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Solutions to Exercise 2A
1
a
i.
b
OC = 2 OB = 2b
ii.
OE
iii.
OD = 2 OA +
iv.
DC = 2 OA +
v.
DE
5
4
3
OB
2
= 2a +
3
2
l o n g
= 4 OA = 4a
c m
1
OB
2
b 2a
= 32 OB + 2 OA = 2a
3
2
b
3
a
b
Let a 1 and b 2
i.
1
2
| 2a | = 2 | a |
= 2 3
= 6
| OC | = | 2b | = 2 | b | = 4
ii.
| OE | = | 4a | = 4 | a | = 4
iii.
| OD | =
2a
3
2
3
2
3
2
9
2
a| =
=
=
49
13
| 12 a |
=
=
=
2
a
|a|
3
1
2
1
2
3
2
|a|
3
4
a
1
OA
4
1
4
1
OB
4
1
4
O A =
ii.
O B =
iii.
A B = O B
iv.
AB
2
1
O A =
1
4
(b a)
3 cm long
i.
= OB OA = b a
b
i.
ii.
O B = 2 O B = 2
iii.
A B
5
a
1
4
O A = 2 O A = 2
1
4
1
2
a =
1
2
b =
= O B O A =
1
2
2 XY = a + b
= 1 (a + b)
XY
XY
=
=
(b a)
1
2
(a + b)
1
2
( AB + DC )
XW
= XY + YW = a + b
1
2
( AB + DC ) is a
VX
= VZ + ZW + WY + YX
= ( ZV + WZ + YW + XY )
= (a + b + c + d)
c
ZY
8
a
OG
= ZW + WY
AB
AM
OM
XY
1
2
1
2
CD
(b a)
1
DA
2
= a
1
BC
2
+ a +
1
2
( AD + CB )
= b +
+ b +
1
2
1
CB
2
( AD + CB )
= BG
ii.
DC = OC OD
= OB OA
= b a
= c d
Also XY = XD + DC + CY
1
AD
2
AB
= XA + AB + BY
=
9
a
i.
(a + b)
= OG OB
= a + c b b
= a + c 2b
= OA + AM
= a + 12 (b a)
=
7
a
1
AB
2
= OA + OC OB
= a + c b
= OB OA = b a
=
= OA + BC
= ( WZ + YW )
= (b + c)
6
a
= OA + AG
b
i.
2
iii.
AB = DC
b a = c d
BC = OC OB
= c b
2 XY = a 1 ( AD + CB ) + b + 1 ( AD + CB )
2
ii.
MN
= MC + CB + BN
=
=
=
=
=
1
DC
2
1
BC +
BC
AB
2
1
(b a)
2
1
b 12 a
2
12 a + b
m = 0 and n =
1
BO
2
1
2
OB
(c b)
c + b
1
2
1
2
10
a
a =
4
1 ,
3
b =
2
1 ,
3
4
2
6
c =
3
2
3
4
2
1
1 ,
1
b =
3
1 ,
4
c =
3
5
11
nb
= m + 3n
= m n
= m + 4n
3
1 ,
2
b =
4
2 ,
1
c =
6
3
4
nb
= 3m + 4n
= m + 2n
= 2m + n
11
a
If ka + lb = 3a + (1 l)b,
a, b non-zero, non-parallel
then k = 3 and l = 1 l
2l = 1
l = 12
b
If 2(l 1)a + (1
l
5
and
l
5
1
l
5
=
=
=
=
4
5
)b = ka + 3b,
a, b non-zero, non-parallel
then 2(l 1) = 45 k
= 3
22 = 45 k
AB
EM
OM
k = 4 3m
k = 3m 4
27
4
11
4
1
AO
2
= 12 OA
14
a
i.
OQ
= OC + CD + DM
= c + g +
13
a
i.
AM
1
2
OS = k OP
16
4
11
4
=
=
ii.
m =
9
4
1
AB
2
1
(
2 OB
= OA + AQ
and
= OA +
= AB + BE + EM
= AB + OG + EM
1
= c + g 2a
into 2 yields
= OA +
= OC + OG EM
= c + g ( 1 a)
Hence k =
= OC = c
1
ED
2
1
2 a
9
4
= 3
=
= CO = OC = c
9
4
Substituting m =
k
=
d
Since OS = 2ka kb
55
2
EF
b
and
2(3m 4) = 2m + 1
6m 8 = 2m + 1
4m = 9
m = 9
2(10 1) = 45 k
4b + m( OQ OR )
4b + m(3a + b (a + 4b))
4b + m(2a 3b)
+ 1)a + (4 3m)b
l = 10
Substituting l = 10 into 1 yields
12
a
a +
a +
a +
(2m
and
= 2
k =
ii. OS = OR + RS
= a + 4b + m RQ
OR =
=
=
1
2
1
2
OA )
( OA + OB )
(a + b)
8
OQ
5
8
12
5
4
(a +
5
(a + b)
b)
= k(2a b) = 2ka kb
iii.
AR
1
5
iv.
RP
= OR OA
= 45 (a + b) a
15
a
(4b a)
xa = (y 1)b
Equating coefficients
x = 0 and
y 1 = 0
= OP OR
x = 0 and
= 4 OB OR
= 4b 45 (a + b)
Equating coefficients
4
5
y = 1
(2 x)a = 3a + (7 3y)b
(4b a)
2 x = 3 and
RP
4
5
(4b a)
x = 1 and
= 4 AR
Hence RP is parallel to AR and R lies on AP.
AR : RP = 1 : 4
c
(5 + 2x)(a + b) = y(3a + 2b)
5 + 2x = 3y
From
a + ( 2 4)b
y = 0 into
Substituting
= k( OB OA )
= k(b a)
= ka + kb
Equating coefficients
5 + 2x = 0
5
x =
2
= k
From
1 ,
Substituting
and
k =
k =
into
2
4 = k
and
5 + 2x = 2y
1 , 2x = 3y 5
then PS = k AB , k R \ {0}
5 + (3y 5) = 2y
y = 0
If PS is parallel to AB ,
7
3
Equating coefficients
= OQ 4 OB
= 12 (a + b) 4b
=
y =
PS = OS OP
7 3y = 0
x =
5
and
2
1 gives
y = 0
2 gives
=
4
2
2
= 4
Solutions to Exercise 2B
1
a
i.
c 4a = 4k 4(2i + 2j k)
= 8i 8j + 8k
|b| =
(1)2 + 4 + 1 =
|c| =
16 = 4
OA = 3i + j
ii.
OB = 2i + 3j
iii.
OC = 3i 2j
OA = 5i, OC = 2j, OG
iv.
b
i.
ii.
iii.
= 3k
OD = 4i 3j
AB
CD
DA
ii.
DA
= OA OD
= (3i + j) (4i 3j)
= i + 4j
| OA | =
AB
= OD OC
= (4i 3j) (3i 2j)
= 7i j
| =
a
i.
BC = OA = 5i
ii.
CF
iii.
AB
iv.
OD = OA + AD = 5i + 3k
v.
OE
vi.
GE
32 + 12 =
(5)2 + 22 =
(1)2 + 42 =
= OG = 3k
= OC = 2j
10
= OA + AB + BE
= OA + OC + OG
= 5i + 2j + 3k
= GD + DE
= OA + OC
= 5i + 2j
29
vii.
| =
= OB OA
= (2i + 3j) (3i + j)
= 5i + 2j
c
i.
iii.
EC = EF + FC
2
a = 2i + 2j k, b = i + 2j + k, c = 4k
a
a + b = i + 4j
2a + c = 2(2i + 2j k) + 4k
= 4i + 4j + 2k
c
a + 2b c = 2i + 2j k 2i + 4j + 2k 4k
= 6j 3k
= OA OG
= 5i 3k
17
viii.
DB
= DE + EB
= OC OG
= 2j 3k
ix.
DC = DG + GF
+ FC
= OA + OC OG
= 5i + 2j 3k
x.
BG = BC + CO
+ OG
= OA OC + OG
= 5i 2j + 3k
xi.
GB = GD + DE + EB
= OA + OC OG
= 5i + 2j 3k
xii.
b
i.
ii.
FA
= FE + ED + DA
= OA OC OG
= 5i 2j 3k
i.
FN =
and
FG
OE
= 5i + 2j + 3k
(5)2
GE
34
(2)2
(3)2
FN =
ii.
GN
iii.
ON
CB
CM
(5)2 + (2)2 =
29
v.
NM
ii.
OM
DM
OC
1
2
(5i) =
5
2
5
2
i.
i + 2j
NM
ii.
DM
5
2
i + 2j
= 52 i + 2j 3k
2
3
2
3
j + 3k
+ OA
= ON + OA
= ( 23 j + 3k) + 5i
2
3
j 3k
= NF + FC + CM
= FN OG + CM
= 4 j 3k + 5 i
3
5
2
i +
| =
(5)
613
6
| =
= OA OG + OM
= 5i 3k +
4
3
2j =
= OG + GN
= 3k + 23 j =
= DG + GO + OM
= 13 FG =
2
3
4
3
j 3k
(4)
=
+ CM
= 2j + 52 i
=
iii.
1
CB
2
1
GF
3
= OA = 5i
=
= 5i
= 5i + 2j
c
M is the midpoint of CB.
i.
2
FG
3
NA = NO
38
| GE | =
= CO = 2j
iv.
2
FG
3
OD = 5i + 3j
| OD | = (5)2 + (3)2 =
| OE | =
iii.
FN = 2 NG
iii.
AN
( 3)
2
2
2
( 5 ) (2 ) ( 3)
2
77
2
| = | NA |
=
( 5)
310
3
( 2)
3
( 3)
4
i.
iii.
CD
iv.
