1.

INTRODUCTION
Vibration is the motion of a particle or a body or system of connected bodies
displaced from equilibrium position most of the vibrations are undesirable in machines
and structures because they produce increased stresses, energy losses, cause added wear,
increase bearing loads, induce fatigue, create passenger discomfort in vehicles, and
absorb energy from the system. Rotating machine parts need careful balancing in order to
prevent damage from vibrations.
Vibration occurs when a system is displaced from a position of stable equilibrium.
The system tends to return to this equilibrium position under the action of restoring forces
such as the elastic forces, as for the mass attached to the spring, of gravitational forces, as
for the simple pendulum. The system keeps moving back and forth across its position of
equilibrium.
A physical system undergoing a time-varying interchange or dissipation of energy
among or within its elementary storage or dissipative devices is said to be in a dynamic
state. All of the elements in general are called passive, i.e., they are incapable of
generating net energy. A dynamic system composed of a finite number of storage
elements is said to be lumped or discrete, while a system containing elements, which are
dense in physical space, is called continuous. The analytical description of the dynamics
of the discrete case is a set of ordinary differential equations, while for the continuous
case it is a set of partial differential equations. The analytical formation of a dynamic
system depends upon the kinematic or geometric constraints and the physical laws
governing the behavior of the system.

Objectives of Project:

To study different types of vibration.

To obtain various characteristics of vibrations to plot frequency response

curve, node position.

To study the variation of different parameters for different operating
conditions.

2. THEORY
1.1 Introduction:
The balancing of the machine particularly the high speed machines in which the
unbalance dynamic forces are very large in magnitude than the static force. Though the
modern high speed instruments are designed with due care for balancing purpose but still
there may be some unbalance due to its functional or geometrical requirements, the
unbalance is observed in both rotating as well as reciprocating machines, the unbalance in
rotating system, having one or more rotating masses, if the center of mass (C.G.) of the
system does not lie on the axis of rotation, then the system is unbalanced.
The unbalanced in any system may be due to the following factors
1) Errors and tolerance in the manufacturing and assembly.
2) Non-homogeneity of material.
3) Unsymmetrical shapes of the rotors due to the functional requirement.
In applications like I.C. engines, reciprocating compressors and reciprocating pumps,
the reciprocating parts are subjected to continuous acceleration and retardation. Due to
this Purpose of balancing is to avoid the vibration by balancing the resultant inertia forces
and couples. Continuous acceleration and retardation, the inertia force acts on the
reciprocating part which is in the direction opposite to the direction of acceleration.
Hence, the balancing of reciprocating parts or masses means eliminating partially or
completely the effect of inertia force by using suitable balancing masses.
Vibration:
Cyclic motion of a body or a system, due to elastic deformation under the action of
external forces is known as vibration
Phenomenon of vibration:
When an elastic body is displaced from its equilibrium position, work is done by the
external force in producing the displacement of deformation against the internal elastic
force, which resists deformation. This work done is stored in the body as elastic strain
energy. When this elastic force is removed, the internal elastic force causes the body to
restore to its equilibrium position. If the motion is frictionless, as the body moves towards
the equilibrium position, elastic strain energy is gradually converted into kinetic energy.

At the instant body reaches its equilibrium position, complete elastic strain energy is
converted into kinetic energy. At equilibrium position as body possesses maximum
kinetic energy, the motion of body continues until the complete kinetic energy is absorbed
in doing work against the internal elastic forces and kinetic energy is again converted into
elastic strain energy.
Thus as the body reaches extreme position, it possesses the maximum elastic strain
energy. Hence the body again begins to return to its equilibrium position and oscillations
or vibrations repeated indefinitely.
Causes of vibration:
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)

Unbalance forces and couples in the machine parts.

External excitation force applied on the system.
Dry friction between two mating surfaces.
Wind may cause vibrations in certain systems such as telephone lines, etc.
Earthquake also causes vibration in civil structures like buildings dams, etc.

Advantages of vibration:
1) All musical instruments work on the phenomenon of vibration.
2) Vibrating screens, shakers and conveyors work on the phenomenon of vibrations.
3) In stress relieving equipments, vibrations are useful.
Disadvantages of vibrations:
1)
2)
3)
4)

It creates excessive stress in the machine parts.

It leads to loosening of the assembled parts.
It may lead to partial or complete failure of machine parts.
It creates undesirable noise.

Methods of reducing effects of undesirable vibrations:

1) By removing unbalanced forces and couples in machine parts, which cause
vibrations.
2) By placing the machinery on type of vibration isolators.
3) By putting sound proof screens or glass, if noise is created due to vibrating parts.
4) By using shock absorber.
1.2 classification of vibration:

Types of vibrations
3

a) According to
actuating force
Free vibrations
Forced vibrations

b) According to
external resistance
Undamped
vibrations
Damped vibrations

d) According to
behaviour of vibrating
system
LInear vibrations
Non-linear vibrations

c) According to motion
of the system w.r.t.
axis
Longitudinal
vibrations
Transverse
vibrations
Torsional vibrations
e) According to
magnitude of actuating
force at a given time
Deterministic
vibrations
Random vibrations

Fig1.1: classification of vibration

a) According to actuating force:
i) Free vibrations:
If the external force is removed after giving an initial displacement to the system,
then the system vibrates on its own due to internal elastic forces. Such types of
vibration are known as free vibrations. The frequency of vibration is known as free or
natural frequency (fn).
E.g. oscillation of simple pendulum is an example of free vibrations.

ii) Forced vibrations:

If the system or a body is subjected to a periodic external excitation forces, then

the resultant vibrations are known as forced vibration. E.g. vibrations of I.C.
engine, electric motor, centrifugal pump, etc.
b) According to external resistance:
i) Undamped vibrations:
If there is no external resistance to the vibration of the system, then such
vibrations are known as undamped vibrations. The negligible resistance is also
considered as an undamped condition.
E.g. in case of simple pendulum, the air resistance provides negligible damping
and hence it is neglected. Therefore, a simple pendulum is an example of
undamped free vibrations.
ii) Damped vibrations:
If the external resistance is provided to the vibrating system, then such vibrations
are known as damped vibration. In damped vibrations the external resistance,
known as damping, opposes the Vibrations. Due to this there is reduction in
amplitude of vibration every cycle and eventually die out.
E.g. vehicle moving over a rough road with shock absorber.
c) According to motion of system with respect to axis:
i) Longitudinal vibrations:
If the disc moves up and down along the axis of shaft, then the vibrations are
known

as longitudinal vibrations. In longitudinal vibrations, the shaft is

subjected to alternate direct tensile and Compressive stresses.

ii) Transverse vibrations:
If the disc moves approximately perpendicular to the axis of shaft, then the
vibrations are known as transverse vibrations.
iii) Torsional vibrations;

If the disc rotates about the axis of shaft such that the shaft gets twisted and
untwisted alternately, then the vibrations are known as torsional vibrations.
d) According to behavior of vibrating system:
i) Linear vibrations:
In vibrating system, if basic component i.e. spring, mass and damper, behave
linearly then the resulting vibrations are known as linear vibrations. In linear
vibrations, the differential equation governing the motion of vibrating system is
linear E.g. vibration of spring-mass system along the axis of system.
ii) Non-linear vibrations:
If any of the three basic components of vibrating system behave non-linearly, then
the resultant vibrations are known as non- linear vibrations. In non-linear
vibrations, the differential equation governing the motion of vibrating system is
non-linear.
E.g. motion of spring mass system in transverse direction.

