SonofGod

FromWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia
Forotheruses,seeSonofGod(disambiguation).
Seealso:GodtheSon
Forthe2014film,seeSonofGod(film).

MiniatureinLesTrsRichesHeuresduDucdeBerrydepictingtheBaptismofJesus,whereGodthe
FatherproclaimedJesustobehisSon.
Historically,manyrulershaveassumedtitlessuchassonofgod,sonofagodorsonofHeaven.[1]The
RomanEmperorAugustusreferredtohisrelationtohisdeifiedadoptivefather,JuliusCaesar,as"son
ofagod"viathetermdivifiliuswhichwaslateralsousedbyDomitian.Themotifofapersonbeinga
"sonofGod"iswidespreadinmythologyaswell.
Theterm"sonofGod"issometimesusedintheOldandNewTestamentsoftheBibletorefertothose
withspecialrelationshipswithGod.IntheOldTestament,angels,justandpiousmen,thedescendants
ofSeth,andthekingsofIsraelareallcalled"sonsofGod."[2]IntheNewTestament,Adam,[3]and,
mostnotably,JesusChrist

[2]arecalled"sonofGod,"whilefollowersofJesusarecalled,"sonsof
God."[4]

IntheNewTestament,"SonofGod"isappliedtoJesusonmanyoccasions. [2]Jesusisdeclaredtobe
theSonofGodontwoseparateoccasionsbyavoicespeakingfromHeaven.Jesusisalsoexplicitlyand
implicitlydescribedastheSonofGodbyhimselfandbyvariousindividualswhoappearintheNew
Testament.[2][5][6][7]AsappliedtoJesus,thetermisareferencetohisroleastheMessiah,theKing
chosenbyGod.[8]ThecontextsandwaysinwhichJesus'title,SonofGod,meanssomethingmorethan
orotherthanMessiahremainthesubjectofongoingscholarlystudyanddiscussion.
Theterm"SonofGod"shouldnotbeconfusedwiththeterm"GodtheSon"(Greek:),the
secondpersonoftheTrinityinChristiantheology.ThedoctrineoftheTrinityidentifiesJesusasGod
theSon,identicalinessencebutdistinctinpersonwithregardtoGodtheFatherandGodtheHoly
Spirit(thefirstandthirdPersonsoftheTrinity).NontrinitarianChristiansaccepttheapplicationto
Jesusoftheterm"SonofGod",whichisfoundintheNewTestament,butnottheterm"GodtheSon",
whichisnotfoundthere.

Contents

1RulersandImperialtitles

2Judaism
o

2.1Genesis

2.2Exodus

2.3Psalms

2.3.1RoyalPsalms

2.4Samuel

2.5Isaiah

2.6Jeremiah

2.7BookofWisdom

2.8BookofEcclesiasticus

2.9DeadSeaScrolls

2.10Gabriel'sRevelation

2.11Pseudepigrapha

2.12Talmud

3Christianity
o

3.1SynopticGospels

3.2Paul

3.3GospelofJohn

3.4NewTestamentnarrative

3.5Jesus'ownassertions

3.6NewTestamentreferences

3.7Theologicaldevelopment

4Islam

5Bah'Faith

6Seealso

7References

8Bibliography

RulersandImperialtitles
Mainarticles:Divifilius,Imperialcult,Imperialcult(ancientRome),SonofHeavenandSacredking
Throughouthistory,emperorsandrulersrangingfromtheWesternZhoudynasty(c.1000BC)in
ChinatoAlexandertheGreat(c.360BC)totheEmperorofJapan(c.600AD)haveassumedtitlesthat
reflectafilialrelationshipwithdeities.[1][9][10][11]
Thetitle"SonofHeaven"i.e. (from meaningsky/heaven/godand meaningchild)wasfirst
usedintheWesternZhoudynasty(c.1000BC).ItismentionedintheShijingbookofsongs,and
reflectedtheZhoubeliefthatasSonofHeaven(andasitsdelegate)theEmperorofChinawas

responsibleforthewellbeingofthewholeworldbytheMandateofHeaven.[9][10]Thistitlemayalsobe
translatedas"sonofGod"giventhatthewordTenorTieninChinesemayeithermeanskyorgod.[12]
TheEmperorofJapanwasalsocalledtheSonofHeaven( tenshi)startingintheearly7thcentury.
[13]

AmongtheSteppePeoples,therewasalsoawidespreaduseof"SonofGod/SonofHeaven"for
instance,intheThirdCenturyB.C.,therulerwascalledChany[14]andsimilartitleswereusedaslate
asthe13thCenturybyGenghisKhan.[15]
ExamplesofkingsbeingconsideredthesonofgodarefoundthroughouttheAncientNearEast.Egypt
inparticulardevelopedalonglastingtradition.Egyptianpharaohsareknowntohavebeenreferredto
asthesonofaparticulargodandtheirbegettinginsomecasesisevengiveninsexuallyexplicitdetail.
Egyptianpharaohsdidnothavefullparitywiththeirdivinefathersbutratherweresubordinate. [16]:36
Nevertheless,inthefirstfourdynasties,thepharaohwasconsideredtobetheembodimentofagod.
Thus,Egyptwasruledbydirecttheocracy,[17]wherein"Godhimselfisrecognizedasthehead"ofthe
state.[18]DuringthelaterAmarnaPeriod,AkhenatenreducedthePharaoh'sroletooneofcoregent,
wherethePharaohandGodruledasfatherandson.Akhenatenalsotookontheroleofthepriestof
god,eliminatingrepresentationonhisbehalfbyothers.Laterstill,theclosestEgyptcametotheJewish
variantoftheocracywasduringthereignofHerihor.Hetookontheroleofrulernotasagodbutrather
asahighpriestandking.[17]
Jewishkingsarealsoknowntohavebeenreferredtoas"sonoftheL
ORD".[19]:150TheJewishvariantof
theocracycanbethoughtofasarepresentativetheocracywherethekingisviewedasGodssurrogate
onearth.[17]Jewishkingsthus,hadlessofadirectconnectiontogodthanpharaohs.Unlikepharaohs,
Jewishkingsrarelyactedaspriests,norwereprayersaddresseddirectlytothem.Rather,prayers
concerningthekingareaddresseddirectlytogod.[16]:3638TheJewishphilosopherPhiloisknownto
havelikenedGodtoasupremeking,ratherthanlikeningJewishkingstogods.[20]
BasedontheBible,severalkingsofDamascustookthetitlesonofHadad.Fromthearchaeological
recordastelaerectedbyBarRakibforhisfatherPanammuwaIIcontainssimilarlanguage.Thesonof
PanammuwaIIakingofSam'alreferredtohimselfasasonofRakib.[16]:2627RakibElisagodwho
appearsinPhoenicianandAramaicinscriptions.[21]PanammuwaIIdiedunexpectedlywhilein
Damascus.[22]However,hissonthekingBarRakibwasnotanativeofDamascusbutrathertherulerof
Sam'alitisunknownifotherrulesofSam'alusedsimilarlanguage.
InGreekmythology,Heracles(sonofZeus)andmanyotherfigureswereconsideredtobesonsofgods
throughunionwithmortalwomen.Fromaround360BConwardsAlexandertheGreatmayhave
impliedhewasademigodbyusingthetitle"SonofAmmonZeus".[23]