DA
= d c
= (2 0)i + (4 5)j + (1 3)k
= 2i j 2k
a 4 i j , b xi 3 yj , a b 7 i 2 j
= a d
= (1 2)i + (3 4)j + (2 1)k
= i j 3k
Equating coefficients
4 + x = 7 and
3y 1 = 2
1
y =
3
x = 3 and
ii.
a = xi + 3j, b = 2i + 5yj, a b = 6i + j
a b = (x + 2)i + (3 5y)j
(x + 2)i + (3 5y)j = 6i + j
Equating coefficients
x + 2 = 6 and
x = 4 and
3 5y = 1
2
y =
5
iii.
a = 6i + yj, b = xi 4j, a + 2b = 3i j
a + 2b = 6i + yj + 2(xi 4j)
= (6 + 2x)i + (y 8)j
(6 + 2x)i + (y 8)j = 3i j
Equating coefficients
6 + 2x = 3 and y 8 = 1
3
x =
and y = 7
2
5
a = i + 3j 2k, b = 5i + j 6k,
c = 5j + 3k, d = 2i + 4j + k
a
i.
ii.
AB
i.
AC = c a
=
=
| AC | =
=
ii.
=
=
=
| BD | =
=
d b
(2 5)i + (4 1)j + (1 + 6)k
3i + 3j + 7k
(3)2 + 32 + 72
67
BD
2 CD = 2(2i j 2k)
= 4i 2j 4k
= AB
CD
||
AB
6
a = i + j 5k, b = 3i 2j k
AM = 4MB
= OB OA
= b a
= 4i 2j 4k
BC = OC OB
= c b
= (0 5)i + (5 1)j + (3 + 6)k
= 5i + 4j + 9k
a
i.
AB
= b a
= (3 1)i + (2 1)j + (1 (5))k
= 2i 3j + 4k
ii. AM =
AM
4
AB
5
4
5
(2i 3j + 4k)
iii.
OM
= AM + OA
= ( 85 + 1)i + ( 12
+ 1)j + ( 165 5)k
5
=
=
13
i 75
5
1
(13i
5
M =
9
5
8
Since a, b and c are linearly dependent
la + mb = c
2l + 4m = 2
1
3l + 3m = 4
l 2m = x
7j 9k)
7
9
13
, ,
5
5
5
3 1
6l + 12m = 6
2 2
6l + 6m = 8
4 + 5 yields
7
a
Assume la + mb = c
8l + 4m = 2
5l 3m = 1
2l + m =
1
2
1
9
m=
Substituting m =
1
2l
l =
x =
4
9
9
a
l =
1
22
and m =
9
22
2l + m = 2
in 1 gives
2
9
13
9
i.
OA = 2i + j
ii.
AB
iii.
BC = OC OB
= OB OA
= (i 3j) (2i + j)
= i 4j
iv.
BD
2 AB = 2(i 4j)
= 2i + 8j
= BD
11
9
11
9
5l 3m = 1
1
9
= 2
18m = 2
= OD OB
= (3i + 5j) (i 3j)
= 2i + 8j
BD
= 2 AB
BD
is parallel to AB
10
a
i.
12
a
OB = 2i + 3j + k
ii.
= (j + 4k) (i + 4j 4k)
= i 5j + 8k
iv.
= OD OB
= (4i + 5j + 6k) (2i + 3j + k)
= 2i + 2j + 5k
BD
2 OB = 2(2i + 3j + k)
= 4i + 6j + 2k
= CD
CD
= 2 OB
=
=
=
D=
b
OE
CD is parallel to OB
i.
= OA + AE
=
=
=
E =
c
OG
= OC + CG
1
2
ii.
= OB OA
= (3i + 3j) (i + 4j 2k)
= 2i j + 2k
BC = OC OB
CD = OD OC
iv.
DA
= OA OD
= (i + 4j 2k) (6j + k)
= i 2j 3k
ABCD is a parallelogram.
OA OC + OB
= OC
= (i)
G=
3
i
2
( 32 ,
3
2
3
2
( OB OA )
1
OB
2
1
(4j)
2
= OC
=
(2 GC )
1
AB
2
1
= OC
AB
OC + OB OA
= OC
11
a
since AB = CD
= OA + ( BC )
= OA ( OC OB )
= OD OC
= (4i + 5j + 6k) (j + 4k)
= 4i + 6j + 2k
CD
= OC + CD
= OC + AB
AC = OC OA
iii.
OD
+
+
1
OA
2
1
(5i +
2
j)
j
)
or Let OG = xi + yj
Then AB = 2 GC
implies 5i + 3j = 2(i xi yj)
5i + 3j = 2(x 1)i 2yj
Equating coefficients
2(x 1) = 5 and
2y = 3
3
3
i.e. x = 2 and y = 2
G = ( 32 , 32 )
10
13
a
i.
y1 y 2
z1 z 2
x1 x 2
OM
,
,
2
2
2
BC = OC OB
AD
= OD OA
= (xi + yj) (2i + j)
= (x 2)i + (y 1)j
15
= 4 MB
OM OA = 4( OB OM )
= 4 OB 4 OM
5 OM = OA + 4 OB
AM
1
( OA + 4 OB )
5
1 ((5i + 4j + k) + 4(3i
5
1 (17i + 8j 15k)
5
17
i + 85 j 3k
5
OM
6i + 3j = (x 2)i + (y 1)j
x 2 = 6 and y 1 = 3
x = 8 and y = 4
D = (8, 4)
17
M =
AB OB OA
= (2i j + 5k) (i + 4j + 3k)
= i 5j + 2k
, 3
5
or Let
14
a
OM = xi + yj + zk
OM OA AM
OA
y 4 = 4 4y
AB
z 1 = 16 4z
+ j 4k))
17
5
8
y =
5
z = 3
x =
(i 5 j 2k )
3 3
OM ,
, 4
2
2
16
AN = 3 BN
= 3 ON 3 OB
2 ON = 3 OB OA
ON
XY OY OX
= (x 2 , y 2 , z 2 ) (x 1 , y 1 , z 1 )
= (x 2 x 1 , y 2 y 1 , z 2 z 1 )
ON OA = 3( ON OB )
=
=
OM OX XM
OX
XY
1
(3 OB OA
2
1
(3(7i + j)
2
1
(17i + 6j)
2
17
i + 3j
2
)
(4i 3j))
17
, 3
2
N =
ON = xi + yj
AN = 3 BN
11
OM ( x 1 , y 1 , z 1 )
1
2
( x 2 x1 , y 2 y 1 , z 2 z 1 )
x 11
6
P = (a, b)
b=
P =
a 11
6
(a, a 6 11
11
6
= 3ki + kj
a =
=
3( a 6 11
a 11
2
a 11
6
= k
2k
l = 2
b =
=
=
11
3
P = (11,
18
AB
11 11
6
22
6
11
3
k =
19
8
= DC
OB OA = OC OD
OB + OD = OA + OC
b + d = a + c, as required to show.
19
a = 2i + 2j, b = 3i j, c = 4i + 5j
a
i.
ii.
1
2
a =
1
2
19
8
in 2 yields
5
20
4
and
l =
1
4
20
a = 5i +j 4k, b = 8i 2j + k, c = i 7j + 6k
a
i.
19
8
19
4
14
and
2k l = 5
+ 3(2k 5) = 4
2k + 6k 15 = 4
8k = 19
k = 198
Substituting k =
2a = a 11
a = 11
= 4i + 5j
= 4i + 5j
= 4i + 5j
a = 3k and
b
ka + lb = c
k(2i + 2j) + l(3i j)
2ki + 2kj + 3li lj
(2k + 3l)i + (2k l)j
Equating coefficients
2k + 3l = 4 1 and
l = 2k 5
OP is parallel to 3i + j
ai + ( a
iii.
3b a 2c = 3(3i j) (2i + 2j) 2(4i + 5j)
= 9i 3j 2i 2j 8i 10j
= i 15j
ii.
a + b + c = (5i + j 4k) + (8i 2j + k)
+ (i 7j + 6k)
= 14i 8j + 3k
(2i + 2j) = i + j
12
iii.
0.5a + 0.4b =
1
2
(5i + j 4k)
2
5
(8i 2j + k)
5
2
i +
=
=
21
a = 5i + 2j, b = 2i 3j, c = 2i + j + k and
d = i + 4j + 2k
2
5
57
10
1
2
j 2k +
3
10
8
5
16
5
4
5
a
i.
|a| =
52 + 22 =
ii.
|b| =
22 + (3)2 =
iii.
| a + 2b | = | 5i + 2j + 2(2i 3j) |
= | 9i 4j |
13
92 + (4)2
97
=
=
iv.
29
| c d | = | 2i + j + k (i + 4j + 2k) |
= | 3i 3j k |
=
=
32 + (3)2 + (1)2
19
and l 4k = 6
l = 4k + 6
b
i.
Substituting 3 in 1 yields
5k + 8(4k + 6) = 1
5k + 32k + 48 = 1
37k = 47
k =
47
37
47
37
Substituting k =
l
= 4
=
=
188
37
34
37
47
37
in 3 yields
+ 6
+ 6
= tan1 ( 25 )
21.80
a makes an angle of 21.80 anticlockwise with
the positive direction of the x axis, correct to
two decimal places.
ii.
Check in 2 :
LHS =
=
=
47
2
37
47 68
37
115
37
34
37
RHS = 7
LHS RHS
Hence there are no values for k and l such that
ka + lb = c
a + 2b = 9i 4j
= tan1 ( 49 )
23.96
a + 2b makes an angle of 23.96
clockwise with the positive direction of the
x axis, correct to two decimal places.
