Professional Documents
Culture Documents
S. No
1
2
3
Design of PID controller using operational amplifier for an single tank level system
6
7
Design of PI and PID controller using operational amplifier for a motor and compare
the controller performance
Design an inverted pendulum
A level control valve is to be installed on an 8 oil line going from an oil water
separator to an oil heater. The oil water separator operates at 3.5 barg and 250C. Inlet
pressure requirement at the heater is 2.0 barg. Normal, minimum and maximum oil
flow rates are 200m3/hr, 60m3/hr and 220 m3/hr respectively. Size a level control valve
to determine the control valve flow coefficient or valve Cv.
9
10
Design a control panel which controls the speed of the exhaust fan based on the
temperature
Configure the HMI to control the 3 Tank conical tank system with PLC
Ex.No:1
Date :
Aim
To design piping and instrumentation diagram for the given process.
Apparatus Required
S.No
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Apparatus
Process Station
Pencil
Scale
A3 Sheet
Procircle
Quantity
1
1
1
1
1
Prerequisite Questions
1.
2
3
4
Theory
The P&ID refers to the detailed drawing of plant layout that includes pictorial representation of
entire piping and instrumentation blocks used in a plant. It has been standardized by American
National Standards Institute (ANSI) and Instrument Society of America (ISA). Equivalent Indian
Standard is also available, e.g. IEC/PAS 62424 Ed. 1.0 en - Representation of process control
engineering requests in P&I diagrams and data exchange between P&ID tools and PCE-CAE
tools .
It describes and specifies how process control engineering requests are represented in a P&I
diagram. It also defines the exchange of process control engineering request relevant data
between a process control engineering tool and a P&I tool by means of a data transfer language
(called CAEX). These provisions apply to the export/import applications of such tools.
Following are the components of P&ID:
Procedure
Viva Questions
1
List the abbreviation to mention different types of field instruments while giving tag
number in P&ID diagram
Specify the organization who standardize the Piping and Instrumentation symbols
How will you interpret the information from a Piping and Instrumentation diagram?
Point out the types of display used to project the process parameters.
10
Stimulating Questions
1
What are all information you infer from a pie chart, bar chart and XY plot? (M)
Infer the details such as type & specifications of components, flow direction of signals and
from below Figure 1.3. (S)
Figure 1.3
Result
Thus Piping and Instrumentation diagram for given process was drawn.
7
Ex.No:2
Date :
Aim
Apparatus Required
S.N
o
1
2
3
4
Apparatus
Delta PLC (DVP10SX)
Relay Box
Push Button
Patch cards & wiring
Quantity
1 No
1 No
1 No
Few
Prerequisite Questions
1
2
3
4
5
Theory
Control panel wiring process involves providing power supply for the controller and
input/output devices & connecting the input/output to the controller depending upon the types of
instruments.
Connection of input/output device to PLC is of two different types viz., Sourcing and
Sinking. Sourcing and Sinking terms refer to the manner in which DC devices are interfaced with
the PLC. For a PLC input unit with sourcing, it is the source of the current supply for the input
device connected to it. With sinking, the input device provides the current to the input unit.
Input / Output devices connected either in Normally Open connection or in Normally
Closed connection subjected to application. Output devices always connected to PLC through
Relay.
While designing wiring we also have to consider protection relay required for the system
when we connect high voltage rated output devices connected to the PLC.
Input Device
NC push button
NO push button
Latching input
Unlatch input
Status
ON
ON
ON
ON
Output Device
Motor
Motor
Motor
Motor
Status
OFF
ON
ON
OFF
10
Procedure
Connect the power supply pin of DELTA PLC (DVP10SX) to SMPS terminal
Connect the RS232 terminal of PLC to the personal computer
Connect the Input / Output devices in sinking or sourcing mode to the PLC
Push the a knob in a PLC to STOP Mode
In computer, go to COMMGR, Click -> ADD. Then type
o Station Address : 0
o Click Auto Detect.
o If the connection established between PLC and computer, it will show Detection
Successful
Then go to WPLSOFT, Click File -> New -> Project
Pop window show,
o Project Title : Any name
o Type : SX
o Then click OK
Ladder Logic window will open, in that type a ladder logic and save the file
Then go to Compiler -> Ladder => Instruction, if there is error, clear the error.
