Fondasi II

Deep foundation
Luthfi Hasan

Reg : 1.2.500.2.31.09.03.02978

Prospek Teknik Sipil

p

Bidang Pembangunan Infrastruktur

n

Konsultan

Kontraktor

Bidang Pemerintahan
n

Departemen/Dinas P.U

Departemen ESDM

Dinas Tata Kota

Bapenas, Bapeda

Dinas Ketenagakerjaan

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Prospek Teknik Sipil

p

Bidang Industri Enerji & Pertambangan

n

Manajer & CEO

Quality Auditor

Quality Assurace Manager

Pertamina, PLN, freeport, Pupuk Kaltim

Bidang Pendidikan
n

Pengajar

Peneliti

Bidang lainnya
n

Perbankan

Asuransi
Reg : 1.2.500.2.31.09.03.02978

Yang harus disiapkan

p

Penguasaan materi Teknik Sipil

Kemampuan digital/komputer

Kemampuan bahasa Inggris minimal pasif

Soft skill/organisasi

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Bidang Teknik Sipil

p Struktur
p Geoteknik
p Transportasi
p Sumber

Daya Air

p Manajemen

Konstruksi

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Penguasaan materi
Hadir
Kuliah &
aktif

maksimal
SKS

SUCCESS

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Proporsi penilaian
35 % UTS

Penilaian

50 % UAS
15 % kehadiran 10 kali

Target
pencapaian

Mengetahui dasar fondasi dalam

Mampu mendesain fondasi dalam

(pile foundation)
Reg : 1.2.500.2.31.09.03.02978

FOUNDATION ENGINEERING
(pile foundation)

Contents
Part one :
p

Pengertian Geotechnical Project

Penentuan fondasi dangkal & dalam

Jenis Pile foundations

Mekanisme transfer beban pada pile foundations

Pengertian kapasitas fondasi (pile capacity)

Pile capacity di tanah non kohesif (sand)

(end bearing & friction)

Pile capacity di tanah kohesif (clay)

(end bearing & friction)
Reg : 1.2.500.2.31.09.03.02978

FOUNDATION ENGINEERING
(pile foundation)

Contents
Part two :
p

Pile capacity berdasarkan data CPT dan SPT

Pemancangan (pile driving)

Uji beban (pile load test)

Pile groups

Penurunan (settlement of pile groups)

Bored piles

Reg : 1.2.500.2.31.09.03.02978

Main References
p

Das, B.M. (2002). Principles of

Geotechnical Engineering, 5th edition,
Brooks/Cole Thomson Learning

Das, B.M. (2004). Principles of Foundation

Engineering, 5th edition, Brooks/Cole
Thomson Learning

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Part One

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Typical Geotechnical Project

Geo-Laboratory
~ for testing

soil properties

Design Office
~ for design & analysis

Soil
mechanics

construction site

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Shallow & Deep

Foundations

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FOUNDATION
load
Foundation

Soil
Condition
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Shallow Foundations
~ for transferring building loads to underlying ground
~ mostly for firm soils or light loads

firm
ground
bed rock

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Deep Foundations
~ for transferring building loads to underlying ground
~ mostly for weak soils or heavy loads

P
I
L
E

weak soil

bed rock

Reg : 1.2.500.2.31.09.03.02978

Perbedaan F. Dangkal & F. Dalam

F. Dangkal

F. Dalam

D/B

Kecil

Besar

Keruntuhan

Sampai
permukaan
tanah

Di dalam
tanah

Digali

Dipancang/
dibor

Instalasi

Reg : 1.2.500.2.31.09.03.02978

Analisis jenis fondasi

Besar

Kecil

Dalam

Fondasi
Dalam

F. Dalam
F. Dangkal

Dangkal

Lapis tanah stabil

Beban

F. Dalam
F. Dangkal

Fondasi
Dangkal

Reg : 1.2.500.2.31.09.03.02978

Pile Foundations

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Pile Foundations
p

Piles are relatively long and slender members used to

transmit foundation loads through soil strata of low
bearing capacity to deeper soil or rock having a higher
bearing capacity.