22
13
a
| a | = 10, x axis angle = 110,
y axis angle = 20
iii.
c d = 3i 3j k
a1
cos 110 =
cos 20 =
a2
a
b
| a | = 8.5, x axis angle = 250,
y axis angle = 160
a1
cos 250 =
cos 160 =
a2
a
a1
cos 40 =
CG =
32 + 12 =
10
= tan1 (
10
3
46.51
c d makes an angle of 46.51 with the
positive direction of the x axis.
a2
a
a1 = | a | cos 40 = 4.60
a2 = | a | cos 50 = 3.86
a = a1i + a2j = 4.60i + 3.86j
d
| a | = 5, x axis angle = 300,
y axis angle = 210
a1
cos 300 =
cos 50 =
cos 210 =
a2
a
a1
a
, cos 80 =
a2
a
a3
a
24
14
cos =
cos2
a1
a
cos 50 =
, cos 54.52 =
cos 120 =
a2
a
a1 = | a | cos 50 = 5.14
a2 = | a | cos 5452 = 4.64
a3 = | a | cos 120 = 4.00
a = a1i + a2j + a3k
= 5.14i + 4.64j 4.00k
cos 110 =
cos 110 =
a2
a
cos 75.2 =
cos 35.5 =
a3
a
( a 2 )2
a
( a3 ) 2
a 2
( a1 ) 2 ( a 2 )2 ( a 3 ) 2
a 2
( a1 ) 2 ( a 2 )2 ( a 3 ) 2
( a1 ) 2 ( a 2 )2 ( a 3 ) 2
b a
(0 + 2)i + (2 1)j + (3 5)k
2i + j 2k
c a
2i + 4j + 5k (2i + j + 5k)
0i + 3j
3j
c b
2i + 4j + 5k (2j + 3k)
2i + 2j + 2k
4 + 1 + 4 = 3
|= 3
BC | = 4 + 4 + 4 = 12 = 2 3
| AB | = | AC | | BC |
AC
ABC is isosceles
d
| a | = 12,
angle with:
x axis = 121.43, y axis = 35.5, z axis = 75.2
,
=
=
=
=
AC
=
=
=
=
BC
=
=
| AB | =
|
|
a1
cos2
= 1
AB
a3
cos 121.43 =
( a1 )
a3
, cos =
c
| a | = 7,
angle with:
x axis = 28.93, y axis = 110, z axis = 110
a1
a2
25
a = 2i + j + 5k, b = 2j + 3k,
c = 2i + 4j + 5k
a3
cos 28.93 =
cos2
=
b
| a | = 8,
angle with:
x axis = 50, y axis = 54.52, z axis = 120
a1
, cos =
a2
a
OM
= OB + BM
= 2j + 3k +
1
BC
2
= 2j + 3k + (i + j + k)
= i + 3j + 4k
15
27
c
AM
= m a where m = OM
= (i + 3j + 4k) (2i + j + 5k)
= i + 2j k
| =
1 + 4 + 1
= 6
Area = | AM | | BM |
AM
OM
= 6 ( (1)2 + 12 + 12 )
= 18
= 3 2
ON
OA
OC
= 5i,
MV
= 5j,
1
2
OB =
1
2
= ON OM
= 12 b 12 a
MN
26
1
OA
2
1
= 3k
1
2
1
AB
2
||
AB
(b a)
MN
OB
OM
= OA + AB
1
OB
2
1
(5i
2
=
c
OV
BV
a =
= OM + MV
=
+ 5j)
5
2
5
2
i +
j + 3k
| OV | =
=
5 2
1
2
= 12 OB + MV
= 12
= BM + MV
= 52 i
3
2
3
i
2
1
and MN = 2 AB
28
a
The unit vector a = a1i + a2j makes angles
of 30 and 120 from the positive directions
of the x and y axes respectively.
Now | a | = 1
cos (30) = a1 and cos (120) = a2
a1 = cos 30
a2 = cos 60
= OA + OC
= 5i + 5j
b
5
2
j + 3k
5 2
( 2 ) ( 2 ) ( 3)
OA
2
3
2
3 3
i
2
= 3(
1
2
3
2
j)
86
2
16
30
c
r 1 = 1.5 i + 2j + 0.9 k
Let AB = 5j
OB
= OA + AB
3 3
( 2 i
3 3
i +
2
=
=
| r1 | =
3
2
7
2
j) + 5j
3 3
2
i +
7
2
3 3 2
)
2
27
49
4
4
76
4
( 7)
= 19
The runner is 19 kilometres from her starting
point.
2 . 25 4 0 . 81
i.
r1 r2 = (1.5i + 2j + 0.9k) (2i + 3j + 0.8k)
= 0.5i j + 0.1k
ii.
| r1 r2 | =
=
( 0 . 5 ) (1) 0 . 1
2
0 . 25 1 0 . 01
= 1 . 26
1.12
OA = 50k
= OB OA
= (80i + 20j + 40k) (50k)
= 80i + 20j 10k
r 2 = 2i + 3j + 0.8 k
0 .9
29
a
AB
j from
Distance = | OB | =
= 7 . 06
2.66 km
1 .5
AB
| =
c
The first aircraft must fly over the point with
position vector r3 = 0.9k
it must fly in the direction
r3 r1 = 0.9k (1.5i + 2j + 0.9k)
= 1.5i 2j
A unit vector in this direction is given by
r3 r1
| r3 r 1 |
c
Let C be the new position of the hang glider.
BC = 600j + 60k
OC = OB + BC
= (80i + 20j + 40k) + (600j + 60k)
= 80i + 620j + 100k,
the new position vector of the hang glider.
=
=
=
1 .5 i 2 j
( 1. 5 ) ( 2 )
2
1 .5 i 2 j
2. 25 4
1
(1.5i
625
1
(1.5i
25
2j)
2j)
= 0.6i 0.8j
17
32
a
31
a
and
a2
a1
= cos
a2
200
= cos 45
a2 = 200 cos 45
=
200
= 100 2
OQ
a1
100
2
2
= cos 45
a2 = 100
= 50 2
2
2
= 50 2
OP = 50 2 i + 50 2 j,
= OP OB
= (50 2 i + 50 2 j) (100i)
= (50 2 100)i + 50 2 j
BP
= 50j
a2
200
= cos 45 and
a1 = 100
i.
OP = 100 2 i + 100 2 j
PQ
= cos
= cos
= 100 2
| OP |
a1
| OP |
a2
and
| OP |
| OP |
= cos
OP
ii.
= OP + PQ
= (100 2 i + 100 2 j) + 50j
= 100 2 i + (50 + 100 2 )j
QT
OT
= 30k
= OQ + QT
= 100 2 i + (50 + 100 2 )j + 30k
= tan1 (
50
100 50
= 67.5
Bearing
= (270 + 67.5)
= 337.5
18
Solutions to Exercise 2C
1
a = i 4j + 7k, b = 2i + 3j + 3k, c = i 2j + k
a
a.a = (i 4j + 7k).(i 4j + 7k)
= 1 1 + 4 4 + 7 7
= 1 + 16 + 49
= 66
b
b.b = (2i + 3j + 3k).(2i + 3j + 3k)
= 22 + 33 + 33
= 4 + 9 + 9
= 22
c
c.c = ( i 2j + k).( i 2j + k)
= 1 1 + 2 2 + 1 1
= 1 + 4 + 1
= 6
d
a.b = (i 4j + 7k).(2i + 3j + 3k)
= 1 2 + 4 3 + 7 3
= 2 12 + 21
= 11
e
b + c = (2i + 3j + 3k) + ( i 2j + k)
= i + j + 4k
f
(a + b) = (i 4j + 7k) + (2i + 3j + 3k)
= 3i j + 10k
(a + c) = (i 4j + 7k) + ( i 2j + k)
= 6j + 8k
(a + b).(a + c) = (3i j + 10k).(0i 6j + 8k)
= 3 0 + 1 6 + 10 8
= 6 + 80
= 86
19
g
(a + 2b) = (i 4j + 7k) + 2(2i + 3j + 3k)
= 5i + 2j + 13k
(3c b) = 3( i 2j + k) (2i + 3j + 3k)
= 5i 9j
(a + 2b).(3c b) = (5i +2j +13k).(5i 9j + 0k)
= 5 5 + 2 9 + 13 0
= 25 18
= 43
2
a = 2i j + 3k, b = 3i 2k, c = i +3j k
a
a.a = (2i j + 3k).(2i j + 3k)
= 2 2 + 1 1 + 3 3
= 4 + 1 + 9
= 14
b
b.b = (3i + 0j 2k).(3i + 0j 2k)
= 3 3 + 0 + 2 2
= 9 + 4
= 13
c
a.b = (2i j + 3k).(3i + 0j 2k)
= 2 3 + 0 + 3 2
= 6 6
= 0
3
a
(a + 2b).(a + 2b) = a.a + 2a.b + 2b.a + 4b.b
= a.a + 4a.b + 4b.b
b
|a + b|
|a b|
= (a + b).(a + b) (a b).(a b)
= a.a + a.b + b.a + b.b (a.a a.b b.a + b.b)
= a.a + 2a.b + b.b a.a + 2a.b b.b
= 4a.b
c
a.(a + b) b.(a + b)
= (a + b).(a b)
= a.a a.b + b.a b.b
= a.a b.b
d
a .( a b ) a .b
a
a .a a .b a .b
a
a .a
a
d
a.c = (2i j + 3k).( i + 3j k)
= 2 1 + 1 3 + 3 1
= 2 3 3
= 8
e
a + b = (2i j + 3k) + (3i + 0j 2k)
= 5i j + k
a.(a + b) = (2i j + 3k).(5i j + k)
= 2 5 + 1 1 + 3 1
= 10 + 1 + 3
= 14
20
4
a = i + 2j k, b = i + j 3k
a
AB b a
= ( i + j 3k) (i + 2j k)
= 2i j 2k
b
AB
( 2) ( 1) ( 2)
2
= 9
= 3
CD
2
c
cos
CD
a . AB
cos
( i 2 j k ) .( 2 i j 2 k )
63
2 c d cos
4
2
2
5 7 2(5)(7 )
35
CD
66
222
3 6
cos
4
= 74 70
35
= 66
a AB
cos
2
A
3 6
cos
105 . 8
cos
5
cos
a
i
ii
c d
cos
AB OC c
c .d
cos
4
57
4
OB OA AB a c
iii A C O C O A c a
35
b
OB . AC ( a c ) .( c a )
|a|
21
|c| = |a|
Hence,
OB . AC c
c
cos
OB . AC
c
(xi + 0j + 5k).( 2i 3j + 3k) = x
OB AC
cos 0
90
4x + 7x 5 = 10
3x = 15
x = 5
since OB . AC 0
2x + 15 = x
3x = 15
x = 5
d
x(2i + 3j + k).(i + j + xk) = 6
x(2 + 3 + x) = 6
7
a = i + 3j k, b = 4i + j + 2k,
c = 2i 2j 3k, d = i + j + k
e = 2i j k, f = i + 4j 5k
x + 5x 6 = 0
(x + 6)(x 1) = 0
x = 6 or x = 1
a.e = (i + 3j k).(2i j k)
= 1 2 + 3 1 + 1 1
= 2 3 + 1
= 0
9
a = i + 4j 4k, b = 2i + 5j k and
OP q b
a
AP = OP OA
= qb a
b
AP = qb a
= q(2i + 5j k) (i + 4j 4k)
22
AP .OB 0
Using
(2q 1) 2 + (5q 4) 5 + (4 q) 1 = 0
4q 2 + 25 q 20 4 + q = 0
30 q = 26
13
q =
15
11
Before attempting this question ensure your
calculator is set to radian mode.