Then click the icon Write to PLC
Now push the knob to RUN mode
Then in hardware, turn on the input and observe whether Output turn on as per the ladder
instruction.
11
12
Viva Question
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
1
Stimulating Questions
1
2
How will you connect two way switch for a stair case light? (T)
How will wire a stop and start switch for pump used in home? (T)
Result
Thus control panel wiring for PLC was done and verified.
Block Diagram
13
Ex.No:3
Date :
Aim
To control the speed of the given motor by using Variable Frequency Drive (VFD)
through Programmable Logic Controller (PLC).
Apparatus Required
S.No
Apparatus
1 Spherical tank system
2 VFD
3 PLC (AB: Micrologix 1200)
Quantity
1 No
1 No
1 No
Prerequisite Questions
1
2
3
4
5
Mention the 4 types of sensor used to measure the speed of the sensor.
How motor pump operate?
How programmable logic controller control the continuous process?
Point out the specific speed control devices.
How PID controller works?
Theory
The AC induction motor is a relatively simple, inexpensive, and rugged device which
requires little maintenance. However, the induction motor is virtually a fixed speed device when
operated from a constant frequency source. Since some applications require a fairly wide range
of operating speeds, DC machines were often required. With the advent of power electronics,
devices have become available that allow induction machines to be operated over a range of
speeds. It is now frequently possible to buy an induction machine with an electronic drive for
about the same price as a comparable DC machine. Furthermore, variable speed induction
motors can also be used to drive pumps or fans more economically than the mechanical means
which are often used to provide variable flow.
The upper limit on speed (ns) for an induction machine is determined by the frequency (f) of the
applied voltage and the number of poles (P) on the motor:
15
Figure 3.2 Ladder logic program for speed control of motor pump
16
Thus for 60 Hz operation, a 2 pole motor can go no faster than 3600 rpm. As load is added to the
shaft of an induction motor, the machine slows slightly and develops torque. The difference
between the machine speed and synchronous speed is called slip.
The general purpose induction motor (Class B) may be expected to operate with a slip of about 2
or 3% at full load. Thus the motor would run at 3492 to 3528 rpm. In order to change this
operating speed we must change the frequency of the applied voltage. Again considering the 2
pole motor, if the frequency were changed to 30 Hz, the motor would run somewhere around
1750 rpm while at 120 Hz it would run at approximately 7000 rpm.
17
Figure 3.3 Ladder logic program for speed control of motor pump
18
Procedure
Confirm that all inputs are connected to the correct terminals and are secure.
Verify that any digital control power is 24 volts.
Verify that the Stop input is present or the drive will not start. Apply AC power and
control voltages to the drive.
Configure the PLC using ladder logic programming method
Download the program to the PLC and provide set point to the controller.
Verify the process variable reaches the set point
19
Figure 3.4 Ladder logic program for speed control of motor pump
20
23
24
Viva Questions
1
How will change the ON duty and OFF duty time of PWM to control the speed of the
motor?
Why do we want to scale the input and output in the PLC ladder logic program?
10
Stimulating Questions
1
What happens to the speed of an AC motor when you change the load? (E)
25
Result
Thus the speed control of motor is controlled using Variable Frequency Drive was
verified.
26
Ex.No:4
Date:
Aim
To design a instrumentation amplifier for a Resistive Temperature Detector
Apparatus Required
S.No
Apparatus
1
RTD (PT 100)
2
Op-amp (741)
3
Resistor
4
5
6
Heating kettle
Mercury Thermometer
Dual voltage source
Quantity
1 No
3 Nos
100 ohm 1 No
2 k ohm 2 Nos
1 k ohm 1 No
1 No
1 No
2 Nos
Prerequisite Questions
1
2
3
4
5
Specify the pin and its corresponding functions in operational amplifier 741.
List out the 3 different types of amplifier used in industries.
How a Wheatstone bridge operates?
Mention the 5 types of temperature sensors used in industries.
How will you predict the output voltage of the Wheatstone bridge?
Theory
Resistance temperature devices (RTD) are either a metal film deposited on a former or are wirewound resistors. The devices are then sealed in a glass ceramic composite material. The electrical
resistance of pure metals is positive, increasing linearly with temperature.
