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Krash (Sample)

Manual for Krash


Why Krash?
Towards the end of preparation, a student has lost the time to revise all the chapters from
his / her class notes / standard text books. This is the reason why K-Notes is specifically
intended for Quick Revision and should not be considered as comprehensive study material.
Its very overwhelming for a student to even think about finishing 300-400 questions per
subject when the clock is ticking at the last moment. This is the reason why Kuestion serves
the purpose of being the bare minimum set of questions to be solved from each chapter
during revision.
What is Krash?
Krash is a combination of K-Notes and Kuestion which effectively becomes a great tool for
revision. A 50 page or less notebook for each subject which contains all concepts covered in
GATE Curriculum in a concise manner to aid a student in final stages of his/her preparation.
A set of 100 questions or less for each subject covering almost every type which has been
previously asked in GATE. Along with the Solved examples to refer from, a student can try
similar unsolved questions to improve his/her problem solving skills.
When do I start using Krash?
It is highly recommended to use Krash in the last 2-3 months before GATE Exam.
How do I use Krash?
Once you finish the entire K-Notes for a particular subject, you should practice the respective
Subject Test / Mixed Question Bag containing questions from all the Chapters to make best
use of it. Kuestion should be used as a tool to improve your speed and accuracy subjectwise. It should be treated as a supplement to our K-Notes and should be attempted once
you are comfortable with the concepts and basic problem solving ability of the subject. You
should refer K-Notes before solving any Type problems from Kuestion.

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Krash (Sample)

Krash - Sample
Electrical Machines
(Transformers)

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Transformers
MMF and Flux
C
Ni
C
AC
lC
l
Ni C C
A C
F R

lc
Reluctance of transformer core
A c

Flux in core
F=MMF
Construction
In a Transformer the primary and secondary windings are wound around the core of a
transformer. Core is a magnetic material which allows the flow of magnetic flux lines to link
both primary and secondary windings.
1. Core should have low reluctance and high permeability to the flow of magnetic flux.
2. Core is generally made of Silicon steel
3. Generally, this steel is cold rolled grain oriented CRGO steel, to increase permeability
along the direction of magnetization and reduce core losses.
4. KVA Rating (Core Dimension)4

(Core Dimension)2
Current Rating (Core Dimension)2
No-Load Current Core Dimension
Core Loss Core Volume

5. Voltage Rating
6.
7.
8.

Properties of Ideal Transformer


Permeability of Transformer is infinity.
Iron loss in the Transformer core are zero
Resistance of transformer winding is zero
No magnetic leakage flux, so coefficient of coupling is 1.
Magnetization curve of transformer is linear.
Induced EMF in a Transformer
For a practical transformer with finite permeability the induced emf can be calculated as,

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The instantaneous values of induced emf in primary and secondary are given by,

d
dt
d
e2 N2
dt

e1 N1

The rms values of induced emf is given as,

E1 (rms) 4.44fN1m
E2 (rms) 4.44fN2m
Where E1 and E2 are emf in primary and secondary windings of Transformer respectively.
is the flux in the transformer and m is maximum value of flux.
m Bm An where Bm is the maximum value of magnetic flux density and An is the cross
sectional area of the core.
The polarity of emf is decided on basis of Lenz Law as currents in primary and secondary
should be such that primary and secondary flux should oppose each other.
Also, primary current enters the positive terminal of primary winding as primary absorbs
power and secondary current leaves the positive terminal of secondary winding as secondary
delivers power and this way we can mark emf polarities.
Induced emf always lags the flux by 900.
If the frequency of operation of a transformer is reduced then KVA rating of transformer
reduces proportionately as induced emf varies linearly with frequency.
For a given KVA rating and for given maximum value of B of core, more the designed
frequency lesser is size and weight of transformers.
Exact equivalent circuit

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Exact equivalent circuit w.r.t. primary

N
N
N
R2 = R2 1 ; X2 = X2 1 ; ZL = ZL 1 ;
N2
N2
N2
Approximately Equivalent Circuit

R01 = R1 R 2
X01 = X1 X2
In this approximation, we are neglecting the no-load copper losses and we are
overestimating the core losses.
The phasor diagram for the exact equivalent circuit is shown below,

I : Magnetizing Current
Iw : Core-loss Component of No-Load Current
I0 : No-Load Current
o 70 to 75
cos 0 0.2lag (No-Load pf)

