of waste tyre rubber to be used as aggregates is an
alternative to reduce pollution and to reduce expenditures on cement.
6.1 Comparison of effect of Stone Dust and tyre in concrete
Tyre, and Stone dust are used as alternative materials to aggregate and
Natural river sand in concrete now days due to rapid growth in
construction activity and consumption of concrete increasing every year..
The excessive extraction of natural aggregate and river sand is leading
to acute shortage in many areas, availability, cost & environmental
concern. Thus, it is becoming inevitable to use these alternative materials
in concrete.
The present investigation aims to compare the effect on compressive
strength of concrete in ratios 1:1.5:3 when Stone dust and tyre is used
as a substitution of natural river sand and aggregate for preparation of
concrete. Stone dust and quarry dust is replaced at replacement levels
of 0%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35% and 40% to natural river sand.
When stone dust mix to 30% replace to natural sand maximum strength
got after mixing more than 30% stone dust strength reduces.
When tyre mix 2% to 5% strength of concrete reduces in a very small
manner but when increase the tyre % more than 5% then strength lead to
decrease rapidly.
So, it is clear that stone dust mixing in replace of natural sand increases
the strength up to 30% but when tyre mixed as aggregate the strength
decrease
47
When stone dust mix as natural sand it can be used in construction of

concrete same as concrete mix with natural sand.
When Tyre mixed as coarse aggregate in concrete the strength decreases
as compare to concrete mix with grit so it cannot be used construction of
concrete use but it can be used where low strength concrete required. But
it reduces more pollution in atmosphere than stone dust.
6.3 Discussion
In the present investigation as the substitution of stone dust to natural
river sand and Tyre is replacement of Coarse aggregate in ratio
1:1.5:3 of concrete. the compressive strength of 30% substitution of
stone dust to sand is more somewhat same to the compressive strength of
concrete without substitution.
Further substitution of 35% lead to decrease in compressive strength
for stone dust respectively.
Further substitution of tyre to replace coarse aggregate lead to
decrease in compressive strength.
Therefore stone dust is a more relevant substitution to natural
river sand. If higher percentage of substitute is required due to lack of
natural river sand due to economical or other reason.
But tyre is not relevant substitution to coarse aggregate but for low
grade concrete and to prevent the pollution it can be used.
48
Chapter ` 7
CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
7.1 Conclusions
Based on the results obtained in this investigation the following
conclusions are drawn regarding the effect of Stone dust as a
substitute to natural river sand and tyre as a substitute to coarse
aggregate compressive strength of concrete.
A)
The substitution of natural river sand to stone dust is
taken to 30% replacement of weight of sand in ratio 1:1.5:3 of
concrete the ultimate strength more somewhat same to the ultimate
strength of concrete without substitution. The substitution of natural
river sand to stone dust up to 40% replacement of weight of
sand in ratio 1:1.5:3 of concrete led to a corresponding drop in
the strength. This is due to the fact that above the 3 0% weight the
presence of stone dust tends to reduce the bonding between cement and
aggregate Lending to a consequent decrease in strength
B)
From the present experimental study and literature review it can
be concluded that despite the observed lower values of the mechanical
properties of concrete there is a potential large market for concrete
products in which inclusion of rubber aggregate would be feasible. These
can also include non-primary structural applications of medium to low
strength requirements, benefiting from other features of this type of
concrete. Even if rubber tyre aggregate was used at relatively low
percentages in concrete, the amount of waste tyre rubber could be greatly
reduced due to the very large market for concrete products worldwide.
Therefore the use of discarded tyre rubber aggregates in concrete shows
promise for developing an additional route for used tyres.
Finally conclusion is that the use of stone dust and tyre used for
concrete is reduce the pollution and perform as low weight concrete and
used in road base etc.
49
REFRENCES
1. Nagaraj. T.S and Zahida Banu, (1996) Efficient utilization of

rocks dust and pebbles as aggregate in Portland cement
concrete, The Indian concrete journal, Vol 70, No.1, PP14.
2. Shukla M, Shau A.K and Sachan A.K., (1998) Performance of
stone dust as fine aggregate in Portland replacing Sand on
concrete and mortar, National seminar on advances in special
concretes, Indian concrete institute, banglore, India, pp 241248.
3. Venugoal S. and Nagaraj T.S., (1999) Cement concrete mixes
with rock dust as fine aggregate Analysis and methodology,
proceeding of the fifth international conference on concrete
technology for developing countries, NCB New delhi, India, pp
i3 12.
4. A.K. Shau, Sunil Kumar and A.K. Sachan (2003) crushed
stone waste as fine aggregate for concrete the Indian concrete
journal, pp 845848.
5. M. Shukla and A. K. Sachan, Stone dust-environmentally
hazardous waste, its utilization in building construction, in
Materials and Machines for Construction, L. K. Mishra and Y.
P. Gupta, Ed. :New age International publishers, 2000, pp. V77V81.
6. T. Kaosol, Reuse concrete waste as crushed stone for hollow
concrete masonry units, in Proc. The 3rd Technology and
Innovation for sustainable development international
conference (TISD2010), Faculty of engineering, Khon Kaen
University, Thailand, 2010, pp. 176.
7. M. Joel, Use of crushed granite fine as replacement to river
sand in concrete production, Leonardo Electronic Journal of
Practices and Technologies, ISSN 1583-1078, issue 17, pp. 8596, July-December 2010
8. 1. Sivakumar and Prakash M. Characteristic studies on the
mechanical properties of quarry dust addition in conventional
50
concrete in the Journal of Civil Engineering and Construction