Resistive Temperature Detectors (RTDs) relate resistance to temperature by the following
formula:
RT 2 Rref (1 [T Tref ])
Where,
RT = Resistance of R TD at given temperature T (ohms)
Rref = Resistance of R TD at the reference temperature Tref (ohms)
= Temperature co-efficient of resistance (ohms per ohm/degree)
28
Table 4.1 Output value obtained from the instrumentation amplifier for corresponding
temperature
S.No
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
Voltage in V
10
9.6
9.2
8.8
8.4
8
7.6
7.2
10
Voltage in V
6
Voltage in V
Linear (Voltage in V)
0
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
110
29
Instrumentation Amplifier
In a number of industrial and consumer applications, one is required to measure and
control physical quantities. Some typical examples are measurement and control of
temperature ,humidity, light intensity, water flow etc. These physical quantities are usually
measured with the help of transducers. The output of transducer has to be amplified so that it can
drive the indicator or display system. This function is performed by an Instrumentation Amplifier.
The important features of Instrumentation Amplifier are
(i)
High gain accuracy
(ii)
High CMRR
(iii)
High gain stability with low temperature coefficient
(iv)
Low dc offset
Monolithic (single chip ) Instrumentation Amplifier are also available commercially such
as AD521,AD 524, AD 620, AD624 by Analog devices, LM 363.XX(xx10,100,500) by
National semiconductor and INA 101,104,3626,3629 by Burr-Brown.There are a number of
practical applications of Instrumentation Amplifier with transducer bridge ,such as a temperature
indicator, temperature controller, light intensity meter etc
Op-amps A1 and A2 have differential voltage as zero. For V 1 = V2 ,that is, under common mode
condition , the voltage across R will be zero. As no current flows through R and R the non
inverting amplifier A1 act as voltage follower, so its output V2 = V2. Similarly op-amp A2 act as
voltage follower having output V1 = V1.However if V1 V2 ,current flows in R and R and (V 2 V 1) > (V2 - V 1 ).Therefore this circuit has more differential gain and CMRR.
The Output voltage V0 can be calculated as follows:
The voltage at the +ve input terminal of opamp A3 is (R2 / (R1+R2)) V1
Using superposition theorem ,we have,
Vo = (-R2/ R1) V2 + (1+ ( R2/ R1) (R2 V 1/(R1+R2))
Vo = R2/ R1 (V1 - V 2)
-----------(1)
Since no current flows into Op-amp, the current I flowing (upwards) in R is,
I = (V1 - V 2 )./R and pass through the resistor R.
V1 = R I + V1 = R /R (V1 - V 2 ) +V1
V2 = - R I + V2 = -R /R (V1 - V 2 ) +V2
and
30
31
Procedure
Connect the Two wire RTD (PT 100) to wheatstone bridge and connect the wheatstone
bridge output with instrumentation amplifier circuit as shown in the circuit diagram.
Dip the RTD in the water heating kettle, note the water temperature using thermometer.
Note the corresponding output voltage of instrumentation amplifier for the current
temperature
Repeat the experiment for 10 different temperatures
Plot the graph between temperature and voltage
32
Viva Questions
33
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
1
0
Stimulating Questions
1
2
Result
Thus the instrumentation was designed for RTD and verified.
Table 5.1 Bill of materials
34
S.No
Instrument
Type
Range
Quantity
RTD
PT-100
0 100 deg
celcius
Flow sensor
Differential Pressure
0 1500 LPH
Level sensor
Differential Pressure
0 60 CM
Current to Pressure
Converter
4 20 mA /
3 15 PSI
SCR
4 20 mA /
0 230 V
Pneumatic Control
valve
Linear
3 15 PSI /
0% - 100%
Relay
MCB
A,A
Display panel
LED display
---
Pump
--
---
10
Motor
---
---
11
Rotameter
12
Hand Valve
Ball type
---
13
Light Indicator
---
---
1, 4
TAG No
Controller TAG
UNIT
Instrument
Remark
A
I
FTIN01
FTIN01
CSTR
LT01
LT01
CSTR
TIN01
TIN01
CSTR
TIN02
TOUT0
1
TOUT0
2
TIN02
TEMPERATURE INDICATOR
TEMPERATURE INDICATOR /
TRANSMITTER
CV01
CV01
SCR01
SCR01
3
4
5
6
7
8
EX.No:5
Date :
TOUT01
TOUT02
CSTR
CSTR
CSTR
CSTR
CSTR
TEMPERATURE INDICATOR
TEMPERATURE INDICATOR
INPUT FLOW CONTROL VALVE
HEATING COIL INDICATOR /
CONTROLLER
A
O
DI
DO
1
1
1
1
1
PREPARATION OF DOCUMENTATION OF
INSTRUMENTATION PROJECT AND PROJECT
35
Apparatus
Process Station
Pencil, Scale, Eraser and Pro circle
Scale
A3 Sheets
Quantity
1 No
1 No
1 No
1 No
Prerequisite Questions
1
2
3
4
5
Description
The preparation of documentation of Instrumentation project comprises preparation of
specifications and data sheets, preparation of drawings and process flow diagram , Instrument
index and sheet, specification sheet.