a
cos
c
OP
13
(2 i 5 j k )
( i 2 j k ) .( i 4 j k )
6
cos
15
6 3
26
13
13
i +
j
k
15
3
15
26 13
13
P =
,
,
3
15
15
=
3 3
2 . 45
x + 2 + y = 0
cos
( 2 i j 3 k ) .( 2 i 2 j k )
14 3
1
cos
423
3 14
4x + 2 + 2y = 0
4x + 2y = 2
cos
3 14
2
1 . 11
1 4 2
gives
cos
y = 3
1
gives
( 2 i j 3 k ) .( 4 i 0 j 2 k )
14
y = 3
20
86
cos
2 70
x = 2 + 3 = 1
x = 1 and
2y = 6
Substituting y = 3 into
cos
10
(xi + 2j + yk).(i + j + k) = 0
x + y = 2
18
1 8 1
cos
70
0 . 580
d
cos
( 7 i 0 j k ) .( i j 3 k )
cos
50
11
73
5 22
cos
2
22
2 . 01
23
OM OA
AB
(i j k )
(i 2k )
OM
i j
b
cos
OA .OM
OA OM
cos
( i j k ) . i j 0 k
2
12
Given: a.b = 0, a 0 and b 0.
cos
(since a.b = 0)
2
5
cos
39
2
5
cos
39
a b
cos 0
2
39
13
36 . 81
90
cos
13
a = i + j + k, b = 2i + j k
and M is the midpoint of AB.
a
MB . MO
MB MO
cos
1
3
i 0 j k . i j 0 k
2
2
5
4
cos
AB b a
= (2i + j k) (i + j + k)
= i 2k
cos
13
4
4
65
3
65
111 . 85
24
14
a
i.
15
a
i.
GB GF FB
OA DO
OM OA
OA OD
OA
= 3j i
= i + 3j
AB
2
1
2
1
4i
OB OA
(4i 5 j)
ii.
(4 i 5 j )
ON OA
AC
2
1
OA
GB .GE
OC
GB GE
4i
10
13
(6i 7 k )
ON i
OA
( i 3 j 0 k ) .( 0 i 3 j 2 k )
cos
ii.
= 3j 2k
cos
OA OC
cos
OM 2i
GE GF FE
(2 i 7 k )
130
37 . 87
OM .ON
cos
OM ON
(2i
CE CG GF FE
5
2
cos
j 0 k ) .( i 0 j
OD OA OC
41
= i + 3j 2k
GA GF FE EA
80 . 12
= i + 3j 2k
CE .GA
cos
cos
cos
2173
OM OC
( i 3 j 2 k ) .( i 3 j 2 k )
14
14
(2i
cos
5
2
j 0 k ) .( 2 i 0 j 7 k )
12
41
14
6
7
31 . 00
OM .OC
cos
CE GA
k)
53
2173
OA OC OD
3 j 2k i
cos
cos 2
cos 4
2
2173
53
8
2173
99 . 88
25
DB DO OA AB
16
OD OA OC
= (2i j ) + 3j + ( i + j + 2k)
= 3 i + 5j + 2k
CM
(3i j 2 k )
2
MB MC CB
a
AB AC CB
AB . AB CB CA . CB CA
AB
CB
CA
2
2 CB CA cos
2 a b cos
jk
(3i 5 j 2 k )
DM DE EM
OA CM
3j
(3 i j 2 k )
(3 i j 2 k ) 3 j
2
3
AB CB CA
jk
(3i 5 j 2 k )
MB
CE . DB
CE DB
17
CE CO OA AE
OC OA OD
( i j 2k ) 3 j (2i j)
cos
cos
( 3 i j 2 k ) .( 3 i 5 j 2 k )
14
38
954
2 133
3i j 2 k
cos
133
110 . 29
26
Solutions to Exercise 2D
1
a
a
2
a = 3i + 4j k, b = i j k
= i + 3j k
|a| =
1 + 9 + 1 =
1
11
a =
11
11
(i + 3j k)
(i 3 j k )
11
1
3
c
c
9 = 3
(3 i 4 j k )
ii.
|b| =
3 a
If a vector is
1 + 9 =
1
10
10
26
(i + 2j + 2k)
= AB
= b a
= j + 3k
c =
26
26
|c| =
9 + 16 + 1 =
1
a
(3 i 4 j k )
26
1 + 4 + 4 =
b =
|a| =
b
b = i + 2j + 2k
|b| =
a
i.
then
10
(j + 3k)
( j 3k )
10
78
26
(3i + 4j k)
3
a = 2i 2j k, b = 3i + 4k
a
i.
|a| =
3 a =
a =
ii.
|b| =
b =
4 + 4 + 1 = 3
1
3
(2i 2j k)
9 + 16 = 5
1
5
(3i + 4k)
27
c
a = 4i j + 3k, b = 4i k
1
(2i 2j k) + 15 (3i +
3
5
(2i 2j k) + 153 (3i
15
1
(19i 10j + 7k)
15
a + b =
=
=
|a + b | =
1
15
192 + 102 + 72
510
15
=
=
1
510
510
( 19 i 10 j + 7k)
510
4
a
a = i + 3j, b = i 4j + k
vector resolute of a in the direction of b
=
a . b
b
b .b
+ 4k)
a.b = 16 3 = 13
b.b = 16 + 1 = 17
vector resolute of a in the direction of b
=
=
a . b
b
b .b
13
(4i
17
k)
scalar resolute =
a . b
|b |
a
a = 2i + j, b = i
a.b = 2, | b | = 1
scalar resolute = 2
b
a = 3i + j 3k, c = i 2j
a.c = 1, | c | =
scalar resolute =
a.b = 1 12 = 11
b.b = 1 + 16 + 1 = 18
vector =
4k)
11
18
(i 4j + k)
b
a = i 3k, b = i 4j + k
c
b = 2j + k, a = 2i +
b.a = 2 3 , | a | =
scalar resolute =
3 j
4 + 3 =
2 3
a . b
b
b .b
1
9
(i 4j + k)
d
b = i
2 21
7
a.b = 1 3 = 2
b.b = 1 + 16 + 1 = 18
vector resolute of a in the direction of b
5 j, c = i + 4j
b.c = 1 4 5 , | c | =
scalar resolute =
=
17
(1 4
5)
17
17 (1 4
5)
17
28
6
a
a = 2i + j + k, b = 5i k
vector resolute of a in the direction of b
=
a . b
b
b .b
a.b = 10 1 = 9
b.b = 25 + 1 = 26
vector resolute =
= (2i + j + k)
=
=
26
26
1
26
(2i + j + k)
9
26
(5i k)
= (i + j + k) +
(5i k)
9
26
(5i k)
a . b
b
b .b
3
2
(2i + 2j k)
9
9
1
9
1
9
(i + j + k) +
(2i + 2j k)
1
9
(2i + 2j k)
Check:
(2i + 2j k).(7i + 11j + 8k)
= (14 + 22 8) = 0
rectangular components give
a =
1
9
(2i + 2j k) +
1
9
7
a = i + 3j k, b = j + k
a
vector resolute of a in the direction of b
=
3
2
(i + k)
k).(i + k) =
3
2
a . b
b .b
a.b = 3 1 = 2
b.b = 1 + 1 = 2
vector resolute = j + k
perpendicular component
= a 32 (i + k)
= 3i + j 32 i 32 k
= 32 i + j 32 k
Check:
( 32 i + j
1
9
= a [ 1
(2i + 2j k)]
9
b
a = 3i + j, b = i + k
vector resolute of a in the direction of b
perpendicular component
a.b = 3
b.b = 1 + 1 = 2
vector resolute =
a . b
b .b
vector resolute =
Check:
(7i + 26j + 35k).(5i k) = 35 35 = 0
rectangular components give
a = 269 (5i k) + 261 (7i + 26j + 35k)
a.b = 2 + 2 1 = 1
b.b = 4 + 4 + 1 = 9
perpendicular component
= a 269 (5i k)
9
26
c
a = i + j + k, b = 2i + 2j k
vector resolute of a in the direction of b
3
2
= 0
b
perpendicular component
= a (j + k)
= (i + 3j k) (j + k)
= i + 2j 2k
Magnitude =
1 + 4 + 4 = 3
29
8
a
a = 4i + j, b = i j k
a.b = (4 1) + (1 1) + (0 1) = 3
b.b = (1)2 + (1)2 + (1)2 = 3
vector resolute of a in the direction of b
=
=
a . b
b
b .b
3 (i
3
j k)
= i j k
AB
= (i j 2k)
b
perpendicular component
= a (i j k)
= 4i + j (i j k)
= 3i + 2j + k
=
=
1
13
2
13
magnitude =
=
14
9
a = i + 2j + k, b = 2i + j k,
c = 2i 3j + k
(i 5j)
(5i + j 13k)
3
13
(10i + 2j 26k)
( 133 (i 5j))
2
13
2
13
25 + 1 + 169
195
shortest distance =
195
13
units
a
i.
AB
= b a
= (2i + j k) (i + 2j + k)
= i j 2k
AC
|=
1 + 25 =
area ABC =
ii.