Adenariusmintedcirca18BC.Obverse:CAESARAVGVSTVS;reverse:DIVVSIVLIV(S)
In42BC,JuliusCaesarwasformallydeifiedas"thedivineJulius"(divusIulius)afterhisassassination.
Hisadoptedson,Octavian(betterknownasAugustus,atitlegiventohim15yearslater,in27BC)
thusbecameknownasdiviIulifilius(sonofthedivineJulius)orsimplydivifilius(sonofthegod).[24]
Asadaringandunprecedentedmove,Augustususedthistitletoadvancehispoliticalpositioninthe
SecondTriumvirate,finallyovercomingallrivalsforpowerwithintheRomanstate.[24][25]
ThewordappliedtoJuliusCaesarasdeifiedwasdivus,notthedistinctworddeus.ThusAugustus
calledhimselfDivifilius,andnotDeifilius.[26]Thelinebetweenbeengodandgodlikewasattimes
lessthancleartothepopulationatlarge,andAugustusseemstohavebeenawareofthenecessityof
keepingtheambiguity.[26]Asapurelysemanticmechanism,andtomaintainambiguity,thecourtof
Augustussustainedtheconceptthatanyworshipgiventoanemperorwaspaidtothe"positionof
emperor"ratherthanthepersonoftheemperor.[27]However,thesubtlesemanticdistinctionwaslost
outsideRome,whereAugustusbegantobeworshipedasadeity.[28]TheinscriptionDFthuscametobe
usedforAugustus,attimesunclearwhichmeaningwasintended. [26][28]TheassumptionofthetitleDivi
filiusbyAugustusmeshedwithalargercampaignbyhimtoexercisethepowerofhisimage.Official
portraitsofAugustusmadeeventowardstheendofhislifecontinuedtoportrayhimasahandsome
youth,implyingthatmiraculously,heneveraged.Giventhatfewpeoplehadeverseentheemperor,
theseimagessentadistinctmessage.[29]
Later,Tiberius(emperorfrom1437AD)cametobeacceptedasthesonofdivusAugustusand
HadrianasthesonofdivusTrajan.[24]Bytheendofthe1stcentury,theemperorDomitianwasbeing
calleddominusetdeus(i.e.masterandgod).[30]
OutsidetheRomanEmpire,the2ndcenturyKushanKingKanishkaIusedthetitledevaputrameaning
"sonofGod".[31]

Judaism

StatueofKingDavidbyNicolasCordierintheBorgheseChapeloftheBasilicadiSantaMaria
Maggiore
Althoughreferencesto"sonsofGod","sonofGod"and"sonoftheLORD"areoccasionallyfoundin
Jewishliterature,theyneverrefertophysicaldescentfromGod.[32][33]Therearetwoinstanceswhere
Jewishkingsarefigurativelyreferredtoasagod.[19]:150ThekingislikenedtothesupremekingGod.[20]
ThesetermsareoftenusedinthegeneralsenseinwhichtheJewishpeoplewerereferredtoas
"childrenoftheLORDyourGod".[32]
Whenusedbytherabbis,thetermreferredtoIsraelortohumanbeingsingeneral,andnotasa
referencetotheJewishmashiach.[32]InJudaismthetermmashiachhasabroadermeaningandusage
andcanrefertoawiderangeofpeopleandobjects,notnecessarilyrelatedtotheJewisheschaton.

Genesis
Mainarticles:NephilimandSonsofGod

IntheintroductiontotheGenesisfloodnarrative,Genesis6:2refersto"sonsofGod"whomarriedthe
daughtersofmenandisusedinapolytheisticcontexttorefertoangels.[32][34]

Exodus
InExodus4:22,theIsraelitesasapeoplearecalled"myfirstbornson"byGodusingthesingularform.

Psalms
Mainarticle:Psalms
InPsalms89:2628,DavidcallsGodhisfather.GodinturntellsDavidthathewillmakeDavidhis
firstbornandhighestkingoftheearth.[16]:45[19]:150
InPsalms82:18,theBiblicaljudgesarecalledgodsandthesonsofGod.[35]

RoyalPsalms
Mainarticles:RoyalPsalms,MelchizedekandPriesthoodofMelchizedek
Seealso:JesusandmessianicprophecyPsalm110andJesusandmessianicprophecyPsalm2
Psalm2isthoughttobeanenthronementtext.Therebelnationsandtheusesofanironrodare
Assyrianmotifs.ThebegettingofthekingisanEgyptianone.[16]:26Israelskingsarereferredtoasthe
sonoftheLORD.Theyarerebornoradoptedonthedayoftheirenthroningasthe"sonoftheLORD".
[19]:150[36]

SomescholarsthinkthatPsalm110isanalternativeenthronementtext.Psalm110:1distinguishesthe
kingfromtheLORD.TheLORDasksthekingtositathisrighthand.[37][38]Psalm110:3mayormaynot
haveareferencetothebegettingofkings.Theexacttranslationof110:3isuncertain.Inthetraditional
Hebrewtranslationshisyouthisrenewedlikethemorningdew.Insomealternativetranslationsthe
kingisbegottenbyGodlikethemorningdeworbythemorningdew.Onepossibletranslationof
110:4isthatthekingistoldthatheisapriestlikeMelchizedek.Anotherpossibilityistotranslate
Melchizedeknotasanamebutratherasatitle"RighteousKing".[39]Ifareferenceismadeto
MelchizedekthiscouldbelinkedtopreIsraeliteCanaanitebelief.Theinvitationtositattherighthand
ofthedeityandthekingsenemysbeingusedasfootstoolsarebothclassicEgyptianmotifs,asisthe
associationofthekingwiththerisingsun.ManyscholarsnowthinkthatIsraelitebeliefsevolvedfrom
Canaanitebeliefs.[16]:2933[19]:150JewshavetraditionallybelievedthatPsalm110appliedonlytoKing
David.BeingthefirstDavidicking,hehadcertainpriestlikeresponsibilities. [40][41][42]