Technology Vol. 2(10), pp. 218-235.
9. Ilangovana. R, Mahendrana .N, and Nagamanib .K. Strength
and durability properties of concrete containing quarry rock
dust as fine aggregate in the ARPN Journal of Engineering and
Applied Sciences Vol. 3, No. 5, ISSN 1819-6608, pp. 20-26.
10. Shanmugapriya .T, Uma .R. N. Optimization of partial
replacement of M-sand by natural sand in high performance
concrete with silica fume published in International Journal of
Engineering Sciences & Emerging Technologies, June 2012.
ISSN: 2231 6604 Volume 2, Issue 2, pp: 73-80.
11. Devi .Mand Kannan. K. Analysis of strength and corrosion
resistance behavior of inhibitors in concrete containing quarry
dust as fine aggregate published in ARPN Journal of
Engineering and Applied Sciences
12. Mahendra.R.C and Prakash.S.P. Strength Appraisal of
Artificial Sand as Fine Aggregate in SFRC ARPN Journal of
Engineering and Applied Sciences Vol 5, No. 10, October 2010.
13. M. S. Hameed and A.S.S. Sekar (2009), "Properties of green
concrete containing quarry rock dust and marble sludge powder
as fine aggregates", ARPN Journal of Engineering and Applied
Science, Vol.4(4), pp.83-89. [11]
14. Y. Divakar., S. Manjunath , and M. U. Aswath ,. (2012),
Experimental Investigation on Behaviour of Concrete with the
use of Granite Fines, International Journal of Advanced
Engineering Research and Studies, Vol. 1 Issue. 4, pp. 84- 87.
15. H. M. A. Mahzuz., A.A.M Ahmed. and M.A Yusuf. (2011),
Use of stone powder in concrete and mortar as an alternative of
sand, African Journal of Environmental Science and
Technology, Vol. 5 Issue. 5, pp. 381-388.
16. M. R. Wakchaure., A. P. Shaikh and B. E. Gite (2012). Effect
of Types of Fine Aggregate on Mechanical Properties of
Cement Concrete, International Journal of Modern
Engineering Research (IJMER), Vol. 2 Issue. 5, pp. 3723- 3726.
17. A. Seeni ., C. Selvamony., S. U. Kannan and M. S. Ravikumar.
(2012), Experimental Study of Partial Replacement of Fine
Aggregate with Waste Material from China Clay Industries,
International J Journal Of Computational Engineering Research
(IJCER), Vol. 2 Issue. 8, pp. 168-171.
51
18.E. Ganjian, M. Khorami and A. A. Maghsoudi, Scrap- TireRubber Replacement Foraggregate and Filler in Concrete,
Construction and Building Materials, Vol. 23, No. 5, 2009, pp.
1828-1836. doi:10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2008.09.020
19.I. B. Topcu and A. Demir, Durability of Rubberized Mortar
and Concrete, ASCE Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering,
Vol. 19, No. 2, 2007, pp. 173-178. doi:10.1061/(ASCE)08991561(2007)19:2(173)
20.F. Hernandez-Olivares and G. Barluenga, Fire Perfor- mance
of Recycled Rubber-Filled High-Strength Con- crete, Cement
and Concrete Research, Vol. 34, No. 1, 2004, pp. 109-117.
doi:10.1016/S0008-8846(03)00253-9
21.U. B. Topu, The Properties of Rubberized Concrete, Cement
and Concrete Research, Vol. 25, No. 2, 1995, pp. 304-310.
doi:10.1016/0008-8846(95)00014-3
22. N. N. Eldin and A. B. Senouci, Rubber-Tyre Particles as
Concrete Aggregate, Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering,
Vol. 5, No. 2, 1993, pp. 478-496.
23. Z. K. Khatib and F. M. Bayomy, Rubberised Portland Cement
Concrete, Journal of Materials in Civil Engi- neering, Vol. 11,
No. 3, 1999, pp. 206-213.
doi:10.1061/(ASCE)08991561(1999)11:3(206)
24. H. A. Toutanji, The Use of Rubber Tire Particles in Con- crete
to Replace Mineral Aggregates, Cement and Con- crete
Composites, Vol. 18, No. 2, 1996, pp. 135-139.
doi:10.1016/0958-9465(95)00010-0
25. IS: 10262-1982 recommended guidelines for concrete mix
design.(1982-first revision,2009
26. Hernandez-Olivares and G. Barluenga, Fire Perfor- mance of
Recycled Rubber-Filled High-Strength Con- crete, Cement and
Concrete Research, Vol. 34, No. 1, 2004, pp. 109-117.
doi:10.1016/S0008-8846(03)00253-9
27. Toutanji,H.A.,1996. The use of rubber tyre particles in concrete
to replace mineral aggregates. Cement Concrete 18: 135-139.
28. XV. HIGHWAY Engineering by S. K. Khanna and C. G. Justo
52
29. Bakri, A. M. M. A., Fadli, S. A. S. N., Bakar, M. D. A., and