Pile resistance is comprised of

n end bearing
n shaft friction

For many piles only one of these components is

important. This is the basis of a simple classification
Reg : 1.2.500.2.31.09.03.02978

Use of pile foundations

When one or more upper soil layers are highly
compressible and too weak to support the load
transmitted by the superstructure. Piles are used to
transmit the load to underlying bedrock or a
stronger soil layer

When bedrock is not encountered at a reasonable depth

below the ground surface, piles are used to transmit the
structural load to the soil gradually. The resistance to the
applied structural load is derived mainly from the
frictional resistance developed at the soil-pile interface

Reg : 1.2.500.2.31.09.03.02978

Use of pile foundations

When subjected to horizontal forces, pile
foundation resist by bending , while still
supporting the vertical load transmitted by the
superstructure

The foundations of some structures, such as

transmission towers, offshore platforms and basement
mats below the water table, are subjected to uplifting
forces. Piles are sometimes used for these foundations
to resist the uplifting force

Reg : 1.2.500.2.31.09.03.02978

Use of pile foundations

Bridge abutments and piers are usually are

usually constructed over pile foundations to
avoid the loss of bearing capacity that a
shallow foundation might suffer because of
soil erosion at the ground surface

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Deep Foundations

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Pile foundation

Tall buildings need

piles down to the
rock bed to transfer
the loads directly to
the solid part in the
earth to avoid
uneven settlement
Reg : 1.2.500.2.31.09.03.02978

Jembatan Suramadu

Sisi Surabaya

Sisi Madura
Total panjang jembatan 5438m

Causeway

Cable Stayed 818m

Approach
Approach

Causeway

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PONDASI CABLE STAYED BRIDGE

20 m

15 m

100 m

100 m

56 Tiang

Diameter 2.4 m

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Sutong Bridge - China

1088m

60m

Pondasi:
Panjang = 130m
Diameter = 3.2m - 60m pertama
2.8m - sisanya
Jumlah = 131 tiang

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Piled Foundations

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Pile

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Jembatan Cikubang

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Jembatan Suramadu

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Ciujung

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Type of Pile Foundations

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Types of Piles

Concrete

Steel
Pipe

Timber

Steel H

Pre-cast
Concrete

Composite

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Steel piles
p

Discription
n
n

Advantages
n
n
n
n

Usual length 15-60 m

Usual load 300-1200 kN
Easy to handle with respect to cut off and extension to the
desired length
Can stand high driving stress
Can penetrate hard layers
High load-carrying capacity

Disadvantages
n
n
n
n

Relatively costly
High level of noise during driving
Subject to corrosion
H-piles may be damaged or deflected during driving through
hard layers
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Concrete piles
p Precast

piles

Using ordinary reinforcement

Prestressed : using high-strength steel

prestressing cable

p Cast-in-situ

piles

Reg : 1.2.500.2.31.09.03.02978

Concrete piles
p

Discription
n
n

Advantages
n
n
n
n

Usual length 10-15m (press : 10-45m)

Usual load 300-3000 kN (press : 7500-8500 kN)
Can be subjected to hard driving
Corrosion resistant
Can be easily combined with a concrete superstructure
High load-carrying capacity

Disadvantages
n
n

Difficult to achieve proper cutoff

Difficult to transport

Reg : 1.2.500.2.31.09.03.02978

Steps in Rational Pile Selection

p

Adequate Subsurface Investigation

Soil Profile Development

Appropriate Lab/Field Testing

Selection of Soil Design Parameters

Static Analysis

Applied Experience

Reg : 1.2.500.2.31.09.03.02978

Load Magnitude
Deep foundation
type

Typical range of
nominal (ultimate)
resistance (kips)

Typical length
(feet)

Timber pile

75 200

20 40

Concrete pile

200 2,000

20 150

Steel H-pile

200 1,000

20 160

Pipe pile

175 2,500

20 100

Drilled shaft

750 10,000

20 160
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What is a Driven Pile?

A Driven Pile is a deep
foundation that is constructed
by driving a concrete, steel or
timber pile to support the
anticipated loads in competent
subsurface material.

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Driven Low Displacement Piles

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Driven High Displacement Piles

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Drilled Shafts (bored piles)

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Reg : 1.2.500.2.31.09.03.02978

Driven & Bored Pile

Jenis

Keunggulan

Kekurangan

Driven pile
(Precast pile)

Kualitas terjamin
Dynamic pile capacity
Pelaksanaan singkat
Displacement pile
Human error kecil

Vibrasi saat driving

Tanpa vibrasi
Non displacement pile

Kualitas perlu ketelitian

Non dynamic pile capacity
Pelaksanaan cukup lama
Human error relatif besar

Bored pile
(cast insitu)

Reg : 1.2.500.2.31.09.03.02978

Type of piles based on installation

p Non

displacement pile (bored pile)

p Displacement
p Extra

pile ( driven pile)

displacement pile ( franki ple)

Reg : 1.2.500.2.31.09.03.02978

Pile capacity

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Ultimate Bearing Capacity Static Formula Method (Qu = Qp + Qs)

Qu = Ultimate Bearing Capacity

Qs = fAs

Embedded
Length

=D

f = Unit Frictional
Resistance
AS = Shaft Area
qP = Unit Bearing
Capacity
AP = Area of Point

QP = qPAP

Reg : 1.2.500.2.31.09.03.02978

Qu
L1

QS1

L2

QS2

Layer 2

L3

QS3

Layer 3

QS4

Layer 4

L4

Layer 1

Qu = Qs+Qp

Qp
Reg : 1.2.500.2.31.09.03.02978

End Bearing or Friction?