1.3 Elements of vibratory system:

In general, a vibrating system consists of a spring (a means for storing potential
energy), a mass or inertia (a means for storing kinetic energy), and a damper (a means by
which energy is gradually lost) as shown in Fig. 1.2. An undamped vibrating system
involves the transfer of its potential energy to kinetic energy and kinetic energy to
potential energy, alternatively. In a damped vibrating system, some energy is dissipated in
each cycle of vibration to overcome the resistance offered by the fluid friction with the
element in contact and should be replaced by an external source if a steady state of
vibration is to be maintained. The energy enters the system with the application of
external force known as external excitation. The excitation disturbs the mass from its
mean position and mass starts vibrating between two extreme positions. During the
vibration, the kinetic energy is converted into potential energy and potential energy is
converted into kinetic energy. The sequence goes on repeating and the system continues
to vibrate.

Fig1.2: Elements of vibratory system

1.4 Important terms associated with a vibrating system:

I. Simple harmonic motion:
When the motion is repeated in equal intervals of time, it is known as periodic motion.
Simple harmonic motion is the simplest form of periodic motion. If x (t) represents the
displacement of a mass in a vibratory system, the motion can be expressed by the
equation
x = A cos t = A cos2(t/T)
Where A - is the amplitude of oscillation measured from the equilibrium position.
The repetition time T is called the period of the oscillation,
f = 1/T is called frequency.
Any periodic motion satisfies the relationship
x (t) = x (t +T)
That is Period T = 2/ s/cycle
Frequency f = / 2 cycles/s, or Hz
is called the circular frequency measured in rad/sec.

The velocity and acceleration of a harmonic displacement are also of the same
frequency, but lead the displacement by /2 and radians, respectively. When the
acceleration of a particle with rectilinear motion is always proportional to its
displacement from a fixed point on the path and is directed towards the fixed point, the
particle is said to have simple harmonic motion.
The motion of many vibrating systems in general is not harmonic. In many cases
the vibrations are periodic as in the impact force generated by a forging hammer. If x(t) is
a periodic function with period T, its Fourier series representation is given by

x ( t )=a 0 /2+ ( an cos nt +b n sin nt )

n=1

Where = 2/T is the fundamental frequency and a0, a1, a2 b1, b2 are constant
coefficients,
Which are given as,
T

a0= 2/T

x (t)dt
0

an= 2/T

x (t ) cos ( nt ) dt

bn = 2/T

x (t ) sin ( nt) dt

T
0

The harmonic functions an cos(nt) or bn sin(nt) are known as the harmonics of order n
of the periodic function x(t). The harmonic of order n has a period T/n. These harmonics
can be plotted as vertical lines in a diagram of amplitude (an and bn) versus frequency (n)
and is called frequency spectrum.
1.5 Resonance:
In a vibrating system, if external excitation frequency is equal to the natural frequency,
then resonance is said to occur. At resonance, the amplitude of vibration becomes
excessive resulting in mechanical failure. Resonance results when the vibrations of an

object are matched with similar vibrations. That is why soldier never march in a
formation over bridge. The vibrations of their marching could match and increase the
bridge vibrations causing it to break up and collapse. In 1940, a newly built suspension
bridge collapsed during a storm over the Tacoma Narrows in Washington State.

1.6 Degrees of Freedom:

A system is said to possess n-degrees of freedom if it needs n-independent coordinates to
completely specify the configuration to completely specify the configuration of the
system at any instant.
The general rule for determining the number of degrees of freedom is:
Number of mass / inertia in the system number of degrees of freedom = number of
possible types of motion of each mass/inertia.

1.7 Components of vibrating system:

I. Stiffness elements:
Sometimes it requires finding out the equivalent spring stiffness values when a
continuous system is attached to a discrete system or when there are a number of spring
elements in the system. Stiffness of continuous elastic elements such as rods, beams, and
shafts, which produce restoring elastic forces, is obtained from deflection considerations.
The stiffness coefficient of the rod (Fig. 1.3) is given by k =EA/l
The cantilever beam (Fig.1.4) stiffness is k =3EI/l3
The torsional stiffness of the shaft (Fig.1.5) is K =GJ/l

Fig1.3: Longitudinal vibrations of rod

Fig1.4: Transverse vibrations of cantilever beam

Fig1.5: Torsional system

10

When there are several springs arranged in parallel as shown in Fig. 1.6, the equivalent
spring constant is given by algebraic sum of the stiffness of individual springs.
Mathematically,
n

keq= ki
i=1

Fig1.6: Springs in parallel

When the springs are arranged in series as shown in Fig. the same force is developed
in each spring and is equal to the force acting on the mass.

Fig1.7: Springs in series

The equivalent stiffness keq is given by:

11

1
1
Keq = keq =1/
i=1 ki
Hence, when elastic elements are in series, the reciprocal of the equivalent elastic
constant is equal to the reciprocals of the elastic constants of the elements in the original
system.
II. Mass or inertia elements:
The mass or inertia element is assumed to be a rigid body. Once the mathematical
model of the physical vibrating system is developed, the mass or inertia elements of the
system can be easily identified. In a vibratory system the mass is a means to store the
kinetic energy.
III. Damping elements:
In real mechanical systems, there is always energy dissipation in one form or
another. The process of energy dissipation is referred to in the study of vibration as
damping. A damper is considered to have neither mass nor elasticity. The three main
forms of damping are viscous damping, Coulomb or dry-friction damping, and hysteresis
damping. The most common type of energy-dissipating element used in vibrations study
is the viscous damper, which is also referred to as a dashpot. In viscous damping, the
damping force is proportional to the velocity of the body. Coulomb or dry-friction
damping occurs when sliding contact that exists between surfaces in contact is dry or
have insufficient lubrication. In this case, the damping force is constant in magnitude but
opposite in direction to that of the motion. In dry-friction damping energy is dissipated as
heat. Solid materials are not perfectly elastic and when they are deformed, energy is
absorbed and dissipated by the material. The effect is due to the internal friction due to
the relative motion between the internal planes of the material during the deformation
process. Such materials are known as visco-elastic solids and the type of damping which
they exhibit is called as structural or hysteretic damping, or material or solid damping. In
many practical applications, several dashpots are used in combination. It is quite possible
to replace these combinations of dashpots by a single dashpot of an equivalent damping

12

coefficient so that the behavior of the system with the equivalent dashpot is considered
identical to the behavior of the actual system.