Here, o is the angle between E1 and I0


Transformer has poor No load PF because I Iw
N1I1 ' N2I2

Load component of primary MMF = Secondary MMF


N2 I1 '
E
K 2 = Transformation ratio
N1 I2
E1

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Tests Conducted on a Transformer


(i) Open Circuit Test
o Conducted on LV side keeping HV side open circuited
o Equivalent Circuit

o Power reading = P = V1 I0 cos 0 =


o Ammeter reading I = I0
o cos 0 =

V12
-------- (i)
Rc

P
V1 I0

o Calculate sin 0 =

1 - cos2 0

o Q = V1 I0 sin 0 =

V12
------- (ii)
Xm

Calculate Rc from (i) & Xm from (ii)

if OC Test is conducted at rated voltage but at less than required frequency


o Due to increase in flux, the magnetizing current increases.
o With decrease in frequency, hysteresis loss increases and thus core loss increase.
o Hence, core loss component of current also increases.
o Due to increase in magnetizing and core loss current the no-load current also increases.
o Due to increase in No-Load Current the No-Load Cu Loss increases.
o Due to increase in core loss, wattmeter reading will increase.
o The no-load power factor reduces as magnetizing current dominates core loss component
of current.

(ii) Short Circuit Test


o Conducted on HV side keeping LV side short circuited
o Equivalent Circuit

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o R 01 & X01 are equivalent winding resistance & equivalent leakage reactor referred to HV
side.
o Wattmeter reading = P = Isc R 01 from this equation, we can calculate R 01
2

Vsc
Isc

o Z 01 =

& X01 =

Z012 R 012

o We obtain R 01 , X01 & full load copper losses from this test.
Deviations if SC test is conducted at rated voltage but less than rated frequency,
o Since, reactance is proportional to frequency so X 01 decreases but R 01 remains same.
o Short-circuit Impedance decreases so Short Circuit Current increases.
o So, Full Load Copper Loss increases.
R
o Short Circuit Power Factor, c os sc 01 increases as Short Circuit Impedance decreases.
Z 01
Losses on Transformers
Copper Loss

PCu = I12R1 I22R2 = I12R 01 I22R 02


I1 = primary current

Where

I2 = secondary current
R1 = primary winding resistance

R2 = secondary winding resistance


2

R 01

N
N
= R1 1 R 2 ; R 02 = R 2 2 R1
N2
N1

Core Loss
(i) Hysteresis Loss
x
Ph = KhBm
f

x = 1.6

Bm = maximum value of flux density

Ph = KhBm1.6f
Bm

V
f

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V = applied voltage
f = frequency
1.6

V
Ph = Kh f = K hV1.6f 0.6
f
V
= constant then Bmax = constant; then Ph f
f

If V is constant & f is increased, Ph decreases


(ii) Eddy Current Loss

Pe = K eBm2 f 2

Bm
If

V
f

V
const Bm const
f

Pe f 2

So, eddy current losses are proportional to square of frequency.


2

V 2
2
Otherwise, Pe = K e f = K e V
f

Core loss = Pc = Pe Ph
To further reduce We , we use laminations
2
k.Bmax
f 2t2

f= frequency of eddy current (Ie )

We

t= thickness of lamination
= Resistivity of the core
High frequency Transformer should have thinner laminations to reduce We

Separation of iron losses


To separate iron losses into Hysteresis and eddy current loss, Open Circuit test is conducted
V
at variable f and voltage such that 1 constant
f
V1
Constant Bmax Constant
f
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Wi Af Bf 2
Wi
A Bf
f
The constants A and B can thus be determined
by the slope and intercept of the curve whose
equation is given above.
Frequency can be changed by Cyclo-converters.

Efficiency

=
x

x KVA cos

x KVA cos Pi x2PCu,FL


I
IFL

100%

=% loading of Transformer

cos = power factor


Pi = iron loss

PCu,FL = Full load copper losses


KVA = Power rating of Transformer
For maximum efficiency,

x=

Pi

PCu,FL

If loading is kept fixed then maximum efficiency occurs at unity power factor.