AC = c a
= (2i 3j + k) (i + 2j + k)
= i 5j
b
vector resolute =
AB . AC
AC
AC . AC
AB . AC
= 1 + 5 = 6
AC . AC = 1 + 25 = 26
vector resolute =
=
6
26
3
13
26
=
=
1
2
26
195
13
5070
13
30 square units
10
a
a = i 3j 2k, b = 5i + j + k
a.b = 5 3 2 = 0
a b
(i 5j)
(i 5j)
30
b
i.
c = 2i k, d =
c.a
a .a
c.a = 2 + 2 = 4
a.a = 1 + 9 + 4 = 14
d =
ii.
e =
c. b
b .b
2
7
(i 3j 2k)
e = 13 (5i + j + k)
c
c = d + e + f
f = c d e
= 2i k 27 (i 3j 2k)
=
=
=
d
f.a =
1
21
42
21
35
21
1
21
1
21
21
21
i +
11
21
k
7
21
6
21
i +
7
21
16
21
1
3
18
21
(5i + j + k)
j +
12
21
(i + 11j 16k)
(1 33 + 32)
= 0
f a
f.b =
1
21
(i + 11j 16k).(5i + j + k)
1
21
(5 + 11 16)
= 0
f b
31
Solutions to Exercise 2E
1
Required to prove that the diagonals of a
parallelogram bisect each other.
A
2
Required to prove that if the midpoints of the
sides of a rectangle are joined then a rhombus
is formed.
Q
D
ABCD is a parallelogram.
Let
AD a
AB b
Let
Let M be the midpoint of AC.
AC b a
AM
ABCD is a rectangle.
Let Q, R, S and T be the midpoints of AB, BC,
CD and DA respectively.
Let A D a
1
AT
AD
(a b )
Let A B b
BM AB AM
1
= b +
(a + b)
2
1
=
(a b)
2
M D AM AD
1
= (a + b) + a
2
1
=
(a b)
2
QT AT AQ
2
CR AT
(a b )
CS AQ
RS CS CR
=
BM
=
1
1
b a
2
2
1
(a b)
2
QT RS
QT
1
1
(a b ) . (a - b )
2
2
1
(a b). (a b)
4
32
1
(a. a 2a. b + b. b)
4
1
=
(a. a + b. b)
4
TS AT AQ
OP
1
1
a +
b
2
2
1
=
(a + b)
2
2
Q T TS
( b a ) . ( b a )
2
2
1
=
(b a). (b a)
4
1
=
(b. b 2a. b + b. b)
4
1
=
(a. a + b. b)
4
3
Required to prove that if the midpoints of the
sides of a square are joined then another square
is formed.
A
(b a )
PS QR
QRST is a rhombus.
1
b a
2
2
So since
(b a )
QT TS
and
OS OP
PS
Q T RS
QR QB BR
1
(a + b). (a + b)
4
1
=
(a. a + 2a. b + b. b)
4
1
=
(a. a + b. b)
4
TS
1
1
(a b ) . (a b )
2
2
OS
a and
PS OS OP
QT
OC b
TS
SR OS OP
=
SR
1
(a + b)
2
1
( a b ) . ( a b )
2
2
1
=
(a + b). (a + b)
4
1
=
(a. a + 2a. b + b. b)
4
1
=
(a. a + b. b)
4
C
PS
SR
PS SR
33
OABC is a square.
AM .OM
So since
PS QR
and
PS SR , PSRQ is a
rhombus.
PS . SR
(b a ).
(b a ).
(b a )
2
2
1
=
(b. b a. a)
4
2
2
1
=
(|b| |a| )
4
(a b )
2
2
1
=
(b. b a. a)
4
2
2
1
=
(|b| |a| )
4
Hence
AM .OM 0
OMA 90
Hence
PS . SR 0
PSR 90
4
Required to prove that the median to the base
of an isosceles triangle is perpendicular to the
base.
Let
C A a , C B b, AC B
AB CB CA b a
A B . A B ( b a ).( b a )
A
= b. b 2a. b + a. a
= a. a + b. b 2a. b
OA a
AM
1
2
AB
and
1
2
(since a .b a b cos )
OB b
(b a )
= |a|
AB
+ |b|
2 a b cos
Alternatively,
|b a|
= |a|
+ |b|
34
OM OA AM a
(b a )
(b a )
6
Required to prove that if the diagonals of a
parallelogram are of equal length then the
parallelogram is a rectangle.
C
OABC is a parallelogram.
Let
OA a
OC b
and
(a b )
2
1
(a b )
OB CA
AM AC CM
(a b )
CA OA OC a b
OB
BM CM
OB OA OC a b
2
CM
CM
( a b ).
( a b ).( a b )
(a b )
1
(a. a 2a. b + b. b)
4
1
=
(a. a + b. b)
4
=
= a. a + 2a. b + b. b
2
CA
( a b ).( a b )
= a. a 2a. b + b. b
Since
OB CA OB
CA
BM
( a b ).
(a b )
1
(a. a 2a. b + b. b)
4
1
=
(a. a + b. b)
4
a. a + 2a. b + b. b = a. a 2a. b + b. b
4a. b = 0
a. b = 0
C O A = 90
AM
( a b ).
2
=
(a b )
1
(a. a + b. b)
4
BM
AM
35
8
Required to prove that the sum of the squares
of the lengths of the diagonals of any
parallelogram is equal to the sum of the squares
of the lengths of the sides.
R
AP
1
2
1
AD
AB
SP A P A S
AB
2
O
AD
2
( AB AD )
2
Let OP a and
OR b
DB
2
OQ a b
SP
Similarly,
So
CR
OQ
RP
CD
= (a + b). (a + b) + (a b). (a b)
= a. a + 2a. b + b. b + a. a 2a. b + b. b
= a. a + b. b + a. a + b. b
OP
DB
RP a b
PQ
RQ
OR
CQ
CB
2
RQ RC CQ
CB
as required to prove.
CD
2
(C B C D )
9
Required to prove that if the midpoints of the
sides of a quadrilateral are joined then a
parallelogram if formed.
A
DB
2
RQ
DB
Thus
SP = RQ
meaning
SP || RQ and SP RQ
D
Q
R
36
10
11
D
C
Q
P
A
AD b
Let
and
DM AM AD
AB a
Let
ab
AC a b
21
1
D P D M a b (a 2b )
3
32
3
2
AD b
(a b )
AB a
DB a b
DP
DA
AP AD DP
1
and
DQ
( AD )
3
1
DB
3
(a b )
PQ DQ DP
AC
PC DC DP
a
(a 2b )
(a b )
AC
3
(a b )
3
2
3
2
2
(a b ) b
3
3
AC
3
PQ
AC
3
Therefore P is a point of trisection of AC nearer
Thus
PQ
is
parallel
to AC.
to A.
37
12
13
O
O
D
Let
OD d
and
a
i.
AB b a
AM
AB
(b a )
AD OD OA d a
ii.
CB OA OD d a
OM OA AM
1
= a +
(b a)
2
1
=
(a + b)
2
S o since A D C D A D C B
and
AD
CB
ACBD is a parallelogram.
AC OA OC
b
AM . AM
(b a ).
OM .OM
(a b ).
(b a )
2
2
1
=
(b. b 2a. b + a. a)
4
OA OD
d a
A C . A D ( d a ).( d a )
= d. d + d. a a. d + a. a
= a. a d. d
= |a|
|d|
(a b )
2
2
1
=
(a. a + 2a. b + b. b)
4
AM . AM OM .OM
|a| = |d|
= 2
a. a + 2
b. b
C A D = 90
1
1
=
a. a +
b. b
2
2
1
=
(a. a + b. b)
2
AM . AM OM .OM
Hence
AC .AD 0
1
2
( a .a b .b )
38
c
Prove OA OB 2 OM
2
2 AM
RHS
2O M
2 AM
2( O M
AM )
2
2( O M .O M AM . AM )
DB DO OB a b
1
= 2 ( a. a + b. b)
2
(from part b)
= a.a + b.b
OA OB
2
(S ince D O O A )
BP OP OB
1
(a + 4b) b
3
1
1
=
a +
b
3
3
1
=
(a + b)
3
=
14
A
DB
O
C
B
S in ce D B 3 B P
DB : BP 3 :1
15
A
PC OC OP
1
(a + 4b)
3
1
2
= a +
b
3
3
1
=
(2b a)
3
= 2b
AP OP OA
1
(a + 4b) a
3
2
4
= a +
b
3
3
2
=
(2b a)
3
=
2PC
AP
A B and O Q 3O P
a
i.
OP OA AP
a
AB
3
2
(b a)
3
2
1
=
b +
a
3
3
1
OP =
(a + 2b)
3
= a +
39
ii.
O Q 3O P a 2 b
O V O S SV
1
r
2
1
= s
(s t )
2
1
= (s + t )
2
= s
iii.
AQ AP PQ
(b a ) O Q O P
2
1
( b a) + a + 2b
( a + 2b)
3
3
2
2
2
4
=
b
a +
a +
b
3
3
3
3
= 2b
v =
since s = r + t
1
(s + t )
2
c
OU OR RS
1
t
2
1
= r +
(s r)
2
1
=
(r + s)
2
= r +
A Q 2b 2O B
A Q 2O B
T herefore A Q is parallel to O B
u =
16
T
1
(r + s)
2
4( u + v) = 4
=
=
=
=
=
=
U
u
since s = r + t
1
(r +
2
2(r + s)
2r + 2s
2r + 3s
2r + 3s
3r + 3s
3(r + s
1
( s + t )
2
2(s + t )
2s + 2t
s + 2t
(r + t ) + 2t
3t
t)
s) +
+
+
+
+
+
+
as required.
a
OR OT
17
a = i + 11j, b = 2i + 8j, c = i + 7j,
d = 2i + 8j, e = 4i + 6j
= r + t
OS OR RS
s = r + t
A D d a 3i 3 j
AE e a 5i 5 j
AE
AD AE
AD
40
B C c b 3i j
Substituting
BE e b 6i 2 j
BE 2 BC BE
x = 4 into
2 gives
y = 2
BC
x = 4 and
Thus f = 4i + 2j
AB b a i 3 j
y = 2
d
FD d f 6i 6 j
DC c d i j
EA AE 5i 5 j
c
Let the point F have position vector
EB BE 6i 2 j
f = xi + yj .