1.7 Free vibration of single degree of freedom system:

The most basic mechanical system is the single-degree-of-freedom system, which
is characterized by the fact that its motion is described by a single variable or coordinates.
Such a model is often used as an approximation for a generally more complex system.
Excitations can be broadly divided into two types, initial excitations and externally
applied forces. The behavior of a system characterized by the motion caused by these
excitations is called as the system response. The motion is generally described by
displacements. If the external force is removed after giving an initial displacement to the
system then the system vibrates on its own due to internal elastic forces. Such vibrations
are known as free vibrations; and if there is no external artificial resistance (damping) to
the vibrations then such vibration are known as undamped free vibrations.
It is important to know that, in most of the free vibrations there is always certain amount
of damping (like air resistance) associated with the system. However, if the damping is
very small, for all practical purpose it can be neglected and the vibration are considered
as undamped free vibrations.

1.8 Free vibration of undamped translational system:

The simplest model of a vibrating mechanical system consists of a single mass
element which is connected to a rigid support through a linearly elastic massless spring as
shown in Fig. 1.8. The mass is constrained to move only in the vertical direction. The
motion of the system is described by a single coordinate x(t) and hence it has one degree
of freedom (DOF).The equation of motion for the free vibration of an undamped single
degree of freedom system can be rewritten as:
m (t) + k x (t) = 0
Dividing through by m, the equation can be written in the form

13

 (t) + 2nx (t) = 0

Fig1.8: Spring mass system

In which n = k/m is a real constant. The solution of this equation is obtained from the
initial
Conditions
x(0) = x0, (0) = v0
Where x0 and v0 are the initial displacement and initial velocity, respectively.
The general solution can be written as
In which A1 and A2 are constants of integration, both complex quantities. It can be finally
Simplified as:
x (t) = A1 eint + A2 e-int
x (t) =X/2 [A1 ei(nt-) + A2 e-i(nt-) ]
So that now the constants of integration are X and .
This equation represents harmonic oscillation, for which reason such a system is called a
harmonic oscillator.
There are three quantities defining the response, the amplitude X, the phase angle and
the frequency n, the first two depending on external factors, namely, the initial
excitations, and the third depending on internal factors, namely, the system parameters.

14

On the other hand, for a given system, the frequency of the response is a characteristic of
the system that stays always the same, independently of the initial excitations. For this
reason, n is called the natural frequency of the harmonic oscillator.
The constants X and are obtained from the initial conditions of the system as follows:
X=

x 2 0+(v 0/ n)2
) &

= tan-1(v0/x0n)

The time period T, is defined as the time necessary for the system to complete one
vibration cycle, or as the time between two consecutive peaks. It is related to the natural
frequency by
T = 2/n = 2 (m/k)
Note that the natural frequency can also be defined as the reciprocal of the period, or
fn =1/T =(1/2)

k /m

In which case it has units of cycles per second (cps), where one cycle per second is
known as one Hertz (Hz).
1.9 Free Undamped Vibration of Torsional System:
A mass attached to the end of the shaft is a simple torsional system (Fig. 1.9). The mass
of the shaft is considered to be small in comparison to the mass of the disk and is
therefore neglected.

15

Fig1.9: Vertical torsional system

The torque that produces the twist Mt is given by
Mt =GJ/l
Where J = the polar mass moment of inertia of the shaft
J=d4/32 (for a circular shaft of diameter d)
G = shear modulus of the material of the shaft.
l = length of the shaft.
The torsional spring constant kt is defined as
kt =T /=GJ/ l

The equation of motion of the system can be written as:

IG + kt = 0
The natural circular frequency of such a torsional system is
n =kt/IG

1.10 Free Vibration With Viscous Damping:

Viscous damping force is proportional to the velocity x of the mass and acting in the
direction opposite to the velocity of the mass and can be expressed as
F=c

16

Where c is the damping constant or coefficient of viscous damping.

Fig1.10: Damped spring mass system

The differential equation of motion for free vibration of a damped spring-mass system
(Fig. 1.10) is written as:
Consider the spring mass system as shown in fig.
k=stiffness of the spring
m=mass of the body
c=damping coefficient
e=relative velocity between pinion & cylinder dashpot.
m=-c-ke
mv+cv+kev = 0..(1)

17

This is the fundamental equation of motion for single degree of freedom system having
damped free vibration.
Equation (1) is a linear differential equation of second order & its solution can be written
as
ev=est
Differentiating twice w.r.t, we get
v= s est
v= s2est
Substituting these values in equation (1), we get
m(s2est )+c(sest)+k est =0
ms2+cs+k =0
This is a quadratic equation whose solution is given by
s1,2 =(-c/2m)[ (c/2m)2 (k/m)]1/2
e= es1t , e= es2t
The most general solution may be given as
e= Aes1t +B es2t
Where
A& B are the arbitrary constants which are to be determined using initial condition.
I. Critical damping coefficient:
The critical damping coefficient is defined as the value of coefficient C that makes radial
expression sign as zero
(cc/2m)2 =(k/m)
cc/2m=(k/m)1/2
cc= 2mn
II. Damping factor:
A dimensionless parameter damping factor is defined as ratio of damping coefficient to
critical damping coefficient
= c/ cc

18

The critical damping coefficient depends upon mass & stiffness in the system & is
independent of amount of damping.
c/2m= (c/ cc )*(cc /2m)= ccn
s1,2 =(- (2 -1)) n
The damping factor is the criterion to classify the vibrating systems.
Depending upon the value of damping factor the systems are classified as
1) Over damped
2) Critically damped
3) Under damped
a. Over damped system:
If > 1 i.e. c>cc the system is said to be an over damped system. In such system damping
is comparatively large.
The solution of differential equation for such system is
e = a e(- (2 -1) n t + b e(-- (2 -1)n t

Fig1.12: over damped system

b. Critically damped system:

19

If =1 i.e. c= cc , the system is said to be critically damped. The general solution of

differential equation is given by
e=e0[1+ n t] e-n t

Fig1.13: critically damped coefficient

In this system, once the system is disturbed it will move back rapidly close to its
equilibrium position in shortest possible time.
c. Under damped system:
If < 1 i.e. c<cc the system is said to be an over damped system . in such system damping
is comparatively large. The solution of differential equation for such system is
e = a e(-+i(2 -1) n t +b e(-- i(2 -1)n t