Voltage Regulation of Transformer

VNL VFL
100
VNL
V VFL
Regulation up
NL
100
VFL
N2
K = Transformation Ratio
N1
Regulation down

No-load voltage V2
Full-load voltage V2

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Approximate Voltage Regulation

VR =

I2 R 02 cos 2 X 02 sin 2
V2

cos 2 = power factor of load ZL


+ sign is used for lagging pf load
- sign is used for leading pf load
If V2 and I2 are chosen as base values, then base impedance is given by

Zbase
Then,

V2
I2

R 02
X
R 02 pu and 02 X02 pu
Zbase
Zbase

So, Voltage Regulation can be expressed as,



Leading pf load, VR = R pu cos X pu sin 100%

Lagging pf load, VR = R02 pu cos X02 pu sin 100%


02

02

Condition for zero voltage regulation

R
2 = tan-1 02
X02
The power factor is leading, Voltage Regulation can never be zero for lagging pf load.
Condition for maximum voltage regulation

X
2 = tan-1 02
R02
The power factor is leading, Voltage Regulation can never be negative for lagging pf loads
Non-Linear Core
If applied voltage is sinusoidal then flux is also sinusoidal but magnetizing current is
peaky wave due to 3rd harmonic.
For sinusoidal magnetizing current, flux is flap topped and emf is peaky wave containing a
strong 3rd harmonic.

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Magnetizing Inrush Current


When Transformer is switched ON it draws high magnetizing current which is 15-20 times
the full load current. This current exists only for a short duration.
This current is rich in second harmonics and can be eliminated if Transformer is switched ON
at zero flux or maximum voltage condition and this is most severe if Transformer is switched
on at zero voltage point.
Three Phase Transformers
In a 3-Phase transformers; the windings placed parallel to each other at as primary &
secondary of single phase transformer.
Rules to draw Phasor diagram
1) Always draw phasors from A to B, B to C & C to A for line voltages.
2) The end points should have same naming as the input or output terminals.
3) The secondary phasors are drawn parallel to primary phasors i.e. a1a2 will always be
parallel to A1A2.
Some examples
The connection shown below is a delta-delta transformer,

Phasor

o If you observe carefully, we traverse from A2 to A1(or B2) in primary and same way we
traverse in secondary. So, both phasors are parallel.
o Then, we draw reference phasors from neutral to terminal and mark it with phase with
same name as terminal it is pointed to.
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Then we plot it on clock & we observe it is like 12 0 clock so name is Dd12 connection.
Another example

Phasor

o Here, primary phasor is drawn from A2 to A1 but secondary phasor is drawn from a1 or n
to a2. So, secondary phasor is anti-parallel to primary phasor.
Important Points
Delta-Star connection has the highest transformation ratio so it is used as Step-up
Transformer but Star-Delta connection has least Transformation Ratio so it is used as StepDown Transformer.
Star-Star connection has triplen harmonics in the phase voltages but they are absent in
line voltages so single phase load must not be driven by Star-Star Transformer. To remove
this, we can ground the neutral of Star on both sides or we can use a delta connected
Tertiary winding.
Star-Star Connection has higher voltage rating than delta-delta connection but lesser
current rating.
For same rating, Star-Star connection requires lesser insulation as compared to Delta
Delta Connection but has higher cross-sectional area of the conductor.
If one-unit of delta-delta connection is open-circuited then it operates at reduced
capacity of 57.7% of original capacity. If it supplies same power as Delta-Delta connection
then each phase is 73.2% over-loaded.

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Parallel operation of Transformer


Necessary Conditions
1) Voltage ratings of both transformers should be same.
2) Transformers should have same polarity.
3) Phase sequence of both transformers must be same in case of 3- phase transformers.
4) Phase displacement between secondarys of both transformers must be 0 .
If there are 2 transformers A & B supplying a load power SL .

SA = SL

ZB
ZB
; SB = SL
Z A ZB
Z A ZB

Z B = impedance of transformer B (in ohms)

Z A = impedance of transformer A (in ohms)


Note: If impedances are in pu then they must be on the same base.
If Z A & ZB are given as complex values, then

ZB
SA = SL

Z A ZB

ZB
; SB = SL

Z A ZB

Auto Transformer

Generally, auto transformer is created from 2- winding transformer.