Psalm45isthoughttobearoyalweddingtext.Psalm45:78mayrefertothekingasagodanointedby
God,reflectingthekingsspecialrelationshipwithGod.[19]:150
Somebelievethatthesepsalmswherenotmeanttoapplytoasingleking,butratherwhereusedduring
theenthronementceremony.ThefactthattheRoyalPsalmswerepreservedsuggeststhattheinfluence
ofEgyptianandotherneareasternculturesonpreexilereligionneedstobetakenseriously.Ancient
Egyptiansusedsimilarlanguagetodescribepharaohs.AssyrianandCanaaniteinfluencesamongothers
arealsonoted.[16]:2438

Samuel
In2Samuel7:1316GodpromisesDavidregardinghisoffspringthat"Iwillbetohimasafatherand
hewillbetomeasason."Thepromiseisoneofeternalkingship.[16]:3944

Isaiah
Mainarticle:Pelejoezelgibborabiadsarshalom
Seealso:JesusandmessianicprophecyIsaiah9:5(9:5,6)
InIsaiah9:6thenextkingisgreeted,similarlytothepassagesinPsalms.LikePsalm45:78heis
figurativelylikenedtothesupremekingGod.[19]:150[20]Isaiahcouldalsobeinterpretedasthebirthofa
royalchild,Psalm2neverthelessleavestheaccessionscenarioasanattractivepossibility. [16]:28The
kingin9:6isthoughttohavebeenHezekiahbyJewsandvariousacademicscholars.[16]:28[43]

Jeremiah
InJeremiahChapter31GodreferstohimselfasthefatherofIsraelandEphraimashisfirstbornson.
EphraiminJeremiahreferscollectivelytothenorthernkingdom.[44]:43

BookofWisdom
TheBookofWisdomreferstoarighteousmanasthesonofGod.[19]:157

BookofEcclesiasticus
IntheBookofEcclesiasticus4:10intheHebrewtextGodcallsapersonwhoactsrighteouslyhisson.
TheGreekreadsslightlydifferentherehewillbelikeasonoftheMostHigh".[19]:157158

DeadSeaScrolls

InsomeversionsofDeuteronomytheDeadSeaScrollsrefertothesonsofGodratherthanthesonsof
Israel,probablyinreferencetoangels.TheSeptuagintreadssimilarly.[19]:147[45]
4Q174isamidrashictextinwhichGodreferstotheDavidicmessiahashisson.[46]
4Q246referstoafigurewhowillbecalledthesonofGodandsonoftheMostHigh.Itisdebatedif
thisfigurerepresentstheroyalmessiah,afutureevilgentilekingorsomethingelse. [46][47]
In11Q13Melchizedekisreferredtoasgodthedivinejudge.Melchizedekinthebiblewasthekingof
Salem.AtleastsomeintheQumrancommunityseemedtothinkthatattheendofdaysMelchizedek
wouldreignastheirking.[48]ThepassageisbasedonPsalm82.[35]

Gabriel'sRevelation
Mainarticle:MessiahbenJoseph
Gabriel'sRevelation,alsocalledtheVisionofGabriel[49]ortheJeselsohnStone,[50]isathreefoottall
(onemetre)stonetabletwith87linesofHebrewtextwritteninink,containingacollectionofshort
prophecieswritteninthefirstpersonanddatedtothelate1stcenturyBCE.[51][52]Oneofthestories
allegedlytellsofamanwhowaskilledbytheRomansandresurrectedinthreedays.Itisatablet
describedasa"DeadSeascrollinstone".[51][53]
ThetextseemstotalkaboutamessianicfigurefromEphraimwhowillbreakevilbeforerighteousness
bythreedays.[44]:4344Laterthetexttalksaboutaprinceofprinces"aleaderofIsraelwhoiskilledby
theevilkingandnotproperlyburied.[44]:44Theevilkingisthenmiraculouslydefeated.[44]:45Thetext
seemstorefertoJeremiahChapter31.[44]:43ThechoiceofEphraimasthelinageofthemessianicfigure
describedinthetextseemstodrawonpassagesinJeremiah,ZechariahandHosea.Thisleaderis
referredtoasasonofGod.[44]:4344,4849
ThetextseemstobebasedonaJewishrevoltrecordedbyJosephusdatingfrom4BCE.[44]:4546Based
onitsdatingthetextseemstorefertoSimonofPeraeaoneofthethreeleadersofthisrevolt.[44]:47

Pseudepigrapha
InbothJosephandAsenethandtherelatedtextTheStoryofAsenath,Josephisreferredtoastheson
ofGod.[19]:158159[54]InthePrayerofJosephbothJacobandtheangelarereferredtoasangelsandthe
sonsofGod.[19]:157

Talmud

ThisstyleofnamingisalsousedforsomerabbisintheTalmud.[19]:158

Christianity
ThissectionmayneedtoberewrittenentirelytocomplywithWikipedia'squality
standards.Youcanhelp.Thediscussionpagemaycontainsuggestions.(March2014)
Seealso:GodtheSon,JesusinChristianity,DivinefiliationandAdoptionism
Aseriesofarticleson