For a specific project document, the following shall be indicated on each page of the
document:
-Left footer:
The project number of the related project shall be shown in the left footer, followed by the
document number and the revision number.
Example: A30028/701 Rev. 1
-Right footer:
The right footer shall show the number of the page as part of the total document.
Example: 1 of 15
-Datasheets:
Company's standard datasheets shall be applied for the specification of the required
instrumentation.
Each datasheet, not part of a specification, shall be provided with a standard coversheet.
Drawings shall be made in accordance with Company standard practice with regard to:
37
* formats
* style
* contents
* numbering system
* lay-out and title block
* symbols
* terminology
* line thickness
* revision system
* platform north direction.
In case the Company's standards are not available, the new drawings shall be prepared in
conjunction with the discipline engineer of the Company.
CAD drafting shall be done in such a way that A3 or A4 copies are clearly legible and
reproducible.
"Original" drawings and "Master" drawings shall be identified as such, e.g. by rubber stamp
or original (blue) signatures.
Contents of Drawings
All data on P&ID's shall be drawn in a logical sequence and grouped such that each sheet
contains as much data as possible while clearly legible on A3 size sheets.
The symbols, abbreviations and line numbers shall be shown in accordance with the
legend sheet of the P&ID.
38
39
All mechanical items shall be drawn schematically and indicated by tag numbers and a
short description in the heading.
All piping shall be shown including line numbers, Specification breaks, valves with tag
numbers, flanges, special item symbols and numbers, insulation and references to
adjacent sheets. Remarks not covered by the standard symbolism shall be shown as notes
in the title block. The functionality of all instruments on the P&ID shall be shown clearly
and logically.
For an instrumentation loop, the P&ID shall show the total loop schematically without
the auxiliary devices (e.g. from transmitter via a controller to a control valve; the
auxiliary devices such as the power supply unit, isolators, barriers shall not be shown on
the P&ID).
Each instrument shall be provided with a unique tag number and each loop shall have
identical numerical tag (loop) number.
When several units generate a common (multi-function) alarm, the tag number of this
alarm shall be "XA-" followed by the lowest numerical tag number of the units.
Example: Three generators, with the tag numbers G-801, G-802 and G-803, generate a
common alarm "XA-801".
All peripheral in-line instrument devices such as flow element, temperature sensor,
thermo well shall be shown on the P&ID. The connection size and type of the thermo
well shall also be indicated.
When a local control panel is present, this panel shall be indicated as a square box. This
square box shall contain as a minimum the following description:
tag number of the local control panel
reference description to detail drawing of the local control panel.
Input/output signals interfaces between this local control panel and other instrument
devices shall be shown clearly on the P&ID.
All types of signal transmission (hydraulic, electric and pneumatic) shall be shown
clearly according to the legend sheet.
When a signal conversion has occurred (e.g. from pneumatic to electric), the signal
converter (receiving switches, I/P converter etc.) shall be indicated on the P&ID.
The fail position of the valves shall be indicated on the P&ID by using an "upwards" (fail
open) or "downwards" (fail closed) arrow on the valve's symbolism.
40
41
Example: stand-by/duty selector switch for two injection pumps whereby only one pump
can running at the same time.
A manual operated device (e.g. pull/push button, hand switch) for operation of a
dedicated system, shall be indicated on the P&ID.
42
43
Viva Questions
1
What are all the information are to be inferred from loop schematics?
Specify the organization who standardize the Piping and Instrumentation symbols.
Point out the types of display used to project the process parameters.