If rating of auto transformer is LV/HV or HV/LV


LV = low voltage
HV = high voltage
Transformation Ratio = K =

LV
HV

1
(KVA rating of 2- winding Transformer)
1 - K

KVA rating of auto transformer =

In auto- transformer, power is transferred from primary to secondary by 2 methods

induction & conduction.

KVAinduction = 1 - K Input KVA

KVAconduction = K Input KVA

% Full load losses = 1 - K %FL losses in2 winding Transformer

If copper & core losses are not given separately, then we consider losses as constant,

same as that of two winding transformer while calculating efficiency.


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Type 1: Dimensions of a Transformer


For Concept, refer to Electrical Machines K-Notes, Transformers
Sample Problem 1:
A single phase 10 kVA, 50 Hz transformer with 1 kV primary winding draws 0.5 A and 55W, at
rated voltage and frequency, on no load. A second transformer has a core with all its linear
dimensions 2 times the corresponding dimensions of the first transformer. The core
material and lamination thickness are the same in both transformer. The primary winding of
both the transformers have the save number of turns. If a rate voltage of 2 kV at 50 Hz is
applied to the primary of the second transformer, then the no load current and power,
respectively, are
(A) 0.7 A, 77.8W
(C) 1A, 110W

(B) 0.7 A, 155.6W


(D) 1A, 220W

Solution: Option (B) is correct.


No-load current of second transformer becomes

2 times.

Im2 2 .5 .707A
Core Loss becomes 2

2 times
P2 2 2 55 155.6 W

Problems:
01. Two transformers of the same type, using the same grade of iron and conductor
materials, are designed to work at the same flux and current densities, but the linear
dimensions of one are three times those of the other in all respects. The ratio of KVA of the
two transformers closely equals
(A) 9
(B) 81
(C) 27
(D) 3
02. A 11000V, 50 Hz transformer has a flux density of 1.2T and a core loss of 3000 watts at
rated voltage and frequency. Now all the linear dimensions of the core are doubled, primarily
and secondary turns are halved and the new transformer is energized from 22000 V, 50 Hz
supply. Both the transformers have the same core material and the same lamination
thickness. Core losses of the transformer are
(A) 6000 W
(B) 9000 W
(C) 12,000 W
(D) 24,000 W

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Type 2: Induced EMF in a Transformer


For Concept, refer to Electrical Machines K-Notes, Transformers
Common Mistake:
Generally we mark the polarities correct and then use Lenz Law again, so we will negative of
actual emf so once you know polarities of EMF in primary and secondary just use Faradays
Law instead of Lenz Law.
Sample Problem 2:
The circuit diagram shows a two-winding, lossless transformer with no leakage flux, excited
from a current source, i(t), whose waveform is also shown. The transformer has a
magnetizing inductance of 400/ mH.

The peak voltage across A and B, with S open is


(A) 400/ V
(C) 4000/ V

(B) 800 V
(D) 800/ V

Solution: (D) is correct option


Peak voltage across A and B with S open is

di
m (slope of I-t)
dt
10 800
400
V
10 3

5 10
V m

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Problems:
01. The core of a two winding transformer is subjected to a magnetic flux variation as shown
in the figure

The induced emf (Epq) in the primary winding will be the form
(A)

(C)

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(B)

(D)

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02. In previous question the induced emf (Ers) in the secondary winding will be of the form
(A)

(B)

(C)

(D)

03. An Ideal transformer has Linear B H curve with finite slope and a turns ratio of 1:1.The
primary of transformer is energized with an ideal current source, producing the signal i as
shown in the figure. Then shape of the secondary terminal voltage v2(t) is
i

3
0 1

(A)

(B)

(C)

(D)

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Type 3: Equivalent Circuit of Transformer


For Concept, refer to Electrical Machines K-Notes, Transformers
Common Mistake:
Sometimes we add primary current to no-load current as scalar though they must be added
as phasors.
Sample Problem 3:
A Single-phase transformer has a turns ratio 1:2, and is connected to a purely resistive load
as shown in the figure. The magnetizing current drawn is 1 A, and the secondary current is 1
A. If core losses and leakage reactances are neglected, the primary current is
(A) 1.41 A
(B) 2 A
(C) 2.24 A
(D) 3 A

Solution: (C) is correct option


I0 = 1 amp (magnetizing current)
Primary current IP = ?
I2 = 1 A
I2p = secondary current referred to Primary