Christology

Christ

SonofGodGodtheSon

LogosIncarnation

PreexistenceofChrist

PersonofChrist

Hypostaticunion

LoveofChrist

ImitationofChrist

KnowledgeofChrist

IntercessionofChrist

PerfectionofChrist

Threefoldoffice

OfalltheChristologicaltitlesusedintheNewTestament,SonofGodhashadoneofthemostlasting
impactsinChristianhistoryandhasbecomepartoftheprofessionoffaithbymanyChristians. [55]Inthe
mainstreamTrinitariancontextthetitleimpliesthefulldivinityofJesusaspartoftheHolyTrinityof
Father,SonandtheSpirit.[55]
TheNewTestamentquotesPsalm110extensivelyasapplyingtoJesus.Anewtheological
understandingofPsalm110:1and110:4,distinctfromthatofJudaism,evolved.[56]Jesushimself
quotesPsalm110inLuke20:4144,Matthew22:4145andMark12:3537.[57]:211Themeaningsand
authenticityofthesequotationsaredebatedamongmodernscholars.[57]:204Variousmoderncritical
scholarsrejectthatDavidwrotethispsalm.IntheMasoreticTextmanyPsalmincludingthisoneare
explicitlyattributedtoDavid.ThesuperscriptionisofDavidapsalm."Somehavesuggestedthatthis
indicatesthatPsalm110wasnotwrittenbyDavid.Thesuperscriptionasitstandsisambiguous.
However,JewishtraditionascribesPsalm110andindeedallPsalmstokingDavid. [58][59]:314315In
ChristianityDavidisconsidertobeaprophet.TheNewTestamentrecordsseveralpsalmsashaving
beenspokenthroughDavidbytheHolySpirit.[58]Acts2:2930explicitlycallsDavidaprophet.[60]Jesus
himselfaffirmstheauthorshipofthispsalmbyDavidinMark12:36andMatthew22:43.[59]:314315Inthe
Christianreading,DavidthekingispresentedashavingalordotherthantheLordGod.Thesecond
lordistheMessiah,whoisgreaterthanDavid,becauseDavidcallshim"mylord".[61]:371373InHebrew,
thefirst"Lord"inPsalm110is"Yahweh"(),whilethesecondisreferredtoas"adoni"(),(my
adon),aformofaddressthatintheOldTestamentisusedgenerallyforhumansbutalso,inJudges
6:13,forthetheophanicAngeloftheLord.[59]:319[62]TheGreekspeakingJewishphilosopherPhilo,a
contemporaryofJesus,identifiedtheAngeloftheLordwithhisversionofthelogosdistinctfromthe
laterChristianlogos.[63][64]
ItsdebatedwhenexactlyChristianscametounderstandPsalm110asintroducingadistinctionof
personsintheGodheadandindicatingthatJesuswasmorethanahumanorangelicmessiah,butalsoa
divineentitywhowasDavidslord.[57]:202205,21011[65]Hebrews1:13againquotesPsalm110toprovethat
theSonissuperiortoangels.[57]:272[61]:939Psalm110wouldplayacrucialroleinthedevelopmentofthe

earlyChristianunderstandingofthedivinityofJesus.ThefinalreadingofPsalm110:1incorporateda
PreexistentSonofGodgreaterthanbothDavidandtheangels.TheApostleCreed,TheNicaeaCreed
andtheCreedofConstantinoplewouldallincludedreferencestoPsalm110:1.[57]:272[66]
Psalm2:7reads
IwilltellofthedecreeoftheLord:Hesaidtome,"Youaremyson;todayIhavebegottenyou.Askof
me,andIwillmakethenationsyourheritage,andtheendsoftheearthyourpossession.Youshall
breakthemwitharodofiron,anddashtheminpieceslikeapottersvessel."
Psalm2canbeseenasreferringtoaparticularkingofJudah,buthasalsobeenunderstoodtoreference
theawaitedMessiah.[2]ReferencestoPsalm2intheNewTestamentarelesscommonthenPsalm110.
ThepassagesinActs,HebrewsandRomansthatrefertoitgivetheappearanceofbeinglinkedwith
Jesusresurrectionand/orexaltation.ThoseintheGospelsassociateitwithJesus'baptismand
transfiguration.ThemajorityofscholarsbelievethattheearliestChristianuseofthisPsalmwasin
relationtohisresurrection,suggestingthatthiswasinitiallythoughtofasthemomentwhenhebecame
Son,astatusthattheearlyChristianslaterextendedbacktohisearthlylife,tothebeginningofthat
earthlylifeand,laterstill,tohispreexistence,aviewthatAquilaHyungIlLeequestions. [57]:250251
Theterms"sonsofGod"and"sonofGod"appearfrequentlyinJewishliterature,andleadersofthe
people,kingsandprinceswerecalled"sonsofGod".[2]WhatJesusdidwiththelanguageofdivine
sonshipwasfirstofalltoapplyitindividually(tohimself)andtofillitwithameaningthatlifted"Son
ofGod"beyondthelevelofhisbeingmerelyahumanbeingmadelikeAdamintheimageofGod,his
beingperfectlysensitivetotheHolySpirit(Luke4:1,14,18),hisbringingGod'speace(Luke2:14;
Luke10:56)albeitinhisownway(Matt10:34,Luke12:51),orevenhisbeingGod'sdesignated
Messiah.[67]
IntheNewTestament,thetitle"SonofGod"isappliedtoJesusonmanyoccasions. [2]Itisoftenused
torefertohisdivinity,fromthebeginningoftheNewTestamentnarrativewheninLuke1:3235the
angelGabrielannounces:"thepoweroftheMostHighshallovershadowthee:whereforealsotheholy
thingwhichisbegottenshallbecalledtheSonofGod."[2]
ThedeclarationthatJesusistheSonofGodisechoedbymanysourcesintheNewTestament.[68]On
twoseparateoccasionsthedeclarationsarebyGodtheFather,whenduringtheBaptismofJesusand
thenduringtheTransfigurationasavoicefromHeaven.OnseveraloccasionsthedisciplescallJesus
theSonofGodandeventheJewsscornfullyremindJesusduringhiscrucifixionofhisclaimtobethe
SonofGod."[2]
However,theconceptofGodasthefatherofJesus,andJesusastheexclusivedivineSonofGodis
distinctfromtheconceptofGodastheCreatorandfatherofallpeople,asindicatedintheApostle's

Creed.[69]Theprofessionbeginswithexpressingbeliefinthe"Fatheralmighty,creatorofheavenand
earth"andthenimmediately,butseparately,in"JesusChrist,hisonlySon,ourLord",thusexpressing
bothsensesoffatherhoodwithintheCreed.[69]

SynopticGospels
AccordingtotheSynopticGospels,Jesusreferredtohimselfobliquelyas"theSon"andevenmore
significantlyspokeofGodas"myFather"(Matt.11:27par.;16:17;Luke22:29).Henotonlyspoke
like"theSon"butalsoactedlike"theSon"inknowingandrevealingthetruthaboutGod,inchanging
thedivinelaw,inforgivingsins,inbeingtheonethroughwhomotherscouldbecomechildrenofGod,
andinactingwithtotalobedienceastheagentforGod'sfinalkingdom.[67]Thisclarifiesthechargeof
blasphemybroughtagainsthimattheend(Mark14:64par.);hehadgiventheimpressionofclaiming
tostandonaparwithGod.Jesuscameacrossasexpressingauniquefilialconsciousnessandaslaying
claimtoauniquefilialrelationshipwiththeGodwhomheaddressedas"Abba".[70]
Evenifhistoricallyhenevercalledhimself"theonly"SonofGod(cf.John1:14,18;John3:16,18),
JesuspresentedhimselfasSonandnotjustasonewhowasthedivinelyappointedMessiah(and
therefore"son"ofGod).Hemadehimselfouttobemorethanonlysomeonechosenandanointedas
divinerepresentativetofulfilaneschatologicalroleinandforthekingdom.Implicitly,Jesusclaimed
anessential,"ontological"relationshipofsonshiptowardsGodwhichprovidedthegroundsforhis
functionsasrevealer,lawgiver,forgiverofsins,andagentofthefinalkingdom.Thosefunctions(his
"doing")dependedonhisontologicalrelationshipasSonofGod(his"being").Jesusinvitedhishearers
toacceptGodasaloving,mercifulFather.Heworkedtowardsmediatingtothemanewrelationship
withGod,eventothepointthattheytoocoulduse"Abba"whenaddressingGodinprayer.Yet,Jesus'
consistentdistinctionbetween"my"Fatherand"your"Fathershowedthathewasnotinvitingthe
disciplestosharewithhimanidenticalrelationshipofsonship.Hewasapparentlyconsciousofa
qualitativedistinctionbetweenhissonshipandtheirsonshipwhichwasderivedfromanddependedon
his.Hiswayofbeingsonwasdifferentfromtheirs.[67]