20

Fig1.14: Under-damped system

The resultant motion is oscillatory having frequency d & amplitude e0 e-n t which
ultimately dies out after some considerable time.
III. Logarithmic decrement:
It is defined as natural logarithmic ratio of consecutive amplitude on the same side of
mean position
It is the measure of decay of amplitude of the system.
By definition,
=ln(e1/e2)
= ln(m e-n 1t / m e-n 2t)
= n 1t
The time period is given by
T=2/
= 2 n 1/ d

21

But
d=(1-2)n
= 2 1/ (1-2)
Instead of (e1/e2), if e2/e3 is known then
ln(e1/e2)= ln(e1/e2)* ln(e2/e3)
=ln(e1/e3)/2
Similarly we can generalize as
=ln(e0/en)/n
Where
e0 amplitude at start
en amplitude at end
IV. Determination of damping coefficient:
Using the definition of logarithmic decrement can be found as
= ln(e1/e2)= 2 1/ (1-2)
= 42 21/ (1-2)
= /(42 + 2)
Thus can be calculated as if is known,
Experimentally,
= c/(2(kt -I)

1.11 Forced Vibration With Harmonic Excitation:

If the system vibrates under the influence of external periodic force, the vibrations
are known as forced vibrations. In case of forced vibrations, an external periodic
distributing force keeps the system vibrating. The vibrations of air compressors, internal
combustion engines, machines tools and various other machinery are all examples of
forced vibrations. In some cases, the excitation is nondeterministic or random. This
would mean that the magnitude of excitation at any instance is unknown. In such

22

situations, sufficient data is required to statically determine the excitation characteristics.

Some of the examples of random vibration are the excitations produced by wind, seismic
activities and road surfaces. If the magnitude of the excitation is known at any given
time, the excitation is called deterministic and the resulting vibrations are called
deterministic vibrations.
When the external force is by S.H.M. the corresponding vibrations are said be with
harmonic excitation. A large number of mechanical systems are subjected to forced
vibrations such systems normally do some form of damping in the system. Consider the
mathematical model of a forced damped vibrating system as shown in fig .. the system
comprises of the following elements:

Mass (m)
Spring of stiffness (k)
Damper of damping coefficient (c)

An external periodic vibrating force having magnitude F0 and natural frequency

The free body diagram of the mass is shown in fig.. The equation of motion can be
worked out using FBD method.
From Newtons law of motion,
m = -c - k x + F0 sint
m +c + k x = F0 sint
I. Analytical solution of forced damped vibration:
As per equation
m +c + k x = F0 sint
This is a linear, non-homogeneous, second order differential equation. The solution of
this equation consists of two parts; complementary function and particular integral. The
complementary function is found by equating the right hand side of equation to zero.
m +c + k x = 0
Which is the same equation as that obtained for free damped system.
To find particular integral, let
xp = A sin(t) + B cos(t)

23

p= A sin(t) - B cos(t)
p = -A 2sin(t) - B 2cos(t)
Substituting these equations and arranging sin(t) & cos(t) terms we get:
(-mA 2 cB+ kA)sin t + (-mA 2 cA+ kB)cos t= F0sin t
(-mA 2 cB+ kA)=F0
and
(-mA 2 cA+ kB)=0
Rearranging the above equations, we get:
A(k-m 2)-B(c )=F0.(c)
B(k-m 2)+A(c )=0..(d)
Solve simultaneously by multiplying (c) with (c) and (d) with (k-m 2), we get:
A(k-m 2) c -B(c ) c =F0 c.(e)
B(k-m 2)2+A(c ) (k-m 2)(f)
Subtracting (f) from (e), we get
-B[(c)2 +( k-m 2)2] = F0 c
B=F0 c/[(c)2 +( k-m 2)2] ..(g)
Substituting (g) in (d) we get,
A= F0( k-m 2)2 /[(c)2 +( k-m 2)2]
Let

( k-m 2) = z cos
C =z sin

z=

(c)2+( km 2)2

.(j)

= tan-1(C/( k-m 2))(k)

Considering equation (j),
z=

[(

1m

) ( )]

2
2
2+ c
2
k
k

Also,
m/k = 1/2n
= c /2

km =c n/2k

24

c/k =2 / n

[(

z =k

1m

) ( )]

2
2
2+ c
2
k
k

The ratio of frequency of excitation force () to the natural frequency ( n) is defined as

frequency ratio r
r =/n

[(1r 2)+((2 r )2 ) ]

z =k
Considering (k), we get

= tan-1(C/( k-m 2))

2 /n
= tan-1 1( 2/n 2)
= tan-1(2r/(1-r2))
Where is the angle with respect to the exciting force.
Therefore, substituting in (g) in (h), we get
B=

F 0 Z sin
( Zcos ) 2+(Zsin)2

B=

F 0 sin
Z

A=

F 0 cos
Z

Similarly,

Substituting in equation,
xp = A sin(t) + B cos(t)
=

F 0 cos
Z

sin(t) -

F 0 sin
Z

cos(t)

=F0 sin(t-)/Z

25

=X sin(t-)
Where X=F0/Z
xp= F0 sin(t-)/ k

[(1r 2)+((2 r )2 ) ]

....(l)

Let, X0=F0/k
Where,
X0 is defined as zero frequency deflection of the spring mass system under a steady
force F0.
X0 however, is not the static deflection due to the weight of the system and is considered
only to get the equation (l) in dimensionless form.
xp= X0 sin(t-)/

[(1r 2)+((2 r )2 ) ]

The dynamic amplitude x would be when sin(t-)=1

x = X0/

[(1r 2)+((2 r )2 ) ]

Thus the complete solution is obtained by the superposition of transient and steady state
vibrations.
II. Transient vibrations:
This is the complete solution to an under-damped system subjected to sinusoidal
excitation. Complementary solution is seen to decay with time vanishes ultimately. This
part is called as transient vibrations. The transient vibration takes place at the damped
frequency of the system
III. Steady state vibrations:
The second part of complete solution i.e. particular solution is seen to be a sinusoidal
vibration with constant amplitude and is called as steady state vibrations. The steady state
vibration takes place at the frequency of excitation (i.e. at )
IV. Magnification factor/amplification factor/amplitude ratio/dynamic magnifier:
The ratio of amplitude of steady state vibrations X to the zero frequency deflection X st
(deflection due to force F0).
It is denoted by M.F.

26

M.F. = X / Xst
=

1
[1( / n) 2]2+[2 / n]2

The magnification factor or dynamic magnifier by which the static deflection X st

produced by a static force F0 must be multiplied in order to obtain the amplitude of
forced vibrations X produced by the harmonic force F0 sin t.
X = Xst M.F.