10
Stimulating Questions
1
2
Find out the specifications of sensor / actuator which dont have any specification plate on
it. (E)
Infer the open loop, closed loop, I/O details from a documentation report.(E)
Result
Thus the project documentation was prepared for the given case study.
44
Ex.No:6
Date :
Aim
To configure HMI for the given Programmable Logic Controller (PLC) based application
Apparatus Required
S.No
Apparatus
1
HMI (AB-Panel View
C600)
2
AB PLC : Micrologix
1200
3
Patch cards
4
Ethernet Cable
5
Wires
Quantity
1 No
1 No
As required
1 No
As required
Prerequisite Question
1
2
3
4
5
Theory
In complex systems, the humanmachine interface is typically computerized. The term
humancomputer interface refers to this kind of system. The engineering of the humanmachine
interfaces is by considering ergonomics (Human Factors). The corresponding disciplines are
Human Factors Engineering (HFE) and Usability Engineering (UE), which is part of Systems
Engineering.
A Human Machine Interface (HMI) is exactly what the name implies; a graphical
interface that allows humans and machines to interact. Human machine interfaces vary widely,
from control panels for nuclear power plants, to the screen on an iPhone. However, for this
discussion we are referring to an HMI control panel for manufacturing-type processes. An HMI
is the centralized control unit for manufacturing lines, equipped with Data Recipes, event
logging, video feed, and event triggering, so that one may access the system at any moment for
any purpose.
46
Input Device
NC push button
NO push button
Latching input
Unlatch input
Status
ON
ON
ON
ON
Output Device
Motor
Motor
Motor
Motor
Status
OFF
ON
ON
OFF
47
For a manufacturing line to be integrated with an HMI, it must first be working with a
Programmable Logic Controller (PLC). It is the PLC that takes the information from the sensors,
and transforms it to Boolean algebra, so the HMI can decipher and make decisions.
There are three basic types of HMIs: the pushbutton replacer, the data handler, and the
overseer. Before the HMI came into existence, a control might consist of hundreds of
pushbuttons and LEDs performing different operations. The pushbutton replacer HMI has
streamlined manufacturing processes, centralizing all the functions of each button into one
location.
The data handler is perfect for applications requiring constant feedback from the system,
or printouts of the production reports. With the data handler, you must ensure the HMI screen is
big enough for such things as graphs, visual representations and production summaries. The data
handler includes such functions as recipes, data trending, data logging and alarm
handling/logging. Finally, anytime an application involves SCADA or MES, an overseer HMI is
extremely beneficial. The overseer HMI will most likely need to run Windows, and have several
Ethernet ports.
Procedure
48
Viva Questions
49
Point out the pre-caution to be taken before running the HMI program.
10
Stimulating questions
1
2
Result
Thus HMI was successfully configured for the given PLC based application.
Ex.No:7
Date:
Aim
To design and select a control valve to meet the following specification.
The system is pumping water from one tank to another through a piping system with a
total pressure drop of 150 psi. The fluid is water at 70 0F. Design (maximum)
flowrate of 150 gpm, operating flowrate of 110 gpm, and a minimum flowrate of 25
gpm. The pipe diameter is 3 inches. At 70 0F, water has a specific gravity of 1.0.
Apparatus Required
S.No
Apparatus
1
Pneumatic valve setup
2
Voltage Source
3
Voltage to Current
Quantity
1 No
1 No
1 No
Prerequisite Questions
1
2
3
4
5
Theory
Control valves consist of a plug on the end of a stem that opens or closes an orifice
opening as the stem is raised and lowered. The stem is attached to a diaphragm that is driven by
instrument air pressure. The typical range of air pressure is 3 to 15 psig. The control valve flow
characteristic is defined as the relationship between the flow through the valve and the valve
position as the position is varied from 0% open to 100% open.
There are two types of characteristics: inherent and installed flow characteristic. Inherent flow
characteristic refers to the characteristic observed with constant pressure drop across the valve.
52
Flow
(gpm)
25
Gain #1 =
Gain #2 =
Stroke (%)
Change in flow
(gpm)
Change in
Stroke (%)
35
110
73
150
85
110-25 = 85
73-35 = 38
150-110 = 40
85-73 = 12
85/38 = 2.2,
40/12 = 3.3
Installed flow characteristic refers to the characteristic observed when the valve is in service with
varying pressure drop and other changes in the system.