Paul

TheAscension,JesusreturningtohisFatherbyPietroPerugino(c.1500),MusedesBeauxArtsde
Lyon.
Seealso:PreexistenceofChrist
Intheirownway,JohnandPaulmaintainedthisdistinction.Paulexpressedtheirnewrelationshipwith
Godastakingplacethroughan"adoption"(Gal.4:5;Rom.8:15),whichmakesthem"childrenofGod"
(Rom.8:1617)or,alternatively,"sonsofGod"(Rom.8:14;(Rom.4:67).Johndistinguishedbetween
theonlySonofGod(John1:14,18;John3:16,18)andallthosewhothroughfaithcanbecome
"childrenofGod"(John1:12;11:52;and1
John3:12,101
John5:2).PaulandJohnlikewise
maintainedanddevelopedthecorrelativeofallthis,Jesus'stressonthefatherhoodofGod.Over100
timesJohn'sGospelnamesGodas"Father".Paul'stypicalgreetingtohiscorrespondentsrunsas
follows:"GracetoyouandpeacefromGodourFatherandthe/ourLordJesusChrist"(Rom1:7;1
Cor
1:3;2
Cor1:2;Gal1:3;Phil1:2;2
Thess1:2;Philem3).ThegreetingnamesJesusas"Lord",butthe
contextof"GodourFather"implieshissonship.[67]
PaulthereforedistinguishedbetweentheirgracedsituationasGod'sadoptedchildrenandthatofJesus
asSonofGod.Inunderstandingthelatter's"natural"divinesonship,PaulfirstlyspokeofGod"sending
hisownSoninthelikenessofsinfulnatureandtodealwithsin"(Rom.8:3).Inasimilarpassage,Paul
saysthat"whenthefullnessoftimehadcomeGodsenthisSon,bornofawoman,bornunderthelaw"
(Gal.4:4).Ifoneexaminesthesethreepassagesinsomedetail,itraisesthequestionwhetherPaul
thinksofaneternallypreexistentSoncomingintotheworldfromhisFatherinheaventosethumanity
freefromsinanddeath(Rom.8:3,32)andmakeitGod'sadoptedchildren(Gal.4:47).Theanswer
willpartlydepend,first,onthewayoneinterpretsotherPaulinepassageswhichdonotusethetitle
"SonofGod"(2Cor.8:9;Phil.2:611).TheselatterpassagespresentapreexistentChristtakingthe
initiative,throughhis"generosity"in"becomingpoor"forusand"assumingtheformofaslave". [71]

Theanswerwill,second,dependonwhetheronejudges1Corinthians8:6andColossians1:16toimply
thatasapreexistentbeingtheSonwasactiveatcreation.[72]1
Corinthians8:6withoutexplicitly
naming"theSon"assuch,runs:
ThereisoneGod,theFather,fromwhomareallthingsandforwhomweexist,andoneLord,Jesus
Christ,throughwhomareallthingsandthroughwhomweexist.
CallingGod"theFather"clearlymovesonetowardtalkof"theSon".InthecaseofColossians1:16,
thewholehymn(Col.1:1520)doesnotgiveJesusanytitle.However,hehasjustbeenreferredto
(Col.1:13)asGod's"belovedSon".Third,itshouldbeobservedthatthelanguageof"sending"(or,for
thatmatter,"coming"withitsstressonpersonalpurpose(Mark10:45par.;Luke12:49,51par.)by
itselfdoesnotnecessarilyimplypreexistence.Otherwiseonewouldhavetoascribepreexistenceto
JohntheBaptist,"amansentfromGod",who"cametobearwitnesstothelight"(John1:68;cf.Matt.
11:10,18par.).IntheOldTestament,angelicandhumanmessengers,especiallyprophets,were"sent"
byGod,butoneshouldaddatoncethattheprophetssentbyGodwerenevercalledGod'ssons.It
makesadifferencethatinthecitedPaulinepassagesitwasGod'sSonwhowassent.Herebeing"sent"
byGodmeansmorethanmerelyreceivingadivinecommissionandincludescomingfromaheavenly
preexistenceandenjoyingadivineorigin.[67]Fourth,intheircontext,thethreeSonofGodpassages
hereexamined(Rom.8:3,32;Gal.4:4)certainlydonotfocusontheSon'spreexistence,butonhis
beingsentorgivenuptofreehumanbeingsfromsinanddeath,tomakethemGod'sadoptedchildren,
andtoletthemlive(andpray)withthepoweroftheindwellingSpirit.Nevertheless,theApostle's
soteriologypresupposeshereaChristologythatincludesdivinepreexistence.Itispreciselybecause
ChrististhepreexistentSonwhocomesfromtheFatherthathecanturnhumanbeingsintoGod's
adoptedsonsanddaughters.[73]

GospelofJohn
IntheGospelofJohn,JesusistheeternallypreexistentSonwhowassentfromheavenintotheworld
bytheFather(e.g.,John3:17;John4:34;John5:2437).Heremainsconsciousofthedivinepre
existenceheenjoyedwiththeFather(John8:23,John8:3842).Heisonewiththefather(John10:30;
John14:7)andlovedbytheFather(John3:35;John5:20;John10:17;John17:2326).TheSonhas
thedivinepowertogivelifeandtojudge(John5:2126;John6:40;John8:16;John17:2).Through
hisdeath,resurrection,andascensiontheSonisglorifiedbytheFather(John17:124),butitisnota
glorythatistherebyessentiallyenhanced.Hisglorynotonlyexistedfromthetimeoftheincarnationto
revealtheFather(John1:14),butalsopreexistedthecreationoftheworld(John17:5724).Where
PaulandtheauthorofHebrewspictureJesusalmostastheelderbrotherorthefirstbornofGod'snew
eschatologicalfamily(Rom8:1429;Heb2:1012),Johninsistsevenmoreontheclearqualitative
differencebetweenJesus'sonshipandthatofothers.BeingGod's"onlySon"(John1:141:18;John
3:163:18),heenjoysatrulyuniqueandexclusiverelationshipwiththeFather. [67]