V. Frequency response curve:

The plot of magnification factor (M.F.) versus frequency ratio ( / n ) is
known as frequency response curves.
Following figure shows the plot of magnification factor (M.F.) versus frequency ratio

/ n ) for different values of damping factor () , plotted using equation ()

Observations from frequency response curve:
1) The magnification factor (M.F.) is maximum when ( / n ) = 1. This
condition is known as resonance.
2) As the damping factor decreases, the maximum value of magnification factor
(M.F.) increases.
3) When there is no damping ( = 0), the value of magnification factor reaches to
infinity at ( / n=

1). However, system may go into destruction much

before that.
4) At zero frequency of excitation ( i.e. when = 0) the magnification factor is unity
for all values of damping factors.
5) At very high frequency of excitation, the magnification factor tends to zero.
6) For damping factor () more than 0.707, the magnification factor is below unity.

27

28

Fig1.15: Frequency Response Curve for Different Damping Conditions

VI. Plot of phase angle () versus frequency ratio (/n):
Plot of phase angle versus frequency ratio is plotted using the relation
2 /n
= tan-1 1( 2/n 2)
Plot of phase angle () versus frequency ratio (/ n) for different damping conditions as
shown below:

Frequency ( / n )

29

Fig1.16: Plot of phase angle Vs frequency ratio

Observations made from phase angle vs frequency ratio curves:
1) The phase angle varies from 00 at low frequency ratio to 1800 at very high
frequency ratio.
2) At resonance frequency (i.e. = n) the phase angle is 900 and damping does
not have any effect on phase angle.
3) At frequency ratio ( / n ) less than unity, higher the damping factorhigher is the phase angle; whereas at frequency ( / n ) greater than unity,
higher the damping factor-lower is the phase angle.
4) The variation in phase angle is because of damping. If there is no damping (
= 0) the phase angle is either 00 or 1800 and at resonance the phase suddenly
changes from 00 to 1800.

30

3. System Development
System development includes

Design of machine components

Fabrication and assembly
Cost of project
Working

3.1 Design of Machine Component:

Design of UVTR consists of design of following three systems Design of two rotor system
Design of forced lateral vibration system
Design of single degree freedom system
3.1.1 Design of Two Rotor System:
Design of two rotor system consists of
a. Design of shaft
b. Design of discs
c. Design of bearing
d. Design of bolts
a. Design of Shaft:
In two rotor system our need is to find the position of node. Hence the node

should be observed clearly.

Hence to twist it is needed to apply the force on the discs. Taking the ergonomics
in account normally human hand can stretch up to 3 feet. So taking the length of
shaft to be 780 mm.

L = 780 mm
Here the basic requirement of the shaft material is that it should have good
rebound characteristics so the shaft material used is brite bar of following
properties:
Sut = 650 N/mm2
Maximum shear stress = 0.5 Sut

31

= 325 N/mm2
Taking factor of safety = 2 .(V.B.Bhandari)
Allowable shear stresses = 325/2
= 162.5 N/mm2
In this system the shaft is subjected to manual twisting moment hence shaft is to
be designed on the basis of torsional rigidity.
( / r) = (G/L)
r = ( L/G)

r = (162.5 780 2) / (80 103 )

r =1.008 mm
D = 2.016 mm

Least required diameter is 3mm

Selecting shaft diameter = 4 mm
b. Design of Discs:

Fig. 3.1.1 Two rotor system

Our aim in this system is to analyze the position of node. So it must be observed

clearly.
Hence let us consider the node position at 440 mm from rotor B.

Let,
Ia = moment of inertia of disc A
Ib = moment of inertia of disc B
La = distance of node from rotor A
Lb = distance of node from rotor B
L = length of shaft

32

Now, according to the analysis of two rotor system,

a) The circular natural frequency of shaft is same. Therefore
nA=nB

GJ /LaIa = GJ /LbIb
La Ia = Lb Ib
(Ia/Ib) = (Lb/La)
=((L-La)/La)
= (440)/(780-440)
= 1.2941
Ia = 1.2941 Ib(1)
For this ratio we can select any mass moment of inertia.
So considering the M.I. of disc Ia = 0.01866kgm2.
From equation (1) Ib = 0.01441 kgm2
But Ia = maRa2/2 = 0.01866kgm2
Hence ma = 3kg and Ra = 112.5mm
Also Ib = mbRb2 = 0.01441kgm2
Hence mb =2.12 kg Rb = 95.5mm
c. Design of Bearing:
load on bearing,

= 0,
29.43 +20.79 -( Ra +Rb) = 0
Ra +Rb = 50.2272 N

Ma

=0
29 .43 90 + 20.79 870 -960 Rb = 0

Rb=21 .6 N
Ra=50.2272Rb

33

= 28.627 N

Hence designing the bearing for maximum load of 28.627N.

There is no axial force on the bearing.
P = 28.62 N
L = (C/P)a
a = 3 ..for single row ball bearing
L = (60 n h)/106

Where h = rated bearing life =4000Hr

n = rpm of bearing
L = (60 1000 4000)/106
L = 240 mrev
Now
240 = (c/28.627)3
C = 177.85N
Selecting the bearing having value of c more than 177.85N.
Table: Bearing selection
Basic

Bearing of
ISI No

basic design

No
20BC02

6204

20

47

14

static
capacity
C0
655

Basic

Max.

dynamic

permissible

capacity

speed (rpm)

1000

16000

1. Diameter of shaft on which bearing is to be mounted = 20mm

2. Therefore from catalogue bearing 6204 is selected.
3. 6204 bearing is light weight,
Outer diameter =47mm,
Service factor for uniform and steady load = 1.0
4. Static load capacity, C0 = 6550N
5. Now,
C0 = (ZP1)/5
Where Z = number of balls in bearing
P1 = force require to produce permanent deformation of balls

34

6550 = (12P1)/5
P1 =2729.16N
6. Thus bearing is safe up to the static load of 2729.16N.

d. Design of Bolt
The bolt is subjected to shear stress due to the weight acting on it therefore the
bolt material should be good in shear i.e. it should have high strength.
Selecting the material c45 for which
Sut = 700 N/mm2
Syt = 600 N/mm2
Taking F.O.S = 2.5
Direct shear load on the bolt due to the weight of the component acting vertically
downward on it is given by:
Ps = w/4 = 799.81/4 = 154.998 N/bolt
Secondary shear load:
To calculate secondary shear stress , for equilibrium condition equating resisting
bracket moment with the bolt resisting moment.
P L = c (l2a + l2b)
c = 19166.81 N/m/bolt
Maximum tensile load:
Pt2 = c lmax = 3063.48 N/bolt
By maximum shear stress theory:

( p t 2/2)2+(p s) 2

pse =
pse =

(154.998/2)2+(3063.48) 2

= 3067.4 N/bolt
But,
pse = max ( d2c/4)
3067.4 = 120 (d2c/4)
d2c = 33.64

35

dc = 5.8 mm
Using the relation,
d = 0.84 dc
d = 6.8 mm
Selecting d = 10 mm.