I2p

2
1 2 amp
1

Ip io2 i2p2 1 4 2.24 amp


Problems:
01. Across the HV side of a single phase 200 V / 400 V, 50 Hz transformer, an impedance of
32 + j24 is connected, with LV side supplied with rated voltage & frequency. The supply
current and the impedance seen by the supply are respectively:
(A) 20 A & (128 + j96)
(C) 5 A & (8 + j6)

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(B) 20 A & (8 + j6)


(D) 20 A & (16 + j12)

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02. Consider the circuit shown below

If the ideal source supplies 1000W, half of which is delivered to the 100 load, then the
value of b is____
(A) 1.5
(C) 0.56

(B) 0.89
(D) 0.67

03. A 1200/300, turns transformer when loaded, current on the secondary is 100A at 0.8
power factor lagging and primary current is 50A at 0.707 power factor lagging. Determine
the no-load current of the transformer with respect to the voltage?
(A) 25.5A
(C) 27.5A

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(B) 26.5A
(D) 28.5A

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Solutions
Type 1: Dimensions of a Transformer
01. Ans: (B)
Solution:

B & J are same

Also V
V B.A

B is constant in both transformers.

So V A................. 1
And I= J.A

J is same in both transformers

I A.................... 2

KVA rating A2 .................. 3

Since linear dimensions are 3 times


l 3l

A l2 ................. 4
From equation (3) & (4)

KVA l4
4
So KVA of other transformer is KVA l

KVA 3l
KVA l

KVA 81 KVA

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02. Ans: (D)


Solution:

V 2fN

Where V=Voltage
f=Supply frequency

Flux
N= No. of turns

11KV 2f1N1
11KV 2fB1A1N1 ............... 1
Also 22KV 2fB2 A2N2 ................. 2
N2

N1
and l2 2l1 => A2 4A1
2

So from equation (2)


N
22KV 2fB2 4A1 1
2

Solving this

2fB2N1 A1 11KV................ 3

Comparing equation (1) & (3)

B1 B2 i.e flux densities are same


So core loss

Core

volume

Volume l Volume 2l 8 Volume


3

New

core loss=8 original core loss=8 3000=24000Watt

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Type 2: Induced EMF in a Transformer


01. Ans: (C)
Solution: Epq N1

d
dt

From 0 to 0.06
Epq 200

.009 0 30Volts
.06 0

From 0.06 to 0.1

d
0
dt
Epq 0Volts
From 0.1 to 0.12
Epq 200

0 0.009 90Volts
0.12 0.1

02. Ans: (D)


Solution: Ers N2

d
dt

From 0 to 0.06
Ers 500

0.009 0 75Volts
0.06 0

From 0.06 to 0.1


d
0
dt
Ers 0Volts

From 0.1 to 0.12


Ers 500

0 0.009 225Volts
0.12 0.1

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03. Ans: (B)


Solution: Since transformer is an ideal transformer with linear B-H curve. So wave shape of
flux will be same as the waveform of current
So flux in the core will have similar wave shape.
V2

d
dt

From given curve of current


From t=0 to t=1 slope is positive
So V2 ve

From t=2 to t=3 slope is negative

So V2 ve
From t=3 to t=5 slope is positive
So V2 ve
And so on ..
Type 3: Equivalent Circuit of Transformer
01. Ans: (B)
Solution: Z 2 32 j24
aT

400
2
200

So load impedance seen by primary side Z 2


Current at supply side

Z2
a2T

8 j6

200
20 36.860
8 j6

02. Ans: (B)


Solution:

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Since source is supplying 1000W


1000
10A
100
Since 500W is delivered to 100 resistor

So current from voltage source I1

I32 100 500 I3 5A


Power consumed in 4 resistor= 10 4 400W
2

Total power consumed=Power consumed is 4+power consumed in 25+Power consumed


in 100
Power consumed in 25=1000-500-400=100W
I22 25 100

I2 2A
Since

I2 b

I3 1

I2
2

0.89433
I3
5

03. Ans: (A)


Solution:

aT

1200
4
300

Taking voltages at reference phasor

Then I2 100 cos1 0.8 100 36.860


I2

I2 100 36.860

25 36.860 A
a
4

I1 50 cos1 0.707 50 450 A No load current I0 I1 I2

50 450 25 36.860 25.5 52.970

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