AtleastfourofthesethemesgobacktotheearthlyJesushimself.First,althoughonehasnoreal
evidenceforholdingthathewashumanlyawareofhiseternalpreexistenceasSon,his"Abba
consciousness"revealedanintimatelovingrelationshipwiththeFather.ThefullJohannine
developmentoftheFatherSonrelationshiprestsonanauthenticbasisintheJesustradition(Mark
14:36;Matt.11:2526;16:17;Luke11:2).Second,JesusnotonlythoughtofhimselfasGod'sSon,but
alsospokeofhimselfassentbyGod.Onceagain,JohndevelopsthethemeoftheSon'smission,which
isalreadypresentinsayingsthatatleastpartlygobacktoJesus(Mark9:37;Matt15:24;Luke10:16),
especiallyin12:6,whereitisaquestionofthesendingofa"belovedSon".Third,theJohanninetheme
oftheSonwithpowertojudgeinthecontextofeternallifefindsitsoriginalhistoricalsourceinthe
sayingsofJesusabouthispowertodisposeofthingsinthekingdomassignedtohimby"myFather"
(Luke22:2930)andaboutone'srelationshiptohimdecidingone'sfinaldestinybeforeGod(Luke
12:89).Fourth,albeitlessinsistently,wheninvitinghisaudiencetoacceptanewfilialrelationship
withGod,JesusaspreviouslyseendistinguishedhisownrelationshiptoGodfromtheirs. [67]The
exclusiveJohanninelanguageofGod's"onlySon"hasitsrealsourceinJesus'preaching.Allinall,
JohanninetheologyfullydeploysJesus'divinesonship,butdoessobybuildingupwhatonealready
findsintheSynopticGospelsandwhat,atleastinpart,derivesfromtheearthlyJesushimself. [67]

NewTestamentnarrative

FirstpageofMark:"ThebeginningofthegospelofJesusChrist,theSonofGod",bySargisPitsak
14thcentury.
TheGospelofMarkbeginsbycallingJesustheSonofGodandreaffirmsthetitletwicewhenavoice
fromHeavencallsJesus:"mySon"inMark1:11andMark9:7.[74]
InMatthew14:33afterJesuswalksonwater,thedisciplestellJesus:"YoureallyaretheSonof
God!"[6]InresponsetothequestionbyJesus,"ButwhodoyousaythatIam?",Peterreplied:"Youare
Christ,theSonofthelivingGod".AndJesusansweredhim,"Blessedareyou,SimonBarJonah!For

fleshandbloodhasnotrevealedthistoyou,butmyFatherwhoisinheaven"(Matthew16:1517).[75]
InMatthew27:43,whileJesushangsonthecross,theJewishleadersmockhimtoaskGodhelp,"for
hesaid,IamtheSonofGod",referringtotheclaimofJesustobetheSonofGod.[7]Matthew27:54
andMark15:39includetheexclamationbytheRomancommander:"HewassurelytheSonofGod!"
aftertheearthquakefollowingtheCrucifixionofJesus.
InLuke1:35,intheAnnunciation,beforethebirthofJesus,theangeltellsMarythatherchild"shallbe
calledtheSonofGod".InLuke4:41(andMark3:11),whenJesuscastsoutdemons,theyfalldown
beforehim,anddeclare:"YouaretheSonofGod."
InJohn1:34JohntheBaptistbearswitnessthatJesusistheSonofGodandinJohn11:27Marthacalls
himtheMessiahandtheSonofGod.InseveralpassagesintheGospelofJohnassertionsofJesus
beingtheSonofGodareusuallyalsoassertionsofhisunitywiththeFather,asinJohn14:79:"Ifyou
knowme,thenyouwillalsoknowmyFather"and"WhoeverhasseenmehasseentheFather".[74]
InJohn19:7theJewscryouttoPontiusPilate"Crucifyhim"basedonthechargethatJesus"made
himselftheSonofGod."ThechargethatJesushaddeclaredhimself"SonofGod"wasessentialtothe
argumentoftheJewsfromareligiousperspective,asthechargethathehadcalledhimselfKingofthe
JewswasimportanttoPilatefromapoliticalperspective,foritmeantpossiblerebellionagainstRome.
[76]

TowardstheendofhisGospel(in20:31)Johndeclaresthatthepurposeforwritingitwas"thatyou
maybelievethatJesusistheMessiah,theSonofGod".[74]
InActs9:20,aftertheConversionofPaultheApostle,andfollowinghisrecovery,"straightwayinthe
synagoguesheproclaimedJesus,thatheistheSonofGod."

Jesus'ownassertions
WheninMatthew16:1516ApostlePeterstates:"YouareChrist,theSonofthelivingGod",Jesusnot
onlyacceptsthetitles,butcallsPeter"blessed"becausehisdeclarationhadbeenrevealedhimby"my
FatherwhoisinHeaven".AccordingtoJohnYieh,inthisaccounttheevangelistMatthewis
unequivocallystatingthisasthechurch'sviewofJesus.[5]
IntheSanhedrintrialofJesusinMark14:61whenthehighpriestaskedJesus:"AreyoutheMessiah,
theSonoftheBlessedOne?"Jesusresponded"Iam".Jesus'claimherewasemphaticenoughtomake
thehighpriesttearhisrobe.[77]
InthenewTestamentJesususestheterm"myFather"asadirectandunequivocalassertionofhis
sonship,andauniquerelationshipwiththeFatherbeyondanyattributionoftitlesbyothers: [7]

InMatthew11:27JesusclaimsadirectrelationshiptoGodtheFather:"Noone
knowstheSonexcepttheFatherandnooneknowstheFatherexcepttheSon",
assertingthemutualknowledgehehaswiththeFather.[7]

InJohn5:23heclaimsthattheSonandtheFatherreceivethesametypeofhonor,
stating:"sothatallmayhonortheSon,justastheyhonortheFather".[7][78]

InJohn5:26heclaimstopossesslifeastheFatherdoes:"JustastheFatherhaslife
inhimself,soalsohegavetohisSonthepossessionoflifeinhimself". [7][79]

