Operational Amplifier (Op-Amp)

Introduction
Nina Asaad

Reference:
Electronics Fundamentals: Circuits, Devices and Application; Thomas L. Floyd; David
L. Buchla; Pearson Education; 2014; ISBN 13: 978-1-292-02568-1
EL2311-Elektronika Analog II (Op-Amp)

Why use op-amp?

Op-amp is small with high capacity/capability

Cheap and available in market
Easy to use
Easy to troubleshoot

EL2311-Elektronika Analog II (Op-Amp)

Symbol and Terminals

The standard operational amplifier

symbol has terminals:
-One Inverting input
-One Non inverting input
-One output terminal.

The typical op-amp requires two dc supply

voltages:
-one positive dc supply
-one negative dc supply

Usually these dc voltage terminals are left off the schematic symbol for simplicity,
but they are always understood to be there.
EL2311-Elektronika Analog II (Op-Amp)

Typical Packages

Typical packages.
Looking from the top, pin 1 always is to the left of the notch or dot on the DIP
and SOIC packages.
The dot indicates pin 1 on the plastic-leaded chip carrier (PLCC) package

EL2311-Elektronika Analog II (Op-Amp)

Package of LM741
Most of op-amp are IC chips. One of the most common ic op-amp is LM741

Primary op-amp terminals

Inverting input
Non-inverting input
Output
Power supply

EL2311-Elektronika Analog II (Op-Amp)

Offset Null: To minimize offset cause by differential input.

Also to compensates irregularities in the op-amp manufacturing
process which may cause offset. An offset null-adjustment
potentiometer may be used to compensate for offset voltage.
Inverted Input: All input signals at this pin will be inverted at output.
Non-Inverted Input: All input signals at this pin will be processed normally without
invertion.
N/C: The 'N/C' stands for 'Not Connected
-V : The V- pin (also referred to as Vss) is the negative supply voltage terminal.
+V: The V+ pin (also referred to as Vcc) is the positive supply voltage terminal of
the 741 Op-Amp IC

EL2311-Elektronika Analog II (Op-Amp)

LM741 Schematic Diagram

EL2311-Elektronika Analog II (Op-Amp)

Ideal Op-Amp

The ideal op-amp has:

Infinite voltage gain Av =
infinite input resistance (open) Rin =
zero output resistance
Rout = 0
Notes: resistance is sometimes called impedance
EL2311-Elektronika Analog II (Op-Amp)

Practical Op-Amp
Op-amps have both voltage and current
limitations.
Peak-to-peak output voltage,
For example, is usually limited to slightly less
than the two supply voltages.
Output current is also limited by internal
restrictions such as power dissipation and
component ratings.

Characteristics of a practical op-amp are:

high voltage gain
high input resistance
low output resistance

EL2311-Elektronika Analog II (Op-Amp)

No. 1 Infinite voltage gain

Av =

Open-Loop Gain (AOL) is the gain of the op-amp without positive or negative feedback.
Typical values range from 20,000 to 200,000 in real devices

No. 2 Infinite input resistance (open) Rin =

Input resistance the ratio of input voltage to input current
Rin = Vin / Iin
When Rin infinite, the input current Iin = 0
No. 3 Zero output resistance Rout = 0
The ideal op-amp acts as a perfect internal voltage source with no internal
resistance. This internal resistance is in series with the load
Real op-amps have output-impedance in the 100-20 range

EL2311-Elektronika Analog II (Op-Amp)

Basic Principle
Op-amp is differential amplifier, signal that amplify is deviation of inverting (-)
and non inverting (+) signal.
There are two op-amp gain
1. Open loop voltage gain (AOL): No feedback from output to input op-amp gain.
Usually AOL is 200.000
2. Closed loop voltage gain (ACL): Feedback op-amp gain. Usually depends on
feedback resistors value
If input signal is connecting to non inverting input output signal has same
phase with input signal
Otherwise if input signal is connecting to inverting input output signal has
difference phase 180 with input signal

EL2311-Elektronika Analog II (Op-Amp)

Where Ed = Non inverting input voltage inverting input voltage

So,
Vo : Output voltage (Volt)
Ed = V1 V2 : differential voltage (Volt)
V1: Non inverting input voltage
V2: inverting input voltage
AOL: Open loop voltage gain

EL2311-Elektronika Analog II (Op-Amp)

Input / Output Polarity

The output polarity follows the sign of Ed

If V1 V2 > 0 the output polarity will be positive
Ed > 0 Vo = Ed.AOL
If V1 V2 < 0 the output polarity will be negative
Ed < 0 Vo = - Ed.AOL
Output polarity is same with non inverting (+) input polarity
Output polarity is opposite with inverting (-) input polarity

EL2311-Elektronika Analog II (Op-Amp)

Supply Voltage

Power supply for LM741 has 3 terminal positive, negative and ground. For LM741C,
voltage of +V and V are 18V, with total voltage = 36V peak to peak

EL2311-Elektronika Analog II (Op-Amp)

Output Terminal
Output terminal is connected with RL resistor from Vo to ground. For LM741, maximum output are
25 mA .
Upper limit output voltage Vo call positive saturation +Vsat
Under limit output voltage Vo call negative saturation Vsat
The range of saturation voltage is 1-2 Volt under supply voltage or 10% under supply voltage. For
LM741C, +Vsat = +14V and Vsat = -14V for supply voltage (Vs) 15V and RL 10 K

EL2311-Elektronika Analog II (Op-Amp)

For supply 15 V, 13 Vsat and AOL = 200.000

If -65uV < Ed < 65 uV then Vo = Ed. AOL Amplifier

In practically, -65uV < Ed < 65 uV is impossible. For open loop, voltage output
Vo are +Vsat OR -Vsat
V1 > V2 Ed > 0 Vo = +Vsat
V1 < V2 Ed < 0 Vo = -Vsat

EL2311-Elektronika Analog II (Op-Amp)

Detector
For open loop circuit, op-amp is not used as amplifier but used as detector

1. Zero Crossing Detector: Non Inverting Zero Crossing Detector

Inverting Zero Crossing Detector
2. Voltage Level Detector : Non Inverting Voltage Level Detector
a. Non inverting positif Voltage level detector
b. Non inverting negatif voltage level detector
Inverting Voltage Level Detector
a. Inverting positif voltage level detector
b. Inverting negatif voltage level detector

EL2311-Elektronika Analog II (Op-Amp)

Zero Crossing Detector

If the inverting input of an op-amp is connected to ground, the device's output
switches from positive to negative saturation when the input goes from positive
to negative, and viceversa.
Output VO1 on the following sketch displays this behavior.

EL2311-Elektronika Analog II (Op-Amp)

Non Inverting Zero Crossing Detector

Vi > 0 Ed > 0 Vo = + Vsat

Vi < 0 Ed < 0 Vo = - Vsat

EL2311-Elektronika Analog II (Op-Amp)

Inverting Zero Crossing Detector

Vi > 0 Ed < 0 Vo = - Vsat

Vi < 0 Ed > 0 Vo = + Vsat

EL2311-Elektronika Analog II (Op-Amp)