END BEARING

FRICTION

LOAD

LOAD

L
O
A
D

SANDS

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Th
e
im
ag
e
ca
nn
ot
be
dis
pla
ye
d.
Yo
ur
co
mp
ute
r
ma
y

SOFT
CLAYS

L
L
O
O
A
A
D
D

SANDS
SANDS

CLAYS
CLAYS

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Restart your computer, and then open the file again. If the red x still appears, you may have to delete the image and then insert it again.

ROCK

SAND
Reg : 1.2.500.2.31.09.03.02978

Method of Support
End Bearing

Side Friction

Combined

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Mekanisme trasfer beban

p

Tahanan friksi (gesekan permukaan) termobilisasi penuh

jika telah terjadi displacement sebesar :
5-10 mm (0,2-0,3 inch)..B.M. Das
0,30 1% lebar/diameter tiang ..Tomlinson

Tahanan ujung termobilisasi penuh jika telah terjadi

displacement sebesar
10-25% lebar/diameter tiang .B.M. Das
10-20% lebar/diameter tiang .Tomlinson

Reg : 1.2.500.2.31.09.03.02978

Ultimate Bearing Capacity Static Formula Method

Qu = Ultimate Bearing Capacity

Qu = Qp + Qs

Embedded
Length

=D

Qs = fAs
f = Unit Frictional
Resistance
AS = Shaft Area
qP = Unit Bearing
Capacity
AP = Area of Point

QP = qPAP

Reg : 1.2.500.2.31.09.03.02978

End Bearing Piles

PILES

SOFT SOIL

ROCK

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Friction Piles

PILES

SOFT SOIL

Strength
increases
with depth

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Mekanisme keruntuhan

Terzaghi

Meyerhof

Vesic

Skempton

Reg : 1.2.500.2.31.09.03.02978

Luthfi Hasan (1998)

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Arching at Pile Tip

Ground Surface

B
Arching Action D
f
Zone of
Shear &
Volume
Decrease

PO = Df

Df

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Loads applied to Piles

V
p

Combinations of vertical, horizontal and moment

loading may be applied at the soil surface from
the overlying structure

For the majority of foundations the loads applied

to the piles are primarily vertical

For piles in jetties, foundations for bridge piers,

tall chimneys, and offshore piled foundations the
lateral resistance is an important consideration

The analysis of piles subjected to lateral and

moment loading is more complex than simple
vertical loading because of the soil-structure
interaction.

M
H

Reg : 1.2.500.2.31.09.03.02978

Estimation of Pile Capacity

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Tahapan desain
p

Mengusahakan data tanah melalui soil investigation,

berupa :
- Cone Penetration Test (CPT = Sondir)
- Standard Penetration Test (SPT)
- Boring (pengambilan sampel tanah)

Melakukan survei tentang kedalaman fondasi tiang pada

bangunan sekitarnya

Reg : 1.2.500.2.31.09.03.02978

Tahapan desain (lanjutan)

p

Melakukan estimasi kapasitas fondasi tiang tunggal

menggunakan static formula, berdasarkan data:
- Cone Penetration Test (CPT)
- Standard Penetration Test (SPT)
- Hasil uji laboratorium
- Korelasi dari berbagai data diatas

Melakukan estimasi kelompok tiang berdasarkan hasil

estimasi tiang tunggal dan beban kolom yang harus
ditahan

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Tahapan desain (lanjutan)

p

Melaksanakan pile driving dengan menggunakan

dynamic formula berdasarkan estimasi nilai static
formula. Menentukan kapasitas tiang yang digunakan

Melaksanakan pile load test bagi fondasi tiang yang

meragukan.