3.1.2 Design of Forced Lateral Vibration System:

In this system we need to analyze and draw the graph of rpm Vs amplitude. So the
amplitude should be such that it can be observed clearly. Designing the system for
maximum amplitude of 25 mm.
Weight of the motor and stiffness of the spring are dependent on each other and
directly proportional. So for the amplitude of 25mm we will first selecting the motor.

a. Exciter Selection
Permanent magnet D.C. motor (to vary the

Type
Weight with base support and mounting
Speed range
Voltage
Current

speed of motor)
9 kg
0 1440 rpm
0 180 V
1.5 A

b. Design of Beam
Selecting material of beam,
Cold drawn mild steel, E = 2.08 1011 N /mm2
Now maximum deflection f beam = 25 mm.
Deflection of cantilever beam is given by,
= W l3 / (3 EI)
Where W = mg = weight on the beam = 101.043N
l = length of beam= 0.78 m
E = modulus of elasticity, N/mm2
I = sectional inertia of beam = bd3/12mm4
= W l3 / (3 EI)
2.510-2 = 101.043 0.783 /(32.081011I)

36

I = 0.3073 cm4
But,
I= bd3/12
= 0.3073
b = 3d;
d4 = 40.3073
d = 10.52 mm
b = 31.58 mm
Thus cross sectional area of beam is 3211 mm.

c. Spring Design:
Type- Helical tension spring,
Material spring steel,
Sut = 700 N/mm2
all = 0.5 Sut
all = 350 N/mm2
The end reaction of the cantilever beam is given as ,
Rb = (5/ 16) p
Rb = 31.5759 N
Considering spring index (c) = 10
We have,
kw = (4c-1/4c-4) +(0.615/c)
kw = 1.1448
Also
= kw [8 F C / d2]
d2 = 1.1448881.575910/( 350)
d = 2.6 mm 3mm
D = c d
= 10 3

37

= 30 mm
Check for stress induced in the spring:
kw = (4c-1/4c-4) +(0.615/c)
kw = 1.1448
= kw [8 F C / d2]
= 1.1448881.575930/( 33)
= 264.23 N/mm2 < 350 N/mm2
Hence for 3mm wire diameter, spring is safe.

No. of coils:
K = F/
K = 81.5759 / 25
K = 3.6 N /mm
K = G d / (8 c3 n)

But

3.6 = 8 104 3/ 8 103 n

n = 9.2 10 turns

Solid length:
Ls = (n +2) d
Ls = 12 3 = 36 mm

Free length:
Lf = Ls + max + Total clearance(c)
Lf = 36 + 25 + (0.1525)
Lf = 64.77 mm
65 mm

Pitch of coil:
Lf = pn +2d
65 = p10 + (23)
P = 5.87 mm
6mm

38

3.1.3 Design of Single Degree of Freedom System:

In this system the shaft is fixed at one end and is twisted so the design of shaft can
be made on torsional rigidity basis.
T G
= =
r J
l
Where,
= shear stress intensity on outer most layer of shaft, N/mm2
r = radius of shaft, mm
T = restoring torque, N-mm
J = polar moment of inertia of shaft mm4
l = shaft length, mm
= angle of twist, rad
G = modulus of rigidity n/mm2
Design based on strength criterion:
T = perd3 / 16
per = 0.3 syt
= 0.18 sut .whichever is smaller
Now
T = FR
= mg r
= 7.59.8112.5
=919.68 N-mm
per = 0.3380
= 114 N/mm2
= 0.18440
= 79.2 N/mm2
Taking per = 79.2 N/mm2
d = 2.69mm

39

Design based on rigidity criterion:

G
=
r
l
d=

4 G
l

d = 1.23 mm
Selecting greater diameter, d = 3 mm
Bolt Design (frame)
The bolt is subjected to shear stress due to the weight acting on it therefore the
bolt material should be good in shear i.e. it should have high strength.
Selecting the material c45 for which
Sut = 700 N/mm2
Syt = 600 N/mm2
Selecting F.O.S = 2.5
Direct shear load:
Ps = w/5 = 799.81/5
= 154.998 N/bolt
Secondary shear load:
P L = c (l2a + l2b)
c = 19166.81 N/m/bolt
Maximum tensile load:
Pt2 = c lmax = 3063.48 N/bolt
By maximum shear stress theory:
pse =
pse =

( p t 2/2)2+(p s) 2
(154.998/2)2+(3063.48) 2

= 3067.4 N/bolt
But,
pse = max ( d2c/4)

40

3067.4 = 120 (d2c/4)

d2c = 33.64
dc = 5.8 mm
Using the relation,
d = 0.84 dc
d = 6.8 mm
Selecting d = 10 mm
Design of Welded Joint:
Direct shear stress
= p /A
= 78.576/(810-2 0.707S)
= 920 / S
=M/Z
= pe /(2tl2/6)
= 5364.83 /S
According to maximum shear stress theory:
max =

( /2)2+( )2

S2 = 20.624
S = 4.54 mm
We have,
t = S/

t = 6.422 mm
7 mm

Thus the thickness of weld is of 8mm.

3.1.4 Design of Frame:

41

Frame selected is either c-shaped or o-shaped. For stationary machinery such as

drilled presses, milling machines, stamping machines and punch presses, the c-frame is
most widely used. If more stability is required then c-frame is used. If work site
deflections must be held to very small values an o-frame may be best choice.
Accessibility for c-frames work space is usually better than for o-frames. For design of
fixture basic data required are the total weight of machine and the Centre of gravity of the
machine.
Mass of machine = 83 kg
Therefore, Weight of machine = Mass g
= 83 9.81
= 814 N
Material used: - Mild steel.
Tensile strength: - 410 N/mm
Weight density: - 36314 kg/m
Selecting angle of size 100mm 50mm 4mm
According to maximum shear stress theory;
perm max

(0.5 Syt) FOS

(0.5650)/2
= 102.5 N/mm

FOS = 2 for static loading

. (Ref.:- V. B. Bhandari)

We have area;
A1=504=200mm

x1=2mm; y1=25mm

A2=924=368mm

x2=46mm; y2=2mm

Direct stress (d):

d = F/A
= 805.4 / [2 (50+50) 4]
= 1 N/mm
Bending stress (b):
Ixx = 168.01 104 mm4
Z=I/y

42

Z = 168.01 104 / 50
= 33.60 103 mm3
Mb = max Z
Mb = 33.60 103 162.5
= 54.6 105 N/mm2
b = M y/ Ixx
b = 54.6 105 25 / 102.5 104
b = 83.59 N/mm2
Total stress (T):
T = b + d
= 83.59 + 1
= 84.59 N/mm2 < 102.5 N/mm2
Hence frame is safe.
3.2 Fabrication and Assembly:
Fabrication of components consists of detailed procedure followed, sequence of
operation performed during manufacturing.
3.2.1 Frame:

We have selected bolted joint to assemble frame because it provides flexibility in

assembling.
We took the c-channel (42) of C.I material (20 feet).
Then cut it in pieces of length 3 ft, two pieces of 5 ft and two pieces of 1.5ft by

gas cutter.
Also we took the c-channel of size (31.5).
We cut two pieces of 3 ft.
For proper finishing we grinded these pieces by hand grinder.
Then we cut five supporting plates of size (74) and one of size (144) and

also grinded them.

