Environmental Issues

POLLUTION

Any undesirable change in physical, chemical or

biological characteristics of air, land, water or soil.
3 types of pollution- air, water and soil.

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POLLUTANT

Pollutant- agents that bring about such an

undesirable change in air, water and soil.
Types of pollutant- (i) biodegradable (ii)
nonbiodegradable.

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CAUSES OF AIR POLLUTION

Smokestacks of thermal power plants, smelters and

other industries.
Burning of fossil fuels.
Smoke from forest fires, volcanic eruption.
Decomposition of garbage.

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CONTROL METHODS OF AIR POLLUTION

Electrostatic precipitator
Scrubber
Catalytic converters
Control of vehicular air pollution
Auto fuel policy

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ELECTROSTATIC PRECIPITATOR

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ELECTROSTATIC PRECIPITATOR

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SCRUBBER

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WATER POLLUTION
Pollutant

Domestic sewage

Agricultural
run off

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Industrial wastes

DOMESTIC SEWAGE
Domestic sewage

Suspended solids
e.g. sand ,silt,
clay

Colloidal materials
e.g. fecal matter,
Bacteria, paper fibers,
Cloth fibers
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Dissolved materials
e.g. nitrates,
ammonium salt,
Calcium salt,
Sodium salt

AGRICULTURAL RUN OFF

Agricultural
run off

Fertilizer
residues

Pesticide
residues
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INDUSTRIAL WASTES
Industrial wastes

Chemical

Organic

Physical

Inorganic

Thermal (hot)
Water
Waste

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Oil spills

EFFECTS OF WATER POLLUTION ON LIVING

ORGANISMS

Due to dome to domestic sewage

Due to industrial chemical wastes
Due to thermal waste water

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EFFECTS DUE TO DOMESTIC SEWAGE

Consumption of dissolved oxygen due to

decomposition of sewage cause the death of
aquatic organisms.
Nitrogen and phosphorous cause excessive growth
of algae and aquatic plants which in turn
Causes (i) deterioration in water quality, (ii) fish
mortality, (iii) cause diseases like typhoid, jaundice
and dysentery due to the presence of pathogens.

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EFFECTS DUE TO INDUSTRIAL CHEMICAL

WASTE

Mercury and DDT cause biological magnification

High concentration of DDT disturb the calcium
metabolism, causes thinning of egg shell and their
premature breaking leading to decline of bird
population.
Toxic chemicals harmful to man and other animals.

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BIOMAGNIFICATIONS

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BIOMAGNIFICATIONS

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BIOMAGNIFICATIONS OF PESTICIDE (DDT)

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EFFECTS DUE TO THERMAL WASTE WATER

(HOT WATER)

Reduces or eliminates many organisms sensitive to

high temperature.
Enhance the growth of plants and fish in cold areas.

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SOLID WASTES

Municipal solid waste

Fly ash
Defunct ships
Hospital wastes
Industrial wastes
Electronic wastes (e wastes)

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DISPOSAL OF SOLID WASTES

Burnt to reduce volume

Buried as landfills
Incinerated
Recycled

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CONTRIBUTION OF GREENHOUSE GASES TO

GLOBAL WARMING

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MEASURE TO CONTROL GLOBAL

WARMING

Reduction of use of fossil fuel

Improving energy efficiency
Reducing deforestation
Planting more trees
Reduction of the use of nitrogenous fertilizer.

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EFFECTS OF OZONE DEPLETION

Damages DNA due to mutation

Ageing of skin
Damages skin and cause skin cancer
Inflammation of cornea and cataract
Lethal to microbes

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CAUSES FOR DEFORESTATION

Converted into agricultural land

Cleared for making homes and establishing industries
For timber and firewood
Jhum cultivation

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EFFECT OF DEFORESTATION

Increase of carbon dioxide concentration

Loss of biodiversity due to habitat destruction
Disturb hydrological cycle
Soil erosion which leads to desertification.

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