A F f a 3i 9 j
F D . E A ( 6 i 6 j ).(5 i 5 j )
AB
= 30 + 30
= 0
AF k AB
A F k (i 3 j ) ki - 3kj
Also,
A F f a ( x 1) i ( y 11) j
Hence
k = x 1 and
3k = y 11
3(x 1) = y 11
3x + y = 14
FD AF
E B . A F (6 i 2 j )(3 i 9 j )
= 18 18
= 0
EB AF
as required.
e
As the point F lies on the extended line DC
Since
DF DC
D F (i j) i j
Also,
D F f d ( x 2) i ( y 8) j
Hence
= x + 2 and
= y 8
(x + 2) = y 8
x + y = 6
y = 6 x
Substituing
EDF and
2 into
e + f
(4 i + 6j ) + (4i + 2j )
=
2
2
8j
=
2
= 4j
1 gives
2x = 8
x = 4
41
18
OQ OP PQ
C
OA RB
a+
O A a , O B b, O C c, O D d ,
OE e, e
d , AE
OB OA
1
2
a +
(b a)
4
3
2
5
=
b
b
3
12
Given:
1
AB
4
O
AC
20
OC OA AE EC
a OE OA ED DC
= a + ( e a) +
d b
2
d b
3
1
2
=
d +
d b
3
3
= d b
= e +
BD
O C B D O C B D and O C
BD
F
OCDB is a parallelogram
Given:
BE = AF = BC
19
Let YX || BC || AD.
EBC is similar to
R
EYX
and since B C B E YE YX
Similarly, YF = YX.
YE YF
Now
X E YE YX
Q
O
and
X F YF YX
42
X E . X F YE YX . YF YX
c
A rhombus has all sides of equal length.
AB BC
YE .YE YX .YX
YX
YE
G iven AB k BC , k 1 if ABC D
is a rhombus.
0
(S ince YE YX )
E X and F X m eet at right angles.
3
and
2
3
2
AB k BC k BE k FA
X E X Y YE
F X F Y YX
FE FA AB BE
XE
BE k BE BE
2BE k BE
YE
FE
FX
EYX
and X E
FA
FX
, FY
YE
X Y .YE F Y .YX
YX .YE YF .YX
YX .YE YF .YX
AB
YX YE co s( X YE )
YF YX co s( F YX )
(k FA)
2
k
1 FA
2
As FAD is similar to
FY
FX
FA
FD
2 F Y .YX YX
YX
2 X Y .YE 2 F Y .YX
FY FA AY
FY
2
1
k + 2
(2 + k) =
2
2
1
2 X Y .YE YE
S ince X Y
G iven E X E C
FA
F Y .YX . F Y .YX
(2 k ) B E
As EBC is similar to
YE
EX
BE
EC
XY
(2 k ) B E
1
X Y .YE . X Y .YE
S in ce YX YE YF
FYX
G iven F X E D
k
k + 2
= 1 +
=
2
2
S ince B C
YX YB C 90
ABCD is a rectangle
43
21
a
OG OD DC CG
= d + b + e
= b + d + e
OG
DF
= 4|b|
BH
+ 4|d|
= 4 (|b|
DF DH EF EF
+ |d|
CE
+ 4|e|
+ |e| )
as required.
OE OD OB
= e d + b
= b d + e
22
BH BO OD DH
OB OD OE
=
b + d + e
CE CD DO OE
O B O D O E
= b d + e
( b d e ).( b d e )
OG
= b. b + b. d + b. e + d. b + d. d
+ d. e + e. b + e. d + e. e
= |b|
+ |d|
+ |e|
+ 2(b. d + b. e + d. e)
a
AP AO OP
AP OP OA
( b d e ).( b d e )
DF
= b. b b. d + b. e d. b + d. d d. e
+ e. b e. d + e. e
2
r 2 O P .O A ( r r )
2
CE
( b d e ).( b d e )
b
2
BP
CP
2
= b. b + b. d b. e + d. b + d. d d. e
e. b e. d + e. e
3 r 2 O P .O A
r 2 O P .O A O A
( b d e ).( b d e )
= b. b b. d b. e d. b + d. d + d. e
e. b + e. d + e. e
O P .O P 2 O P .O A O A .O A
AP.AP O P O A . O P O A
DP
3r 2 O P O B
2
3r 2 O P O C
2
3r 2 O P O D
2
AP
BP
CP
DP
4 3 r 2 O P .O A 2 O P .O B 2 O P .O C
2
2 O P .O D
12 r 2 O P .O A O B O C O D
2
12 r 2 O P .( 0 )
2
12 r
44
OB OA AB
= (a + 2b) + (a b)
= 2a + b
cos
( 2 , 1,
cos
Answer is C
2 ) .( 5 , 8 , 0 )
7
89
10 8
623
cos
18
623
EF DC 3 AB
43 . 85
CD 3 AB
= c + 3a
= 3a c
Answer is C
Answer is D
6
As A B O B the side lengths AB and OB of
M
O
DM DA AM
BC
B
AB
1
=
u v
2
Answer is B
AO.AB BO.AB
AO BO
AB OB OA
= (11 , 1) (3 , 6)
= (8 , 5)
= 8i 5j
Answer is B
AO OB
AO OB
45
7
x(a + b) = 2ya + (y + 3)b
xa + xb = 2ya + (y + 3)b
10
Equating coefficients
x = 2y
x = y + 3
and
1 into
Substituting
2 gives
2y = y + 3
y = 3
y = 3 into
Substituting
1 gives
x = 6
x = 6 and
y=3
Given:
BC 3 AB , AB a
Answer is E
AB b a
AC
= (5i 2j + 2k) (i + j )
= 4i 3j + 2k
AB
AB
AB
BC
3 AB
9 AB
AB
4 ( 3) 2
16 + 9 + 4
29
AC
10 A B
Answer is E
AC
10 a
9
x . y
10 A B
Answer is B
x. y
y
( 3 , 2 , 4 ) .( 5 , 1, 1)
27
15 2 4
27
13
27
13 27
27
Answer is D
46
AD = BC = OC OB
= (4i k) (2i + j 2k)
= 2i j + k
1 a
B
A
AB = OB OA
= (2i + j 2k) (i + 2j k) = i j k
AB . AD
cos =
AB AD
2+11
=
4+1+1 1+1+1
2
2
=
= 3
6 3
2 a
AB
AM =
AC
AB
AB = OB OA
A
= (i + j + 2k) (2i j 4k)
= 3i + 2j + 6k
AC = OC OA
= (i 3j 2k) (2i j 4k) = i 2j + 2k
1+4+4
AM = (3i + 2j + 6k)
N
C
9 + 4 + 36
3
= 7 (3i + 2j + 6k)
ii
1
AN = 2 (AM + AC)
1 3
ON = AN + OA
1
= 7 (8i 4j + 16k) + 2i j 4k
1
47
CM = AM AC
AN CM
3
a b iff a . b = 0
83x =0
x =5
ac
4y + 3z + 2 = 0
bc
2y z 10 = 0
1 +3 2
10y 28 = 0
y = 2.8
5.6 z 10 = 0
z = 4.4
| a | cos = | b | = 1
4 a
cos = a =
=
1+4+4 3
| b | cos = 2 | a^ | = 2
| b | = cos = 2 3 = 6
a.b
5 a
c
a =b.bb+c
668
c.a
d =a.a a
1 129 + 276 + 80
= 9 9 + 36 + 16 (3i 6j + 4k)
485
48
| a | = 9 + 36 + 16 = 61
485
| d | = 549 61
485 61 485
549 = 9
1
4365 485
= 2 (432 + 462 + 202 ) = 2 = 9
9
9
|a||d| =
| c |2
6 a
| a | | d | = | c |2
CA = a c
= 2i + 3j 4k 2i (1 + 3t)j (1 + 2t)k
= (2 3t)j + (3 2t)k
CB = b c
= 2i j + 2k 2i (1 + 3t)j (1 + 2t)k
= (2 3t)j + (3 2t)k
ii
BCA = 90 CB CA CB . CA
(2 3t)(2 3t) + (3 2t)(3 2t)
4 + 9t2 + 4t2 9
13t2 13
t2
7 a
=0
=0
=0
=0
=1
| a c | = 64 + 4
= 68 = 2 17
iii
a + c = 4i 4j 4k
| a + c| = 4 3
ii
t =1
(a c).(a + c) = 32 8 = 40
(a c).(a + c)
40
5
cos = a c a + c =
=
4 3 2 17
51
5
51
1 1
3
AB = 2 OC = 2 (6i 3j + 2k) = 3i 2 j + k
8 a
b
OC = OA + AB + BC
BC = OC OA AB
= 6i 3j + 2k (2i j 3k) 3i 2 j + k
1
= i 2 j + 4k
49
AC . AB
cos =
AC AB
AC = OC OA
= 6i 3j + 2k 2i + j + 3k
= 4i 2j + 5k
12 + 3 + 5
cos =
16 + 4 + 25
20
45
9
+1
4
40
8 5
= 21
21 5
AO = OA
= 6i 4j
AB = OB OA
= 3i + pj 6i 4j
= 3i + (p 4)j
AO . AB = 18 4(p 4)
= 34 4p
9 a
49
4
9+
If AO AB, then
AO . AB = 0
34 4p = 0
p = 8.5
AO . AB
cos OAB =
AO AB
34 24
=
36 + 16 9 + 4
10
5
=
=
52 13 13
AC = c( AB ), c R
AC = OC OA
= 6p + mq p q = 5p + (m 1)p
AB = OB OA
= 3p 2q p q
= 2p 3q
5 = 2c
c = 2.5
m 1 = 3c
m = 3 2.5 + 1 = 6.5
50
11
3 + 2 = c
2u = c 3
1
3 7 5 = 0
7 5 = 3
6 + 6 + 2 = 0
6 + 2 = 6
6 2 +7 3
2
3
16 = 24
= 2
3 + = 3
3 2
3
Substitute = 2 in 5
3
3 2 = 3
3
=2
12
AB | | DC,
ABCD is a trapezium.