Leong, K. W. (2007). Comparison of rubber as aggregate and
rubber as filler in concrete, First International Conference on
Sustainable Materials 2007, Penang.
30. IS: 10262 (1982). Recommended Guidelines for Concrete Mix
Design. Bureau of Indian standards, New Delhi.
31. IS: 516 (1959). Indian Standard Method of Tests for Strength of
Concrete. Bureau of Indian Standards, New Delhi.
32. IS: 5816 (1999). Indian Standard Splitting Tensile Strength of
Concrete-Methods of Test. Bureau of Indian Standards, New
Delhi.
33. IS: 2386 (1963). Indian Standard Methods of Test for
Aggregates for Concrete. Bureau of Indian Standards, New
Delhi.
34. Zheng, L., Huo, X. S., and Yuan, Y. (2008). Strength, Modulus
of Elasticity, and Brittleness Index of Rubberised concrete.
Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering, 20(11), 692-699.
35. International l Journal on Design and Manufacturing
technologies, Vol.3, No.1, January 2009
36. Indian Journal of Science and Technology, Vol.4, No.8, August
2011 BIS 1489: (Part 1 Fly Ash based ): Indian standard
specification Portland Pozzolana Cement , Bureau of Indian
Standard , 1991 Third Revision ( Reprint March 1993).
37.Misra V.N., Use of stone dust from cashers in cement-sand
mortars, The Indian Concrete Journal, August 1984, Vol 58, No.8,
pp 219-223.
38. Recommended guidelines under IS383-1963 - Specification for
coarse and fine aggregates from Natural sources for concrete
(Revised)
39. IS:456
40. IS:383
41.
53
54

Stone Dust &amp; Rubber

Uploaded by

Document Information

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Stone Dust &amp; Rubber

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

EFFECT OF RECYCLED TYRE & RUBBER AS

COARSE AGGREGATE & STONE DUST AS

BHANU PRATAP SINGH

4.4 Concrete Cubes

Sieve Analysis of Different Type of Sand

Sieve Analysis of Different Type of Stone Dust

Proportions used in the Experiments

Average Compressive Strength at 7 days

Average Compressive Strength at 28 days

Compressive Strength for concrete Units

Values for Different concrete Units

Values for Different concrete Units

Compressive strength of Concrete cubes ratio 1:1.5:3 with

Compressive strength variation of Concreter cubes ratio

Compressive strength variation of Concrete cubes ratio

Compressive strength variation of Concrete ratio 1:1.5:3 with

Different Types of Material

Stone dust and tyre thrown as waste

Specimens ready for Testing(Concreter Cubes)

Specimens ready for Testing(Concrete)

Testing of Concrete Cubes

Cube after complete Failure in compression

Concrete after complete Failure in compression

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

(1200143002) in partial fulfillment of the award of Degree of

(BHANU PRATAP SINGH)

c) Examine the effects of increasing the coarse aggregate replacement

Figure 1: Rubber Samples (Before Cutting)

Figure 2: Chipped Rubber Samples

Different Types of Material

1.2 Historical Background

1.4 Thesis Significance

Stone dust thrown as waste

tyre thrown as waste

whether industrial by products or agro-waste minerals, used to reduce cost of concrete.

Materials and Properties

3-days compressive Strength (MPa)

28-days compressive Strength (MPa)

IS 12269:1987 Specification for 53 Grade Ordinary Portland Cement

Table 3.1 Properties of Cement

3-days compressive Strength (MPa)

3.2.2 Grit/Coarse Aggregate

Specific gravity as per IS2386(part-III)1963

Specific gravity of used aggregate is 2.65.

3.2.3 Sand/Fine sand

Acceptability against each sieve

3.2.4 Stone Dust

Acceptability against each sieve

A set of 60 numbers of concrete cubes were constructed with cement

Proportions used in the Experiments for concrete

Water Cement W/C Fine

Note: 6 Samples are prepared for each proportion.

4.3 Methods of tests for strength of concrete as per IS: 516-1959

specimens of concrete in the laboratory where accurate control of the

containing aggregate more than 5 percent of which is retained on IS Sieve

avoided by coating the plate with a thin coat of oil or grease.

different batches, shall be made for testing at each selected age.

5.1 Behavior of concrete

Table 5.1 Average

Compressive Strength Compressive Strength

Table 5.3 Average Compressive Strength at 14 days

Table 5.4 Average Compressive Strength at 28 days

Concrete is a synthetic construction material made by mixing of cement,

When stone dust mix as natural sand it can be used in construction of

Stone Dust & Rubber

Stone Dust & Rubber