We welded these supporting plates to c-channel by arc welding machine.
For good support at base we cut hexagonal plate of side (104) and 10 height.
Then for joining the c-channels by nut and bolt we drilled holes of size 0.5 by
vertical drilling machine at required places.

43

 Using nuts and bolts we assembled the frame as shown in the figure.

Fig. Assembly of frame

3.2.2 Single Degree Freedom System Torsional Vibration System:
Fabrication of Single degree freedom system mainly consists of following partsa. Flywheel:
We took disc of diameter 250mm and 10mm thick weighing 7kg.
We made it exact circular on four jaw chuck lathe machine.
Then for attaching the flywheel to chuck we drilled hole (10mm) at its centre on
the same lathe machine.

44

Fig. 1. Flywheel
b. Oil tank and Cone:

We took the sheet of G.I metal (64cm20cm).

Then we bended it in circular shape on the bending machine.
We joined this circular cylinder to base by brazing.
Then we fitted the oil indicating tube on the tank.
Also we provided a tap to remove oil when the test rig is not in use.
We made the cone of diameter 180mm and height 150mm.

o Then we attached the flywheel to vibration indicating drum with chuck and bolt.
o Shaft is then fitted in the chuck and the flywheel is suspended as shown in the
figure.

45

Fig. 1. Assembly of single degree freedom system torsional vibration

3.2.3 Two Rotor System:
Fabrication of two rotor system mainly consists of following partsa. Disc A and B:

We cut the discs of diameter 190mm and 225mm from the sheet of C.I. metal by

gas cutting.
Then we finished it on the lathe machine.
For attaching the discs to chuck we drilled hole of size 10mm at its centre.

b. Shaft :

For holding the discs in the bearing we use the rod.

46

We took a bar of M.S material of diameter 40mm and length 180mm as available

in market.
Then reduced its size to 20mm diameter taking the depth of cut 2mm on lathe

machine.
Then drilled a hole of diameter 10mm at its centre.
Then cut it in two parts by lathe machine.

o
o
o
o
o

We assembled the disc and rod by chuck and bolt.

Then we fitted the bearing to the frame using nut and bolt.
Then we fitted the disc and rod assembly in the bearing.
Same arrangement is done on the other side.
We took the shaft of length 780mm and 4mm diameter and fitted between the two
chucks.

Fig. 1. Assembly of two rotor system

3.2.4 Forced Lateral Vibration System:
Fabrication of forced lateral vibration system mainly consists of following partsa. Discs of damper:

We took a rod of length 70mm and diameter 38mm.

Then we reduced its diameter to 36mm by depth of cut 1mm on the lathe

machine.
We drilled a hole of 10mm at its centre.
Then we cut the rod in four parts of length 10mm each.
We attached the disc on the copper pipe to get the variable damping condition.

47

b. Damper:

We took hollow cylinder (bicycle pump) of inner diameter 36mm.

Then cut it in the length of 220mm.
We packed its lower end by G.I. metal disc by brazing.
Then filled oil in the damper and then discs are inserted in the damper.

Fig. 1. Disassembly of damper

o
o
o
o
o
o

Trunion joints are fitted to frame by nut and bolt.

Spring is suspended to the frame by chuck and wheel assembly.
Then one end of beam is fitted in the trunion joint and other is attached to spring.
Exciter i.e. 0.5hp motor is mounted on the beam.
Damper is fitted on the c-channel by nut and bolt.
Base of the beam is attached to damper by link as shown in the figure.

48

Fig. 1. Assembly of forced lateral vibration system

3.3 Cost of Project:

Sr. No.
1

Name of Component
Frame
a) C-channel (4"2")1`
b)C-channel (3"1.5")
c)M.S.Plates
d)Nut and Bolt
e)Spanner

Rate

Quantity

Total

150/ ft
100/ft
60/Kg
80/Kg

20
6
20
5

3000/600/1200/400/-

49

i)Ring spanner
ii)Plate spanner
f)Bush

100
50
80

1
1
4
Total

100/50/320/5670/-

400
176
400
300
40/ft
195
230
600

1
1
1
1
6
2
5
1
Total

400/176/400/300/240/390/1150/600/3656/-

9150

9150/-

7,000

7000/-

b)Motor
c)Plate (Brite Bar)
d)Clamps
e)Spring and Wheel
f)Damper
g)Paper Roller

125/ft
150
1000
600
800

3
2
1
1
1
Total

375/300/1000/600/800/19,225/-

Two Rotor Vibration set up

a)Shaft
b)Disc
c)Bearing
d)Chucks

75/ft
300
310
165

3
4
2
2
Total

225/1200/620/330/2375/-

Torsional Vibration set up

a)Oil Tank
b)Cone
c)Disc
d)Stainliss steel Cylinder
e)Wire
f)Chucks
g)Oil
h)Damper

Free and Forced Linear

Vibration set up
a)Control panal with sensor

Bifiller and Compound

Pendulum set up

50

a)Hooks
b)Plate

25
30/ft

2
5
Total

50/150/200/-

Tool Box with lock

2000

1
Total

2500/2500/-

Colouring

1250
Total Estimated Cost

1250/34,874/-

3.4 Working of UVTR:

UVTR consists of three sub-systems and their working is as followsa. Single degree of freedom system
Firstly ensure that the tip of cone is above the oil level.
Stick the paper on recording drum.
Adjust the tip of the sketch pen at paper.
Measure the length of shaft between two chucks.
Twist the flywheel and release it.
Measure time for 10 oscillations.
Measure the amplitude obtained on paper.
Repeat the same procedure for different depth of immersion.
b. Two rotor system
Fix the two discs to shaft & fit the shaft in the bearing.
Deflect the disc in the opposite direction by hand and release.
Attach the equal mass to the ends of cross arm of rotor B for varying its M.I.
Note down the time required for no. of oscillations.
Repeat the procedure for different masses.
c. Forced lateral vibration system under different damping conditions
Arrange the set up as per the description.
Connect the exciter to D.C. motor through the flexible shaft.
Start the motor and allow the system to vibrate.
Wait for 1 min. for the amplitude to build for particular forcing frequency.
Adjust the position of strip chart recorder.
Take the record of amplitude Vs time on strip chart by starting recorder

motor and pressing the recorder platform on the pen gently.