13
AB
DC
DC
AB:CD
= i j + 3k
= 2i 2j + 6k
= 2 AB
=1:2
a + b = 3i 2j + 5k
(a + b).b = 3 + 2 5
=0
a+b b
a b = i + 7k
(a + b).(a b)
cos = a + b a b
3 + 35
9 + 4 + 25 1 + 49
38
=
38 50
19
=
19 5
19
= 5
51
OD = 2c
AD = OD OA
= 2c a
14 a
OA + OD 1
b = OB =
= 2a + c
2
OE = 4 AE
a + AE = 4 AE
a = 3 AE
1
AE = 3 a
O
C
a
A
D
B
1
CB = 2 a
1
k
2a = 3a
15 a
k = 2 = 1.5
OA = OC + OB
OC = OA OB = i + 10j
C (1, 10)
OD = h OA + k OB
1 = 3h + 4k
If
then
Substitute in 1
68
k
1
3h
h
24 = 4h 6k
4 1 3 2
y
A
3 4
= 34k
= 2
= 3h 8
=9
=3
1
1
QS = OS OQ = hp + 2 q q = hp 2 q
16
1
1
QR = OR OQ = 3 p + kq q = 3 p + (k 1)q
1
and
1 1
3 = 2h
1
k 1 = 4
3
k =4
h=3
52
17
Now
DB = DA + AB
= AD + OC
= a + c
18 a
AC = 2i + 4j
A
AB = 3(i + j)
OE = k OC
= kc,
k R+
and
DE = l DB,
l R+
= l(c a)
= lc la
Now
OD = OA + AD
= 2 AD + AD
= 3 AD
= 3a
OE = OD + DE
kc = 3a + lc la
= (3 l)a + lc
Since a and c are non-parallel, non-zero vectors
(3 l) = 0, and l = k
l = 3, and k = 3
OE = 3c
53
19 a
1 1
OD = 3 OC = 3 c
OE = OA + AE
1
= OA + 3 AB
ii
1
= OA + 3 (OB OA)
= a + 3 (b a)
2
= 3a + 3b
DE = OE OD
iii
= 3a + 3b 3c
2
1
1
3 DE = 33 a + 3 b 3 c = 2a + b c
2 OA + CB = 2 OA + OB OC = 2a + b c
3 DE = 2 OA + CB, as required to prove.
OT = OA + AT
20 a
= OA + 4 AB
= OA + 4 ( OB OA )
= a + 4 (b a)
1
= 4a + 4b
b
BM = OM OB
= OT OB
= 4 a + 4 b b
= 4 a + 4 1b
ii
Let
BM
= k OA = ka, k R\{0}
ka = 4 a + 4 1b
Since a and b are non-parallel, non-zero vectors
then
k =4
and 4 1 = 0
= 3
54
ii
AB = OB OA
= (3i + 4j + 2k) (2i + 3j + k)
=i+j+k
Length = | AB |
= 12 + 12 + 12 = 3
The strand is 3 units long.
CQ
= OQ OC
= OA + AQ OC
= OA + AB OC
= (2i + 3j + k) + (i + j + k) (2.5i + 4j + 1.5k)
= ( 0.5)i + ( 1)j + ( 0.5)k
ii
CQ . AB
But CQ . AB = 0
3 2 = 0
2
=3
OQ
= OA + AQ
= OA + 3 AB
2
= (2i + 3j + k) + 3 (i + j + k)
1
Now
AP
= a AB , a R+
OP OA = a AB
OP = a AB + OA
= a (i + j + k) + (2i + 3j + k)
= (a + 2)i + (a + 3)j + (a + 1)k
and
MP
= b MN , b R+
55
OP OM = b MN
OP = OM + b MN
= OM + b( ON OM )
= (4i + 2j k) + b((6i + 10j + 9k) (4i + 2j k))
= (4i + 2j k) + b(2i + 8j + 10k)
= (4 + 2b)i + (2 + 8b)j + (10b 1)k
Equating coefficients:
a + 2 = 4 + 2b, a + 3 = 2 + 8b and a + 1 = 10b 1
and
a
a+3
(2 + 2b) + 3
5 + 2b
3
= 2 + 2b
= 2 + 8b
= 2 + 8b
= 2 + 8b
= 6b
1
b =2
a =2+2
=3
Check in 2
a+1 =3+1
=4
10
10b 1 = 2 1
=4
LHS = RHS
Substituting a = 3 in 1 yields
| OA | = 22 + 32 + 12
| OB | = 32 + (2) 2 + 12
= 4+9+1
= 14
ii
AB
OX = OA + AX
= 9+4+1
= 14
= OB OA
= (3i 2j + k) (2i + 3j + k)
= i 5j
= OA + 2 AB
1
= (2i + 3j + k) + 2 (i 5j)
5
= 2i + 2j + k
56
= 2 (5i + j + 2k)
ii
= 2 (5 1 + 1 (5) + 2 0)
1
= 2 (5 5)
=0
Hence OX is perpendicular to AB .
c
If OABC is a parallelogram
OC = OA + AC
= OA + OB
= 2i + 3j + k + 3i 2j + k
= 5i + j + 2k
B
O
= 5 1 + 1 (5) + 2 0
=55
=0
OC is perpendicular to AB.
e
a2 + b2 + c2 = 195
Now
and
OA . p = 0
OB . p = 0
a 5b = 0
a = 5b
From 3
c = 2b 3a
and from 1
= 2b 3(5b)
= 13b
2
c = 195 a2 b2
57
195b2 = 195
b2 = 1
b = 1
From 4 , when b = 1, a = 5 and when b = 1, a = 5
Substituting into 2 , when a = 5 and b = 1,
2(5) + 3(1) + c = 0
10 + 3 + c = 0
c = 13
and when a = 1 and b = 1,
2(5) + 3(1) + c = 0
10 3 + c = 0
c = 13
p = 5i + j 13k
or
p = 5i j + 13k
ii
When p = 5i + j 13k,
AB
. p = (i 5j + 0k).(5i + j 13k)
= 1 (5) + (5) (1) + 0 (13)
=55=0
and
When p = 5i j + 13k,
AB
and
. p = (i 5j + 0k).(5i j + 13k)
= 1 (5) + (5) (1) + 0 (13)
= 5 + 5 = 0
OX = OC + CY + YX
= OC + OB + OA
= (i + 4j) + (i + 3k) + 5i
= 7i + 4j + 3k
OZ = OA + AZ
= OA + OC
= 5i + (i + 4j)
= 6i + 4j
OY = OC + CY
= OC + OB
= (i + 4j) + (i + 3k)
= 2i + 4j + 3k
OD = OA + AD
= OA + OB
= 5i + (i + 3k)
= 6i + 3k
58
Length of OD = | OD | = 62 + 32
= 36 + 9
= 45
=3 5
Length of OY = | OY | = 22 + 42 + 32
= 4 + 16 + 9
= 29
| | ZY | cos OZY
1 ZO . ZY
OZY = cos
ZO ZY
ZO . ZY = | ZO
Now
ZO = 6i 4j
ZO
and
| = (6)2 + (4)2
ZY
and
ZY
= 36 + 16
= 52
= 2 13
and
= OY OZ
= (2i + 4j + 3k) (6i + 4j)
= 4i + 3k
| = (4)2 + 32
= 16 + 9
= 25
=5
2 13 5
1 2 1 3
65
OZY = cos 1
= cos 1
= (48.268 53)
Angle OZY is 48.27, correct to two decimal places.
c
OP = OC + CP
= OC + + 1 CZ
= OC + + 1 ( OZ OC )
= i + 4j + + 1 (5i)
= + 1 + 1i + 4j
ii
OP . CZ =
+ 1 + 1i + 4j.(5i + 0j)
59
= + 1 + 1 5 + 4 0
5
5
= 5 + 1 + 1
If OP CZ , then
OP . CZ = 0
5 + 1 + 1 = 0
5
+1=0
+1
5
= 1
+1
5 = ( + 1)
= 1
6 = 1
= 6
AB
ii
BC = OC OB
= OB OA
=ba
=cb
iii
CA = OA OC
=ac
iv
OP = OB + BP
= OB + 2 BC
1
= b + 2 (c b)
1
= 2 (b + c)
v
OQ
= OC + CQ
= OC + 2 CA
1
= c + 2 (a c)
1
= 2 (a + c)
vi
OR = OA + AR
60
= OA + 2 AB
1
= a + 2 (b a)
1
= 2 (a + b)
OP . BC = 2 (b + c).(c b)
= 2 (c . c b . b)
1
= 2 ( | c |2 | b |2 )
Now
Therefore
and
OR . AB = 0
and OQ . AC = 0
1
2 (a + b).(b a) = 0
1
2 (a . a b . b) = 0
1
2
2
2(|a | | b | ) = 0
1
2 (a + c).(c a) = 0
1
2 (c . c a . a) = 0
1
2
2
2(|c | | a | ) = 0
| a |2 | b |2 = 0
| a |2 = | b |2
| b |2 = | c |2
OP . BC = 2 ( | c
| c |2 | a |2 = 0
| c |2 = | a |2
|2 | c |2 )
=0
Hence, OP is perpendicular to BC.
c
From b,
| a |2 = | b |2 and | c |2 = | a |2
| a |2 = | b |2 = | c |2
|a | = | b | = |c |
i.e. O is the circumcentre of the triangle.
A
|a |
|b |
B
5 a
|c|
C
OL = OB + BL
= OB + 3 BC
= OB + 3 ( OC OB )
2
= b + 3 (c b)
1
= 3b + 3c
b
OL = OA
61
1
2
3 b + 3 c = a
b + 2c = 3a
3a + b + 2c = 0, as required to prove.