InanumberofotherepisodesJesusclaimssonshipbyreferringtotheFather,e.g.inLuke2:49when
heisfoundinthetempleayoungJesuscallsthetemple"myFather'shouse",justashedoeslaterin
John2:16intheCleansingoftheTempleepisode.[7]InMatthew1:11andLuke3:22Jesusallows
himselftobecalledtheSonofGodbythevoicefromabove,notobjectingtothetitle.[7]
Referencesto"myFather"byJesusintheNewTestamentaredistinguishedinthatheneverincludes
otherindividualsinthemandonlyreferstohisFather,howeverwhenaddressingthedisciplesheuses
yourFather,excludinghimselffromthereference.[80]

NewTestamentreferences
Humans,includingtheNewTestamentwriters,callingJesusSonofGod

Matthew14:33,Matthew16:16,Matthew27:54,Mark1:1,Mark15:39,John1:49,
John11:27,John20:31,Acts8:37,Acts9:20,Romans1:4,2
Corinthians1:19,
Galatians2:20,Ephesians4:13,Hebrews4:14,Hebrews6:6,Hebrews7:3,Hebrews
10:29,1
John3:8,1
John4:15,1
John5:1,1
John5:5,1
John5:10,1
John5:12,
1John5:13,1
John5:20,2
John1:3

his(i.e.God's)son,invariousforms:John3:16,John3:17,Acts3:13,Acts3:26,
Romans1:9,Romans5:10,Romans8:3,Romans8:29,Romans8:32,1
Corinthians
1:9,Galatians1:16,Galatians4:4,Galatians4:6,Colossians1:13,1
Thessalonians
1:10,Hebrews1:2,1
John1:3,1
John1:7,1
John3:23,1
John4:9,1
John4:10,
1John4:14,1
John5:9,1
John5:10,1
John5:11

JesuscallinghimselfSonofGod
Matthew26:6364,Mark14:6162,Luke22:70,John3:18,John5:25,John10:36,John11:4,
Revelation2:18

JesuscallingGodhisfather
Matthew7:21,Matthew10:32,Matthew10:33,Matthew11:27,Matthew12:50,Matthew
15:13,Matthew16:17,Matthew18:10,Matthew18:19,Matthew18:35,Matthew20:23,
Matthew25:34,Matthew26:29,Matthew26:39,Matthew26:42,Matthew26:53,Luke2:49,
Luke10:22,Luke22:29,Luke22:42,Luke23:46,Luke24:49,John2:16,John5:17,John
5:43,John6:23,John6:40,John8:19,John8:38,John8:49,John10:17,John10:18,John
10:25,John10:29,John10:37,John12:26,John12:27,John14:2,John14:7,John14:20,
John14:21,John14:23,John14:31,John15:1,John15:8,John15:10,John15:15,John
15:23,John15:24,John16:10,John16:23,John16:25,John16:32,John17:24,John18:11,
John20:17,John20:21,Acts1:4,Revelation2:27,Revelation3:5,Revelation3:21
GodtheFatherreferringtoJesusashisson
Mathew2:15,Matthew3:17,Matthew17:5,Mark1:11,Mark9:7,Luke3:22,Luke9:35,
Hebrews1:5,Hebrews5:5,2Peter1:17
AngelscallingJesusSonofGod
Luke1:32,Luke1:35
ThedevilordemonscallingJesusSonofGod
Matthew4:3,Matthew4:6,Matthew8:29,Mark3:11,Mark5:7,Luke4:3,Luke4:9,Luke
4:41,Luke8:28
JesusreferredtoastheSon:
Matthew11:27,Matthew24:36,Matthew28:19,Mark13:32,Luke10:22,John1:14,John
1:18,John3:35,John3:36,John5:1926,John6:40,John14:13,John17:1,1
Corinthians
15:28,Colossians1:15,Hebrews1:3,Hebrews1:8,Hebrews3:6,Hebrews7:28,1
John2:22
24,1
John4:14,1
John5:12,2
John1:9
TheGodandFatherofJesus
TheNewTestamentalsocontainssix[81]referencestoGodas"theGodandFather"ofJesus.[82]

Romans15:6,2
Corinthians1:3,2
Corinthians11:31,Ephesians1:3,1
Peter1:3,
Revelation1:6

Theologicaldevelopment

EmperorConstantineandtheFathersoftheFirstCouncilofNicaeaof325withtheNiceno
ConstantinopolitanCreedof381.
Seealso:Sonofman(Christianity)
Throughthecenturies,thetheologicaldevelopmentoftheconceptofSonofGodhasinteractedwith
otherChristologicalelementssuchasPreexistenceofChrist,Sonofman,thehypostaticunion,etc.
Forinstance,inJohannine"Christologyfromabove"whichbeginswiththePreexistenceofChrist,
JesusdidnotbecomeSonofGodthroughtheVirginBirth,healwayswastheSonofGod. [83]
Bythe2ndcentury,differenceshaddevelopedamongvariousChristiangroupsandtodefendthe
mainstreamviewintheearlyChurch,St.Irenaeusintroducedtheconfession:"OneChristonly,Jesus
theSonofGodincarnateforoursalvation".[84]Byreferringtoincarnation,thisprofessesJesusasthe
preexistingLogos,i.e.TheWord.ItalsoprofesseshimasbothChristandtheonlybegottenSonof
God.[84]
Toestablishacommonground,theNiceneCreedof325beganwiththeprofessionoftheFather
Almightyandthenstatesthebelief:[85]
"AndinoneLordJesusChrist,theSonofGod,begottenoftheFather[theonlybegotten;that
is,oftheessenceoftheFather,GodofGod],LightofLight,veryGodofveryGod,begotten,
notmade,beingofonesubstancewiththeFather."
SaintAugustinewroteatlengthontheSonofGodanditsrelationshipwiththeSonofman,positioning
thetwoissuesintermsofthedualnatureofJesusasbothdivineandhumanintermsofthehypostatic
union.[86]Hewrote:

ChristJesus,theSonofGod,isGodandMan:Godbeforeallworlds,maninourworld....Butsincehe
istheonlySonofGod,bynatureandnotbygrace,hebecamealsotheSonofManthathemightbe
fullofgraceaswell.[86]
However,unlikeSonofGod,theproclamationofJesusastheSonofmanhasneverbeenanarticleof
faithinChristianity.[87]Theinterpretationoftheuseof"theSonofman"anditsrelationshiptoSonof
Godhasremainedchallengingandafter150yearsofdebatenoconsensusontheissuehasemerged
amongscholars.[88][89]
JustasinRomans10:913Paulemphasizedthesalvificvalueof"professingbymouth"thatJesusis
Lord(KyrionIesoun)Augustineemphasizedthevalueof"professingthatJesusistheSonofGod"asa
pathtosalvation.[90][91]
ForSaintThomasAquinas(whoalsotaughtthePerfectionofChrist)the"'SonofGod'isGodas
knowntoGod".[92]AquinasemphasizedthecrucialroleoftheSonofGodinbringingforthallof
creationandtaughtthatalthoughhumansarecreatedintheimageofGodtheyfallshortandonlythe
SonofGodistrulylikeGod,andhencedivine.[92]