53
Control valves sizing calculator can be used to calculate maximum flow rate through control
valve for given pressure drop and known flow coefficient of control valve Cv. From control
valve sizing, we can determine the Maximum flow rate through control valve, Flow velocity, and
Flow coefficient. To determine the discharge co-efficient of control valve following parameters
are to be measured, Valve diameter, and Pressure drop Liquid density
Control valve sizing is based on the flow coefficient Cv calculation. Calculation of Cv is
made for required flow rate and related pressure drop in control valve. With flow coefficient Cv
calculated, size of control valve can be selected. Two control valves from different manufacturers
can be compared in terms of flow capacity for certain pressure drop and the same control valve
size comparing its Cv.
Cv calculation is based on the relation between pressure drop and flow rate in control
valve which is for complete turbulent flow following power law where flow coefficient Cv is the
proportional constant. Cv is determined experimentally by control valve manufacturers. Control
valve Cv is expressed as the flow rate of water in gpm u.s. (m3/h) for a pressure drop of 1 psi (1
bar) across a flow passage (flow coefficient: Cv-imperial, Kv-metric).Control valve calculator
can be used for turbulent flow of water or other incompressible fluid. For compressible flow of
gases and steam gas flow coefficient Cg should be calculated.
Design Procedure
Step #1: Define the system
The system is pumping water from one tank to another through a piping system with a
total pressure drop of 150 psi. The fluid is water at 70 0F. Design (maximum) flowrate of 150
gpm, operating flowrate of 110 gpm, and a minimum flowrate of 25 gpm. The pipe diameter is 3
inches. At 70 0F, water has a specific gravity of 1.0.
Step
#2:
Define
maximum
allowable
pressure
drop
for
the
valve
The system pressure drop is limited by the pump. Essentially the Net Positive Suction
Head Available (NPSHA) minus the Net Positive Suction Head Required (NPSHR) is the
maximum available pressure drop for the valve to use and this must not be exceeded or another
pump will be needed. The usual rule of thumb is that a valve should be designed to use 10-15%
of the total pressure drop or 10 psi, whichever is greater. For our system, 10% of the total
pressure drop is 15 psi which is what we'll use as our allowable pressure drop when the valve is
wide open (the pump is our system is easily capable of the additional pressure drop).
54
55
Step #5:
If the stroke percentage falls below 10% at our minimum flow, a smaller valve may have
to be used in some cases. It's difficult to find whether the system more likely to operate closer to
the maximum flow rates or minimum flow rate. Hence it is difficult to find the perfect value, but
we should find one that operates well most of the time. Let's check the valve we've selected for
our system:
Referring back to our valve chart, we see that a Cv of 6.5 would correspond to a stroke
percentage of around 35-40% which is certainly acceptable. If our Cv at the minimum flow
would have been around 1.5, there would not really be a problem because the valve has a Cv of
1.66 at 10% stroke and since we use the maximum pressure drop, our estimate is
56
conservative. Essentially, at lower pressure drops, Cv would only increase which in this case
would be advantageous.
57
58
Viva Questions
59
Point out the need to calculate Reynold number in control valve sizing
Control valve sizing will reduce cavitation and flashing in control valve. Validate the
statement
10
Stimulating Questions
1
What happens to control valve if we calculated the wrong Cv value for the valve?(E)
What happens if pipe diameter changes after fitting control valve for specified Cv value?
(E)
60
Result
Thus the control valve sizing was done for given specification
61
Ex.No:8
Date :
Aim
To design an orifice plate for a typical application.
Apparatus Required
S.No
Apparatus
1. Orifice setup
Quantity
1 No
Prerequisite Questions
1
2
3
4
5
Theory
Orifice meter is type of variable head meter. In this meter the obstruction to the flow
consist of an engineering constriction in the metered fluid which causes a reduction in the flow
pressure. An orifice meter is a conduit and a restriction to create a pressure drop. It uses the
same principle as a Venturi nozzle, namely Bernoulli's principle which states that there is a
relationship between the pressure of the fluid and the velocity of the fluid. When the velocity
increases, the pressure decreases and vice versa.