Take record by changing forcing frequencies.
Repeat the experiment for different damping condition.
Damping can be changed adjusting the holes on the piston.

51

 Plot the graph of amplitude Vs frequency for each damping condition.

4. SYSTEM ANALYSIS
4.1 Observations and Results
Observations are taken for following systems and accordingly the results are
obtained.
4.1.1 Single Degree Freedom System:
a. For viscous fluid - oil

Observation table Flywheel weight =7.5kg

Flywheel radius = 12.5cm
Rod diameter =3mm
Fluid used = oil
Sr.

Depth of

Length of

No.

immersion

shaft

Time(sec)
required for 10
oscillations

Mean
time (sec)

Amplitude

52

(D)mm

(L)mm

t1

t2

t3

tm

e1

e2

950

18

18

19.10

18.5

47

92

30

980

19

19

19.45

19.20

27

85

60

1010

20

19.8

19.89

19.89

20

70

Result Table
Sr.

Logarithmic

Damping

Damping

Theoretical

Actual

No.

decrement()

factor()

coefficient(c)

time(tth)

time(tact)

0.0852

0.0135

1.69710-3

5.7

1.9

0.1186

0.0188

2.31810-3

6.0

2.0

0.1720

0.0273

3.32410-3

5.97

2.0

b. For viscous fluid - water

Observation table
Flywheel weight =7.5kg
Flywheel radius = 12.5cm
Rod diameter =3mm
Fluid used= water

Time(sec)

Sr.

Depth of

Length of

Mean time

No.

immersion

shaft

(D)mm

(L)mm

t1

t2

t3

tm

e1

e2

950

18

18

19.10

18.5

47

92

30

980

18.2

18.5

18.4

18.36

32

85

60

1010

19

19.2

19.1

19.1

22

70

required for 10

(sec)

oscillations

Amplitude

Result Table

53

Sr.

Logarithmic

Damping

Damping

Theoretical

Actual

No.

decrement()

factor()

coefficient(c)

time(tth)

time(tact)

0.0852

0.0135

1.69710-3

5.2

1.85

0.1036

0.0164

2.05410-3

5.8

1.836

0.1286

0.027046

3.3810-3

5.6

1.91

Discussion on Results From the above set of table the viscous resistance provided by oil is more than

that of water. For the two consequent reading of same difference of depth of
immersion oil gives more observable results. Hence oil is selected for viscous
damping.

4.1.2

Two Rotor System

Readings are taken for different weight of discs and results are obtained.

a. For set A

Observation table:
Weight of rotor A = 2.12kg
Weight of rotor B = 3kg
Shaft diameter = 4mm

Sr. No.

1
2
3

Weight added

Radius of added

on the rotor

mass

(gms)
425
425
0

(cm)
154
127
0

Time for 10 oscillations

(sec)
3.1
3.2
4.0

Time period
of
oscillations
0.31
0.32
0.4

Result table:

54

Sr.
No
1
2
3

Exp. frequency
5.61
4.54
4.0

Theo.

Node from A

Node from B

frequency
3.22
3.10
2.73

(theo.)
44.4
30
26

(expt.)
45.51
29
25

b. For set B

Observation table:
Weight of rotor A = 1.9kg
Weight of rotor B = 2.2kg
Shaft diameter = 4mm
Sr. No.

Weight added

Radius of added

Time for

on the rotor

mass

7oscillations

(gms)
425
425
0

(cm)
154
127
0

(sec)
1.5
1.6
2.0

1
2
3

Time period of
oscillations
0.15
0.16
0.2

Discussion on Result

For 4 mm diameter shaft using discs of less M.I. we can not get the proper readings.
4.1.3 Forced lateral vibration system:
Observation are taken for different damping condition and different fluid used in
the damper.
a. Fluid used in damper: water
Observation Table:
Sr. No.

All holes closed

One hole open

Two hole

Three hole

open

open

Freq.

Amp.

Freq.

Amp.

Freq.

Amp.

Freq.

Amp.

150

.8

150

2.6

150

1.6

1710

2.0

218

1.5

200

3.2

160

2.0

197

2.5

250

3.2

222

4.5

175

2.5

215

4.0

290

4.5

245

7.5

195

3.5

235

5.0

55

306

4.0

268

7.0

215

4.6

255

9.5

326

4.1

290

6.5

240

7.0

266

8.0

370

3.5

315

5.0

250

9.0

29*0

7.0

390

3.1

330

5.12

290

7.0

310

6.3

450

3.0

345

4.5

328

5.5

330

5.1

b. Fluid used in damper: oil

Observation table:
Sr. No.

All holes closed

One hole

Two hole

Three hole

open
Freq. Amp.

open
Freq. Amp.

open
Freq. Amp.

Freq.

Amp.

150

0.4

150

0.7

150

0.9

171

1.2

218

0.8

200

1.2

160

1.3

197

1.7

3
4

250
290

1.7
2.9

222
245

1.6
2.8

175
195

1.8
2.1

215
235

1.9
2.5

306

1.6

268

3.2

215

3.8

255

4.1

326

1.5

290

1.9

240

2.6

266

3.8

370

0.9

315

1.6

250

2.3

29*0

3.3

390

0.8

330

0.8

290

310

2.7

450

0.6

345

0.4

328

330

1.6

1.9
1.7

Discussion on Results:

For oil as a fluid in damper, the amplitude is considerably low which leads to

possible human errors and approximation errors while calculating amplitude.

For air as a fluid in damper the amplitude is too large to be plotted on the paper

recorder.
For water as a fluid in damper the amplitude is sufficient to eliminate amplitude
measurement errors by all means.

56

5. CONCLUSIONS
5.1 Conclusions:

We have studied different types of vibration such as forced lateral vibration,

torsional vibration, damped and undamped vibration.

We have calculated various parameters related vibration such as damping coefficient, frequency of vibration, node position, resonance frequency of beam for

different damping.
We have plotted the graphs of frequency response curve and from that we can
conclude that the natural frequency of any machine should be far away from
resonance frequency to avoid the damage of machine..

5.2 Future Scope

This machine is operated manually. So errors can occur due to human mistakes. So to
minimize these errors machine can be made automatic so that we can get the result in
digital form and thus human errors can be eliminated.

57