Reg : 1.2.500.2.31.09.03.02978

Estimasi kapasitas tiang

Q u = Q p + Qs ( W )

Q u = A p .q p + A s .q s
Qall =

A p .q p
SF1

As .q s
+
SF2

Qp

Tahanan ujung end bearing)

Qs

Tahanan friksi (friction resistance)

qp

Unit daya dukung

qs

Unit tahanan friksi

SF1 Angka keamanan untuk tahananujung

SF2 Angka keamanan untuk tahanan friksi
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Menghitung tahanan ujung (end bearing)

Q p = A p .q p
Terzaghi

q u = 1,3.c.N c + q N q + 0,4.B..N
_

q u = 1,3.c.N c + q N q + 0,3.B..N

Square footing
Circular footing

Meyerhof

q u = c.N c .Fcs .Fcd + q N q .Fqs .Fqd + 0,5.B..N .Fs .Fd

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Menghitung tahanan ujung (end bearing)

Deep foundation
General equation

q p = c.N*c

+ q .N*q + .B.N*

N*c , N*q , N* Bearing capacity factors

Nilai B atau D kecil

.B.N* 0

*
q
=
c
.
N
Sehingga : p
c

+ q .N*q

*
Q p = A p (c.N c

+ q .N q )
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DAYA DUKUNG AKSIAL

Qs =2r l ( C)
+ 2r l (k v tan)
l
v

Qu = Qp + Qs

Qall =

Qu
F.S.

Qp =Ap(c Nc +q Nq)
Reg : 1.2.500.2.31.09.03.02978

Bearing Capacity Factors for Deep Foundations (Meyerhof, 1976)

1000
800
600
400
200

and

100
80
60
40
20
10
8
6
4
2
1

10

20

30

40

45

S oil friction a ngle, (deg)

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Tahanan ujung tiang pada tanah pasir

Tanah pasir c = 0 , sehingga :

Q p = A p .q p
_

Q p = A p . q .N*q

q = h

Meyerhofs
Method :

Loose

L=LB

L
LB

Dense

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Tahanan ujung tiang pada tanah pasir

qp akan naik sejalan dengan naiknya LB dan akan maksimum pada :

L B L B
=

D D critic
Dibawah (Lb/D)cr digunakan qp
Diatas (Lb/D)cr
digunakan qp = qL (limit/batas)
_

Sehingga :

Q p = A p . q .N*q A p .q L

q L = 50.N*q . tan

kN/m2

q L = 5.N*q . tan

T/m2

q L = 1000.N*q . tan lb/ft2

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Menghitung tahanan friksi (friction)

General :

Qs = p.L.f

= perimeter (keliling tiang)

= unit panjang tiang

p. L = luas selimut tiang

f =qs

= unit tahanan friksi

f = K.'v . tan
K = Koefisien tekanan tanah
v = Tegangan efektif vertikal pada kedalaman yang
ditinjau, dianggap konstan setelah kedalaman 15D
(Meyerhof) atau 10D (Schmertmann)

= Sudut gesek permukaan (tan = )

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DAYA DUKUNG AKSIAL

Qs = 2r l (k tan)
v
l
v

Qu = Qp + Qs

Qall =

Qu
F.S.

Qp =Ap(c Nc +q Nq)
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Nilai K dan
Nilai K :

Metoda instalasi

Tiang pancang, displacement besar

(1-2)Ko

Tiang pancang, displacement kecil

(0,75-1,75)Ko

Bored pile

(0,75-1)Ko

Ko = 1-sin
Nilai :
Interface

Baja halus

(0,5-0,7)

Baja kasar

(0,7-0,9)

Precast concrete

(0,8-1)

Cast in place

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Menghitung tegangan effektif (v)

v akan naik sejalan dengan kedalaman tiang

hingga mencapai kedalaman L = 15D (asumsi,
tergantung dari nilai , Cc dan Dr), selanjutnya
konstan.

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Tahanan ujung tiang pada clay (lempung)

Q p = A p (c.N*c

+ q .N*q )

Tanah lempung : = 0

q N q kecil

Nc = 9

Q p = A p .9.c u
cu = undrained cohesion

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Menghitung tahanan friksi (friction)

Banyak metoda diperkenalkan untuk mencari tahanan
friksi pada lempung : Metoda

Metoda
f

, metoda dan metoda

f = .cu = .Su

= unit friksi ; = adhesion factor ;

cu = undrained cohesion ; Su= undrained strength

dicari dengan beberapa cara, yang banyak digunakan

adalah API (American Petroleum Institute, 1981) dan
Randolph & Murphy (1985)
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DAYA DUKUNG AKSIAL

Qs =2r l ( c)
l

Qu = Qp + Qs

Qall =

Qu
F.S.

Qp =Ap.c Nc
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Faktor penentu nilai

p

Konsolidasi tanah selama pelaksanaan

Dragdown lapisan diatasnya saat pemancangan

Cara mendapatkan Su atau cu

Tipe instalasi fondasi tiang

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Menentukan

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Menentukan

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Nilai undrained shear strength (Su) :

Clay

Su (kPa)

Su (kg/cm2)

Very soft

0-12

0-0,12

Soft

12-24

0,12-0,24

Medium

24-48

0,24-0,48

Stiff

48-96

0,48-0.96

Very stiff

96-192

0,96-1,92

Hard

> 192

> 1,92
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