62
An orifice plate is a thin plate with a hole in the center of the plate. It is usually placed in
a pipe in such a way that fluid passed through the hole. When the fluid reaches the orifice plate,
with the hole in the middle, the fluid is forced to converge to go through the small hole; the point
of maximum convergence actually occurs shortly downstream of the physical orifice, at the socalled vena contracta.
Vena contracta is a point where the velocity and the pressure changes. Beyond the vena
contracta, the fluid expands and the velocity and pressure change once again. By measuring the
difference in fluid pressure between the normal pipe section and at the vena contracta, the
volumetric and mass flow rates can be obtained from Bernoulli's equation. There are different
Specification
Process Fluid (Service): Water
Measurement Taps: Flange
Calibrated Flow range: 0 to 3100 lph
Differential Pressure Transmitter (DPT) range: 0 to 430 mmWC
DPT ouput: 4 to 20 mA
Supply Voltage: 24V
Pipe Diameter (ID), D: 40mm (NB)
Orifice Diameter, d: 22mm (NB)
Table 8.1 DPT output for corresponding flow in the pipe
Flow
L/h
0
16
1000
1380
1770
2080
2380
2690
3080
delta p
mmWC
-0.875
0
46.5
87.7
137
196
265
341
424
DPT
Output
mA
3.99
4
5.68
7.26
9.09
11.28
13.83
16.73
19.8
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types of orifice plate that are namely Concentric, Segmental, And Eccentric and
and Conic Edge.
Quadrant Edge
Procedure
1. Study the diagram completely.
2. Select the value of beta ratio ().
3. Select the value of orifice diameter (d) in meter.
4. Click on Done. This will lock the values of and d.
5. Change the value of Volumetric Flow Rate in LPM (Q) by a cursor.
6. Click on Show Cd tab. The coefficient of discharge will be displayed.
7. Enter the calculated user output differential pressure. For calculations of differential pressure
P, click on GET FORMULA tab.
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8. Using formula calculate the value of the differential pressure and enter the answer in the box
provided. Submit the answer using submit button.
9. If your calculation is correct the differential pressure will be displayed on screen. Change the
value of Q and repeat the steps 5 to 8.
10. Minimum six calculations are necessary to plot the graph and after six calculations the plot
tab will be activated.
DPT Output mA
10
5
0
0
2000
4000
Flow in L/h
65
Viva Questions
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Stimulating Questions
1
What happens when we place venturi meter in the palce of orifice meter?(E)
66
Result
Thus orifice plate was designed for given specification and verified.
67
Ex.No:9
Date:
Aim
To assemble a temperature transducer using given sensing element
Apparatus Required
S.No
1
2
3
Apparatus
RTD (PT 100)
Op-amp (741)
Resistor
4
5
6
NI DAQ
Voltage source
Computer
Quantity
1 No
1 No
100 ohm 1 No
2 k ohm 2 No
1 k ohm 1 No
1 No
1 No
1 No
Prerequisite Questions
1
2
3
4
5
Specify the pin and its corresponding functions in operational amplifier 741.
List out the different types of amplifier used in industries.
How a Wheatstone bridge operates?
Mention the types of temperature sensors.
How will you predict the output voltage of the Wheatstone bridge?
Theory
Resistance temperature devices (RTD) are either a metal film deposited on a former or are wirewound resistors. The devices are then sealed in a glass ceramic composite material. The electrical
resistance of pure metals is positive, increasing linearly with temperature.
68
RT 2 Rref (1 [T Tref ])
Where,
RT = Resistance of R TD at given temperature T (ohms)
Rref = Resistance of R TD at the reference temperature Tref (ohms)
= Temperature co-efficient of resistance (ohms per ohm/degree)
Voltage in V
4.8
2.
80
4.6
3.
90
4.4
4.
70
4.2
5.
60
6.
50
3.9
7.
40
3.5
8.
32
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Chart Title
6
5
f(x) = 0.02x + 2.53
R = 0.91
4
Voltage in V
Linear
0
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
110
Curve fitting
Curve fitting capturing the trend in the data by assigning a single function across the
entire range. There will be a dependent variable and an independent variable. Identifying the
dependent and independent variables in a mathematical equation will help you identify what you
are solving for in the equation. The independent variables are variable whose value determines
70
the value of the dependent variables. Independent variable is plotted on the X-axis, and the
dependent variable is plotted on the Y-axis. Other variables may also be present in equations.