BO = OB
= b
OM = OA + AM
= OA + 5 AC
= OA + 5 ( OC OA )
2
= a + 5 (c a)
3
O
A
= 5a + 5c
1
= 5 (3a + 2c)
1
= 5 (b) since 3a + b + 2c = 0
1
= 5 BO
Therefore OM is parallel to BO and B, O and M are collinear.
ii
BO : OM = BO : 5 BO
1
=1:5
=5:1
d
ON = p CO , p R+
= p OC
= pc
= 2 p 2c
O
M
L
C
= 2 a + 2b
Also
ON = OA + AN
= OA + q AB , q R+
= OA + q( OB OA )
= a + q(b a)
= (1 q)a + qb
Equating coefficients yields
62
3p
1q = 2
p
and
q =2
and
q =4
3p
12 = 2
1= 2
p =2
4p
1
Therefore AN = 4 AB , so AN : NB = 1 : 3
6 a
OD = OA + AD
= OA + 2 AB
= OA + 2 ( OB OA )
1
= a + 2 (b a)
1
= 2 (a + b)
ii
DE
= OE OD
= OB OD
1
= b 2 (a + b)
1
= 2 a + 2b
DE
. OB = 2 a + 2b.(0a + b)
1
= 2 a . b + 2b . b
If DE OB ,
. OB = 0
DE
2 a . b + 2b . b = 0
1b . b = 1 a . b
2
2
b . b 2 b . b = 2 a . b
b . b = 2 (a . b + b . b)
1
1
then
1
2 (a . b
+ b . b)
b.b
as required.
If DE OB ,
63
then
Let a = | a | and b = | b |
=
=
=
1
2 (a . b
+ b . b)
b.b
1
2 (ab cos
+ b2 )
b2
1 2
2 (b cos
+ b2 )
b2
1 2
2 b (cos
since a = b
+ 1)
b
1
1
= 2 cos + 2
5
=6
1
1 5
2 cos + 2 = 6
1
2
2 cos = 6
1
=3
2
cos = 3 , as required.
Now
ii
OF = OE + EF
and
AE
= 6 OB + 2 ED
1
= 6 OB OA
5
= 6 OB 2 DE
5
= OE OA
= 6b a
= 6 b 2 2 a + 6 2b
1
= 6b + 4a 6b
= 4a + 3b
OF . AE = 4 a + 3 b.6 b a
11
11
= 24 a . b 4 a . a + 9 b . b
= 24 a . b + 36 b . b,
2
as | b | = | a |
As cos = 3 , a . b = 3 b . b
OF . AE = 0
64
= 3 2 + (12) a + 3 2
= 6 12a + 6 = 12(1 a)
ii
ii
OA OB
OA . OB = 0
12(1 a) = 0
1a =0
a =1
OA OC
OA . OC
(3i 12j + 3k).(xi + yj + 2k)
3x 12y + 6
x 4y + 2
OB OC
OB . OC
(2i + j + 2k).(xi + yj + 2k)
2x + y + 4
y
=0
=0
=0
=0
=0
=0
=0
= 2x 4
Substituting 2 in 1 yields
x 4(2x 4) + 2 = 0
x + 8x + 16 + 2 = 0
9x + 18 = 0
18
x = 9 = 2
y = 2(2) 4 = 0
OD = OB + BD
= OB + OC
= (2i + j + 2k) + (2i + 2k) = j + 4k
ii
OX = OA + AX
= OA + OC
= (3i 12j + 3k) + (2i + 2k)
= i 12j + 5k
iii
OY = OA + AZ + ZY
= OA + OB + OC
= (3i 12j + 3k) + (2i + j + 2k) + (2i + 2k)
= 3i 11j + 7k
d
65
8 a
BD
ii
BE
= 4 BC = 4 c
= BA + AE
= BA + 5 AC
= BA + 5 ( BC BA )
3
= a + 5 (c a)
2
= 5a + 5c
iii
AD
= AB + BD
= BA + 4 BC = a + 4 c
BP
= BE
and
BP
= 5 a + 5 c
2
= BA + AP
= BA + AD
= a + a + 4 c
= 5 a+ 5 c
= (1 )a + 4 c
Equating coefficients:
2
5 = 1
4
=1 5
6
5 =1
6 = 5
46
3 3
5 = 4
= 5
=6
= 5 =3
So
9 a
and
a = pi + qj
b = qi pj
c = qi + pj
i
ii
AB
AE
= OB OA
= i (xi + yj)
= (x + 1)i yj
AC = OC OA
= yi + (1 x)j
AF
( AC is rotated 90
anticlockwise about A.)
= i (xi + yj)
= (1 x)i yj
= yi + (x + 1)j
( AB is rotated 90
clockwise about A.)
66
OA = xi + yj
EF
= AF AE
= (yi + (x + 1)j) (yi + (1 x)j)
= 2yi + 2xj
= 2(yi + xj)
= 2(xy + xy)
=0
Since OA . EF = 0, OA is perpendicular to EF .
ii
| = (2y)2 + (2x)2
EF
and
| OA | = x2 + y2
= 4y2 + 4x2
= 4(x2 + y2)
= 2 x2 + y2
= 2 | OA |, as required to prove.
10 a
BC = mv
BE
= nv
CA = mw
CF = nw
ii
AE
| = | AB + BE |
= | mu + nv |
120
v
= (mu + nv)2
= m2u .u + 2mnu . v + n2v . v
=
m 2 + 2mn 2 + n 2 ,
= m 2 mn + n 2
=
FB
| = | FC +
CB
since | u | = | v | = 1
120
= | CF BC |
= | nw mv |
= (nw mv)2
=
=
n 2 + 2mn 2 + m 2 ,
since | v | = | w | = 1
= m 2 mn + n 2
67
AE
= mn 2 n 2 2 m 2 2 mn,
1
since | u | = | v | = | w | = 1
= 2 mn 2 n 2 2 m 2 mn
1
= 2 (m 2 mn + n2 ), as required.
AE
. FB = | AE | | FB | cos G
= m 2 mn + n 2 m 2 mn + n 2 cos G
= (m 2 mn + n 2 ) cos G
But
AE
. FB = 2 (m 2 mn + n2 )
1
(m 2 mn + n 2 ) cos G = 2 (m 2 mn + n2 )
1
cos G = 2
G = 60
By symmetry, H and K are also angles of 60, hence GHK is equilateral.
11 a
CF = CO + OF
= c + 2 a
1
OE = 2 (a + c)
b i
OE is perpendicular to AC
OE . AC = 0
which implies
1
=0
=0
= | a |2
= OC
cos
1
|a|
2
1
= | c | = 2 ,
as OA = OC
Therefore = 60
Essential Specialist Mathematics Complete Worked Solutions
68
1
OH = 4 (a + c)
1
CK = 2 CF
1
1
= 2 c + 2 a
HK = HO + OC + CK
Now
1
1
1
= 4 (a + c) + c + 2 c + 2 a
1
= 4c
1
Since HK = c, 4
FE = FA + AE
Also
= 2 a + 2 (c a)
1
= 2c
1
Since FE = c, = 2
ii HK is parallel to FE
XEF = XHK (alternate angles)
XFE = XKH (alternate angles)
Therefore triangle HXK is similar to triangle EXF.
iii As
Therefore
| HK | : | FE | = 1 : 2 (from c)
| HX | : | XE | = 1 : 2 (similar triangles)
2
| XE | = 3 | HE |
1
= 3 | OE |
Therefore
Hence
12 a
OA
OB
OC
OD
2
| OX | = 3 | OE |
OX: XE = 2 : 1
= 2i 2j
= 2i 2j
= 2i 2j
N
= 2i 2j
C
k
O
A
Q
B
69
1
PM = PB + BC + 2 CV
= 2i 4j + 2 (2i 2j + 2hk)
= i + 3j + hk
1
QN = QB + BA + 2 AV
1
= 2j 4i + 2 (2i 2j + 2hk)
= 3i j + hk
c
Write
Also
OX = OA + AP + PM
= 2i 2j + 2i + (i + 3j + hk)
= i + (3 2)j + hk
OX = OB + BQ + QN
= 2i + (3i j + hk)
= (2 3)i j + hk
From 1 and 2
= 2 3
Therefore
and
3 2=
and h = h
=
4 = 2
1
which implies =2
Therefore
Therefore
=2
1 1 1
OX = 2 i 2 j + 2 hk
70
d i
If OX is perpendicular to VB
1 i 1 j + 1 hk.(2i 2j 2hk) = 0
2 2 2
Therefore
1 + 1 h2 = 0
Therefore
h = 2 as h > 0
Consider
PM . QN = | PM | | QN | cos
Therefore
3 3 + 2 = 12 12 cos
4
cos = 12
Therefore
= 3
1
is obtuse. The acute angle between PM and QN is cos1 3 = 71, to the
nearest degree.
e
PM and QN are diagonals of quadrilateral NMPQ and are of equal length and
bisect each other at X (c). Therefore NMPQ is a rectangle.
1
OM = 2 aj
ii
MC = MA + AC
1
= ai + 2 aj
b
1
MP = ai + 2 aj
71
1
1
BP = 2 aj ai + ai + 2 aj
1
= ( 1)ai + 2 (1 + )aj
OP = OB + BP
Also
= ai + 2 (1 + )aj
c
1
BP . MC = 0 implies 4 a2(1 + ) + a2( 1) = 0 (a 0)
(1 + ) + 4( 1) = 0
5 = 3
Therefore
which implies
= 5
Therefore
| BP | =
4 2 16 2 2 5
a + 25 a = 5 a
25
| OP | =
9 2 16 2
a + 25 a = a
25
| OB | = a
BP . BO = | BP | | BO | cos
ii
2 5
5 a a = 5 a2 cos
5
cos = 5
Therefore
| OP | = 2 42 + 1 + 2
= 2 52 + 2
| OP | = | OB | implies
a = 2 52 + 2
= 5
which implies
or
= 1
C
P1
P2
72
Y
A
C
M
O
OP = OB + BP
1
= ai + 2 (1 + )aj
3
3
4
From c, = 5 , therefore OP = 5 ai + 5 aj
Now
CX = CP + PX
2
= 5 MC + ak
1
= 5 ai 5 aj + ak
PY = PC + CY
2
= 5 a(1 )i + 5 a(1 )j + ak
CX . PY = 0
1
25 a2 (1 ) 25 a2 (1 ) + a2 = 0
25 a225 a2 25 a225 a2 + a2 = 0
a2
25(4
+ 4 1 + + 25) = 0
5 + 30 = 0
30 = 5
= 6
Therefore
1 2
1
OY = ai + aj + 6 5 ai 5 aj + ak
14
29
= 15 ai + 30 aj + 6 ak
73