Islam
Thissectionimproperlyusesoneormorereligioustextsasprimarysourceswithout
referringtosecondarysourcesthatcriticallyanalyzethem.Pleasehelpimprovethis
articlebyaddingreferencestoreliablesecondarysources,withmultiplepointsofview.(July
2015)

Seealso:JesusinIslam,TawhidandShirk(Islam)
InIslam,Jesus(Arabic:,translit.:s)isconsideredtobetheMessiahandahighlyrespected
prophetsenttotheChildrenofIsrael,[Quran3:45]butnotthesonofGod.AsinChristianity,Jesushadno
earthlyfather,butisinsteadseenasbornthroughthebreathingofthe"SpiritofGod"onMary.[93][94]
TheQur'ancomparesthenatureofhisbirthtothebirthofAdam,whohadneithermothernorfather.[95]
TheQur'analsoassertsthatGodhasnobegottensonasintheverse"Hebegetsnot,norisHe
begotten."[96]ThebirthofJesuswithoutafather,isstatedinthefollowingverseoftheQuran:
She(Mary)said,"MyLord,howwillIhaveachildwhennomanhastouchedme?"[Theangel]said,
"SuchisAllah;HecreateswhatHewills.WhenHedecreesamatter,Heonlysaystoit,'Be,'anditis.
[97]

TheQuranchallengestheacceptanceofJesusorotherpersonasthesonofGodinthefollowingverse:

OPeopleoftheScripture,donotcommitexcessinyourreligionorsayaboutAllahexceptthetruth.
TheMessiah,Jesus,thesonofMary,wasbutamessengerofAllahandHiswordwhichHedirectedto
Maryandasoul[createdatacommand]fromHim.SobelieveinAllahandHismessengers.Anddo
notsay,"Three";desistitisbetterforyou.Indeed,AllahisbutoneGod.ExaltedisHeabovehaving
ason.ToHimbelongswhateverisintheheavensandwhateverisontheearth.AndsufficientisAllah
asDisposerofaffairs.[98]

Bah'Faith
InthewritingsoftheBah'Faith,theterm"SonofGod"isappliedtoJesus,[99]butdoesnotindicatea
literalphysicalrelationshipbetweenJesusandGod,[100]butissymbolicandisusedtoindicatethevery
strongspiritualrelationshipbetweenJesusandGod[99]andthesourceofhisauthority.[100]Shoghi
Effendi,theheadoftheBah'Faithinthefirsthalfofthe20thcentury,alsonotedthatthetermdoes
notindicatethatthestationofJesusissuperiortootherprophetsandmessengersthatBah'sname
ManifestationsofGod,includingBuddha,MuhammadandBaha'u'llahamongothers.[101]Shoghi
Effendinotesthat,sinceallManifestationsofGodsharethesameintimaterelationshipwithGodand
reflectthesamelight,thetermSonshipcaninasensebeattributabletoalltheManifestations. [99]

Seealso

Jesus,KingoftheJews

NamesandtitlesofJesusintheNewTestament

SonsofGod

GodtheSon

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Christology:AnExegeticalTheologicalStudy,Peabody,Mass.:Hendrickson(2007),pp.508557;
A.C.Thiselton,TheFirstEpistletotheCorinthians,GrandRapids,Mich.:Eedermans(2000),pp.631
638.
"'ButwhodoyousaythatIam?'Peteransweredhim,'YouareChrist,theSonoftheliving
God'.Jesusreplied:'Blessedareyou,SimonsonofJonah'".(Matthew16:1517)in:Whodoyousay
thatIam?EssaysonChristologybyJackDeanKingsbury,MarkAllanPowell,DavidR.Bauer1999
ISBN0664257526pagexvi
SymbolsofJesus:aChristologyofsymbolicengagementbyRobertC.Neville2002ISBN0
521003539page26
ItshouldbenotedthatJesus'(human)consciousnessofsuchdivinesonshipisonething,
whereassuch(human)consciousnessofdivinepreexistencewouldbequiteanotherthing.Cf.Byrne,
loc.cit.
Cf.J.D.G.Dunn,TheTheologyofPaultheApostle,cit.,pp.224225,242244,277278;Fee,
PaulineChristology,cit.,pp.508512,530557.
FortheimplicationsofCorinthians,cf.A.C.Thiselton,TheFirstEpistletotheCorinthians,
cit.,pp.631638.
OtherSonofGodpassagesinPaulcentreonthecrucifixionandresurrectionofJesusandtheir
(immediateandfinal)salvificconsequences.Cf.int.al.,Rom.5:10,1Cor.1:9,Rom.8:1417,Gal.
4:67.
WhodoyousaythatIam?:essaysonChristologybyJackDeanKingsbury,MarkAllan
Powell,DavidR.Bauer1999ISBN0664257526pages246251
WhodoyousaythatIam?EssaysonChristologybyJackDeanKingsbury,MarkAllanPowell,
DavidR.Bauer1999ISBN0664257526pagexvi
StudiesinEarlyChristologybyMartinHengel2004ISBN0567042804page46
WhoisJesus?:anintroductiontoChristologybyThomasP.Rausch2003ISBN97808146
50783pages132133
TheWiersbeBibleCommentarybyWarrenW.Wiersbe2007ISBN9780781445399page
245

ThepersonofChristbyGerritCornelisBerkouwer1954ISBN0802848168page163
JesusGodandManbyWolfhartPannenberg1968ISBN0664244688pages5354
Romans15:6,2Corinthians1:3,2Corinthians11:31,Ephesians1:3,1Peter1:3,Revelation1:6
CharlesH.H.ScobieThewaysofourGod:anapproachtobiblicaltheology2003ISBN0
802849504p.136"Godis"theGodandFatherofourLordJesusChrist"(Rom15:6;Eph1:3),but
alsotheFatherofallbelievers(cf.Bassler1992:105455).Clearlythisderivesfromtheusageand
teachingofJesushimself."
WhodoyousaythatIam?:essaysonChristologybyJackDeanDeanKingsbury,MarkAllan
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JesusRemembered:ChristianityintheMakingbyJamesD.G.Dunn(Jul29,2003)ISBN
0802839312pages724725
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Augustine:LaterWorksbyJohnBurnaby1980ISBN0664241654page326
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TheNobleQuranV.3:5960
TheNobleQuranV.112:3
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