These may be constants or other variables. They may be given to you or you may be required to
obtain them by performing curve fitting. The example below illustrates this point.
Equation 1:
y = mx + C
y = dependent variable
x = independent variable
m and C = constants
Procedure
Connect the Two wire RTD (PT 100) to wheatstone bridge and connect the wheatstone
bridge output with differential amplifier circuit as shown in the circuit diagram.
Dip the RTD in the water heating kettle, note the water temperature using thermometer.
Note the corresponding output voltage of differential amplifier for the current
temperature
Repeat the experiment for 10 different temperatures
Plot the graph between temperature and voltage in excel sheet and find out the linear
71
72
Viva Questions
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
1
0
Stimulating Questions
1
2
Conver the voltage of pressure sensor in to real time pressure value without using curve
fitting.(M)
How will identify the parameter value when your sensor shows the value in voltage /
current? (E)
Result
Thus the temperature sensor was assembled using given sensing element.
73
74
Figure 10.1 Circuit diagram for PID controller using operational amplifier
Ex.No: 10
Date:
Aim
To design P, PI and PID controller using operational amplifier
Apparatus Required
S.No
1
2
3
4
5
6
Apparatus
Dual Voltage source
Bread Board
Op-amp (741)
Resistor
Capacitor
Multimeter
Quantity
2 Nos
2 Nos
As required
As required
As required
1 No
Prerequisite Questions
1
2
3
4
5
Theory
A PID (Proportional Integral Derivative) controller is a common instrument used in industrial
control applications. A PID controller can be used for regulation of speed, temperature, flow,
pressure and other process variables. Field mounted PID controllers can be placed close to the
sensor or the control regulation device and be monitored centrally using a SCADA system.
Proportional Response
The proportional component depends only on the difference between the set point and the
process variable. This difference is referred to as the Error term. The proportional gain (Kc)
determines the ratio of output response to the error signal. For instance, if the error term has a
magnitude of 10, a proportional gain of 5 would produce a proportional response of 50. In
general, increasing the proportional gain will increase the speed of the control system response.
75
However, if the proportional gain is too large, the process variable will begin to oscillate. If Kc is
increased further, the oscillations will become larger and the system will become unstable and
may even oscillate out of control.
Table 10.1 Output of the controller for corresponding change in process variable
S.No
Condition
Controller Output in V
76
Integral Response
The integral component sums the error term over time. The result is that even a small error term
will cause the integral component to increase slowly. The integral response will continually
increase over time unless the error is zero, so the effect is to drive the Steady-State error to zero.
Steady-State error is the final difference between the process variable and set point. A
phenomenon called integral windup results when integral action saturates a controller without the
controller driving the error signal toward zero
Derivative Response
The derivative component causes the output to decrease if the process variable is increasing
rapidly. The derivative response is proportional to the rate of change of the process variable.
Increasing the derivative time (Td) parameter will cause the control system to react more
strongly to changes in the error term and will increase the speed of the overall control system
response. Most practical control systems use very small derivative time (Td), because the
Derivative Response is highly sensitive to noise in the process variable signal. If the sensor
feedback signal is noisy or if the control loop rate is too slow, the derivative response can make
the control system unstable
Procedure
Connect the given components as given in circuit diagram
Set the set point of the PID controller.
Adjust the process variable so that it equals set point value and check whether controller
output is zero in that situation.
Make the process variable value to zero and check whether controller output is maximum
Adjust the process variable to maximum and set point value to minimum; check whether
controller output is maximum in that situation.
77
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Viva Question
1. Identify need for controller
2. List the different types of controllers?
3. State the function of P controller
4. Represent the purpose of the I controller
5. List the application D controller.
6. Infer the need of PID controller in the controller system
7. Define reset rate
8. Point out the drawback of P controller
9. Infer the advantage and disadvantage of integral controller
10. Why derivative controller is not employed in isolation?
11. Sketch the step response of P&PI controller
12. Draw the ramp response of P, PI&PID controller
13. Label the basic components of automatic control system
14. Addition of I controller into p controller improves the performance. Justify
Stimulating Question
1. Realize a PID controller algorithm in pneumatic system. (T)
2. How will you control the continuous process without PID? (E)
79
Result
Thus PID controller using P, PI and PID were designed using operational amplifier and
verified.
80